One document matched: draft-xu-rangi-02.txt
Differences from draft-xu-rangi-01.txt
Network Working Group X. Xu
Internet Draft Huawei
Intended status: Informational
Expires: July 2010 January 25, 2010
Routing Architecture for the Next Generation Internet (RANGI)
draft-xu-rangi-02.txt
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Abstract
IRTF Routing Research Group (RRG) is exploring a new routing and
addressing architecture to address the issues with the current
Internet, e.g., mobility, multi-homing, traffic engineering, and
especially the routing scalability. This document describes a new
identifier (ID)/locator split based routing and addressing
architecture, called Routing Architecture for the Next Generation
Internet (RANGI), in an attempt to deal with the above problems.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction.................................................3
2. Architecture Description.....................................3
2.1. Host Identifiers........................................3
2.2. Host Locators...........................................5
2.3. Packet Formats..........................................6
2.4. ID/Locator Mapping Resolution...........................6
2.5. Routing and Forwarding System...........................8
2.5.1. Host Behavior......................................8
2.5.2. LDBR Behavior......................................8
2.5.3. Non-LDBR Behavior..................................8
2.5.4. Forwarding Procedures..............................8
2.6. Multi-homing and Traffic-Engineering...................10
2.7. Mobility...............................................12
3. Summary.....................................................12
4. Security Considerations.....................................13
5. IANA Considerations.........................................13
6. Acknowledgments.............................................13
7. References..................................................14
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1. Introduction
The Default Free Zone (DFZ) routing table size has been growing at an
increasing and potentially alarming rate for several years, which has
detrimental impact on the routing system scalability and the routing
convergence performance. This so-called routing scalability issue has
drawn significant attention from both industry and academia. After
much discussion following the IAB Routing and Addressing workshop
[RAWS] in Amsterdam, a common conclusion was reached that the
explosive growth in the DFZ routing table is mainly caused by the
wide adoption of multi-homing, traffic engineering and provider-
independent address. However, the underlying reason for this issue is
the overloading of IP address semantics of both identifiers and
locators. This overloading makes it impossible to renumber IP
addresses in a topologically aggregatable way.
At present, the IRTF Routing Research Group (RRG) is chartered to
explore a new routing and addressing architecture which is expected
to support the multi-homing, traffic-engineering, mobility and
simplified renumbering features in a more scalable way.
This document describes an ID/locator split approach, called Routing
Architecture for the Next Generation Internet (RANGI), which aims to
deal with the above issues. Similar with Host Identity Protocol (HIP)
[RFC4423], RANGI also introduces a host identifier (ID) layer between
the IPv6 network layer and the transport layer. As a result, the
transport-layer associations (i.e., TCP connections and UDP
associations) are no longer bound to IP addresses, but to the host
IDs. The major difference from the HIP is that the host IDs in RANGI
are hierarchical and cryptographic host IDs which have organizational
structure. As a result, the ID/locator mapping system for such
identifiers has reasonable business model and clear trust boundaries.
In addition, RANGI uses special IPv4-embeded IPv6 addresses as
locators. With such locators, site-controlled traffic-engineering can
be easily achieved and the renumbering burden during ISP change is
also eliminated greatly. Besides, the deployment cost of such a new
architecture is reduced greatly and the new architecture could be
deployed in a more incremental way.
2. Architecture Description
2.1. Host Identifiers
Similar to HIP, RANGI is a host-based ID/locator split architecture.
The host IDs in RANGI are hierarchical and 128-bit long. As depicted
in Figure 1, a host ID consists of two parts: the leftmost n-bit
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(Note that the suitable value of ''n'' has not been determined yet)
part is the Administrative Domain (AD) ID which has embedded
organizational affiliation and global uniqueness, and the remaining
part is the Local Host ID which is generated by computing a
cryptographic one-way hash function from a public key of the ID owner
and auxiliary parameters (e.g., the AD ID). The binding between the
public key and the host ID can be verified by re-computing the hash
value and by comparing the hash with the host ID. As these
identifiers are expected to be used along with IPv6 addresses at both
applications and APIs, especially in the transition mechanisms
defined in [RANGI-PROXY], it is desired to explicitly distinguish
host IDs from IPv6 addresses (i.e., locators) and vice versa. Hence,
a separate prefix for identifiers should be allocated by the IANA. As
a result several leftmost bits in the AD ID field should be
reserved for this purpose.
|<------- n bits --------->|<-- 128-n bits-->|
+--------------------------+-----------------+
| Administrative Domain ID | Local Host ID |
+--------------------------+-----------------+
| \
| \
| \
| \
| \
+-----------+-------------+-------------+
| Country ID| Authority ID| Region ID | <------Example
+-----------+-------------+-------------+
Figure 1. Host Identifier Structure
The approach of generating hierarchical host IDs in RANGI is similar
to the Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA) [RFC3972]. The
major difference is that the prefix of the RANGI host ID is AD ID,
rather than ordinary IPv6 address prefix. In CGA, the process of
generating a new address takes three input values: a 64-bit subnet
prefix, the public key of the address owner as a DER-encoded ASN.1
structure of the type SubjectPublicKeyInfo and the security parameter
Sec, which is an unsigned three-bit integer. In contrast, the process
of generating a new host ID in RANGI also takes three input values:
the n-bit AD ID, the public key of the host ID owner and the security
parameter Sec. Therefore, if we set the value of n to 64, host IDs
can be compatible with CGAs.
The benefits of the hierarchical host ID in RANGI include but not
limited to: 1) manage the global identifier namespace in a scalable
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way; 2) hold a reasonable economic model and clear trust boundaries
in the corresponding ID/locator mapping system; 3) ease the
transition from the current Internet to the RANGI.
In RANGI, the global uniqueness of host IDs is guaranteed through
some registration mechanism. Since the AD IDs are globally unique and
owned by the corresponding host ID registration and administrative
authorities from different countries respectively, the Local Host IDs
are only required to be unique within the corresponding AD scope.
The resolution infrastructure for flat labels has no ''pay-for-your-
own'' model, as names are stored at essentially random nodes (See
Layered Naming Architecture (LNA) [LNA]). In contrast, the resolution
infrastructure for hierarchical host IDs in RANGI has reasonable
business model and clear trust boundaries since host IDs can be
stored in the corresponding nodes according to their organizational
structures. To some extent, the business model of the ID/locator
mapping system is similar with that for the Domain Name Service (DNS)
In the transition mechanisms for RANGI described in [RANGI-PROXY],
the identifiers of RANGI-aware hosts are treated as ordinary IPv6
addresses by legacy hosts. When a router receives a packet using a
host ID as the destination address, it needs to forward the packet
according to the destination IPv6 address as normal. In the end, the
packet will be forwarded to a dedicated proxy that is responsible for
translating the packets between RANGI and IPv6. Since the identifiers
are hierarchical and delegation-oriented aggregatable, such
identifier-based routing will not cause any routing scalability issue.
For more details, please refer to [RANGI-PROXY].
2.2. Host Locators
The host locators in RANGI are ordinary IPv6 addresses. Since the
IPv4/IPv6 coexistence and transition will last for a long period, in
order to reduce the deployment cost of this new routing and
addressing architecture, RANGI uses specific IPv4-embeded IPv6
addresses as locators. As shown in Figure 2, the leftmost 96-bit part
of the locator is Locator Domain Identifier (LD ID) while the
rightmost 32-bit part is filled with an IPv4 address which is
required to be locally unique within the scope of corresponding LD.
LD IDs are used to globally identify each autonomous site network
which could adopt independent IPv4 address space (either public or
private IPv4 addresses). Actually, LD IDs are Provider-Assigned (PA)
/96 IPv6 prefixes which are topologically aggregatable in providers'
networks.
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|<------- 96 bits -------->|<---- 32 bits--->|
+--------------------------+-----------------+
| LD ID | IPv4 |
+--------------------------+-----------------+
Figure 2. Host Locator Structure
Similar with the Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol
(ISATAP) [RFC5214], this specific locator can be used for
automatically tunneling IPv6 packets over the destination IPv4 site
networks since the embedded IPv4 address of the destination locator
is used as the tunnel destination address directly.
2.3. Packet Formats
RANGI reuse IPv6 protocol stack and packet format to maximum extent.
The host ID simply appears as an option in the Destination Option
Header, whereas the locator is filled as the IPv6 address in the IPv6
header. Packets sent from a RANGI host can be protected by attaching
the public key and auxiliary parameters and by signing the packets
with the corresponding private key. The protection works without a
certification authority or any security infrastructure.
2.4. ID/Locator Mapping Resolution
ID/locator split implies a need for storing and distributing the
mappings from identifiers to locators.
In RANGI, the mappings from Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDNs) to
identifiers are stored in the DNS system, while the mappings from
host IDs to locators are stored in a distributed id/locator mapping
system (e.g., a reverse DNS system). In a reverse DNS based mapping
infrastructure, if there are too many entries to be maintained by the
authoritative server of a given AD, Distribute Hash Table (DHT)
technology can be used to scale that authoritative server because the
Local Host ID part is a flat label. As a result, the mappings
belonging to a given AD will be maintained by a group of DHT peers in
a distributed way. As a result, the robustness of DHT is inherited
naturally into the ID/Locator mapping system. Meanwhile, there is no
trust issue since each of these ADs runs their own DHT ring which
only maintains their presidial mappings.
A detailed lookup example is given as follows:
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1. A host ID will be transformed to a FQDN format string. Firstly, a
host ID is expressed as "country-code.authority-code.region-
code.local-host-ID" by inserting dots between adjacent fields, then
by reversing the fields and attaching with the suffix
"RANGI.EXAMPLE." it is transformed into a FQDN-format string "local-
host-ID.region-code.authority-code.country-code.RANGI.EXAMPLE."
2. The FQDN-format string is used as a key to locate the DNS server
or the DHT ring maintaining the desired resource records in the
reverse DNS infrastructure. If the DHT ring is located, the Local
Host ID part SHOULD be used as a key to locate the associated peer in
the DHT ring.
3. After an authoritative DNS server or a DHT peer has been located,
the Local Host ID is used to find out the related entries for that
identifier.
In order to facilitate such a lookup process, a new sub-domain
called ''RANGI.EXAMPLE.'' needs to be inserted into the current domain
name space tree structure. This domain can delegate its sub-domains
according to the hierarchy of the FQDN-format string of the host ID.
A new Resource Record (RR) named RANGI is also defined for the ID-to-
Loc mappings, in which the NAME field is filled with the FQDN-format
string of a host ID, while the RDATA field is filled with the
corresponding locator information, including but not limited to an
IPv6 address and its preference, and so on.
The resolution infrastructure for flat names has no ''pay-for-your-
own''model, as the flat names are stored at essentially random nodes.
In contrast, the resolution infrastructure for the hierarchical host
IDs, as used in RANGI, has reasonable business and trust models,
because the hierarchical host IDs have clear organization affiliation
and the identifier resources can be allocated and managed with clear
administrative boundaries.
To prevent the Man-in-the-Middle attack during mapping lookups, the
DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) [RFC2065] is strongly recommended
for the origin authentication and integrity assurance of the DNS data.
The mechanism defined in DNS UPDATE [RFC2136] is directly used for
dynamically updating the RRs in the corresponding zone. To support
mobility, the TTL of a RANGI RR should be set to 0 or a very small
value to prevent a DNS resolver caching antique mapping information.
However, if a host (i.e., Correspondence Node) wants to cache the RR
of the communicating host (i.e., Mobile Node), it can reset the TTL
to a reasonable value internally.
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To secure the dynamic update of ID-to-Locator mappings, the mechanism
defined in the Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA) [RFC3972]
is used for the purposes of data integrity protection and origin
authentication, e.g., the update message is attached with the public
key of the update sender and auxiliary parameters, and is signed with
the corresponding private key.
2.5. Routing and Forwarding System
Within RANGI, LDs are connected via Locator Domain Border Routers
(LDBRs). A LDBR has at least one locally unique IPv4 address in each
LD to which it is connected. The adjacent LDBRs exchange LD ID or LD
prefix (Specific LD IDs can be aggregated into one LD prefix)
reachability information with an inter-LD routing protocol. In fact,
the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) for IPv6 address family can be used
directly as the inter-LD routing protocol.
2.5.1. Host Behavior
Generally, a RANGI host needs to obtain the locator of the
destination host from the ID/locator mapping system before
initializing a communication. If the communication parties share a
same LD ID, they can exchange packets directly over an IPv4 tunnel.
Otherwise, the traffic will be relayed by LDBRs through IPv4 tunnels.
Hosts can get the IPv4 addresses of their local LDBRs in several ways,
e.g., a new Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) option, or a
well-known LD-scope anycast address specific for LDBRs.
2.5.2. LDBR Behavior
LDBRs establish BGP sessions among them so as to exchange LD
reachability information (i.e., IPv6 routing information with the
mask length less than /96). LDBRs forward RANGI packets according to
the destination IPv6 addresses (i.e., locators) as normal.
2.5.3. Non-LDBR Behavior
The non-LDBRs just need to support IPv4 forwarding capability. So
there is no need to upgrade them.
2.5.4. Forwarding Procedures
RANGI introduces a two-level routing mechanism which is composed of
LD ID based routing and IPv4 address based routing. The former is
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used for inter-LD routing while the latter is used for intra-LD
routing.
A simple RANGI routing procedure is illustrated in Figure 3. Host A
(as source host) looks up the current locator of host B (as
destination host) through the ID/Locator mapping system. After
obtaining that information, host A will tunnel the packets with
destination address being host B to one of its local LDBRs. The LDBR
shall find the next-hop LDBR based on the IPv6 globally routable
locator, and forward the packets to it. For the intermediate transit
networks, if the Non-LDBR routers which the packets have to traverse
are legacy IPv4 routers, the ingress LDBR (for that locator domain)
forwards the packet to the egress LDBR of the same locator domain
over IPv4 tunnels.
+-------------+ +-------------+ +-------------+ +-------------+
| Payload | | Payload | | Payload | | Payload |
+-------------+ +-------------+ +-------------+ +-------------+
|HI(A)->HI(B) | |HI(A)->HI(B) | |HI(A)->HI(B) | |HI(A)->HI(B) |
+-------------+ +-------------+ +-------------+ +-------------+
|IPv6->IPv6 | |IPv6->IPv6 | |IPv6->IPv6 | |IPv6->IPv6 |
| (A) (B) | | (A) (B) | | (A) (B) | | (A) (B) |
+-------------+ +-------------+ +-------------+ +-------------+
|IPv4->IPv4 | | IPv4->IPv4 | |IPv4->IPv4 |
| (A) (BR1) | |(BR2) (BR3) | | (BR4) (B) |
+-------------+ +-------------+ +-------------+
|<- A to BR1 ->|<-BR1 to BR2 ->|<-BR2 to BR3 ->| |<-BR4 to B ->|
+--------- ------ ---------|
+---+ \ / \ / +---+
| A | \ / \ / /| B |
+---+\\ \ / \ / // +---+
| \\ | | | | / |
| \\ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+// |
| \|BR1+----+BR2+------+BR3+---+BR4+/ |
| +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ |
| | | | | |
\ / \ / \ /
\ LD #1 / \ LD #2 / \ LD #3 /
\ / \ / \ /
------ ------ ------
Figure 3. Routing Procedure
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In RANGI, IPv6-over-IPv4 tunnels are employed for intra-LD routing
between LDBRs (or between LDBRs and hosts). Hence, RANGI can achieve
a smooth IPv4/IPv6 transition. Once the internal routers within LDs
are upgraded to IPv6, the requirement of IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel
between the LDBRs or between LDBRs and hosts will be eliminated and
the packets will be delivered by the LDBRs and the internal IPv6
routers hop by hop without tunneling as shown in Figure 4.
+-------------------+ +-------------------+ +-------------------+
| Payload | | Payload | | Payload |
+-------------------| +-------------------| +-------------------|
| HI(A)->HI(B) | | HI(A)->HI(B) | | HI(A)->HI(B) |
+-------------------| +-------------------| +-------------------|
| IPv6(A)->IPv6(B) | | IPv6(A)->IPv6(B) | | IPv6(A)->IPv6(B) |
+-------------------| ++------------------| +-------------------|
|IPv4(A)->IPv4(BR1) |
+-------------------+
|<--- A to BR1 --->|<----- BR1 to BR4 --->|<--- BR4 to B --->|
+--------- ------ ---------|
+---+ \ / \ / +---+
| A | \ / \ / /| B |
+---+\\ \ / \ / // +---+
| \\ | | | | / |
| \\ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+// |
| \|BR1+----+BR2+------+BR3+---+BR4+/ |
| +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ |
| | | | | |
\ LD #1 / \ LD #2 / \ LD #3 /
\ (IPv4) / \ (IPv6) / \ (IPv6) /
\ / \ / \ /
------ ------ ------
Figure 4. IPv4/IPv6 Transition
2.6. Multi-homing and Traffic-Engineering
In RANGI, Each multi-homed stub LD shall be assigned a LD ID by each
upstream ISP. In fact, these LD IDs are /96 IPv6 prefixes which are
topologically aggregatable in provider networks. Each Host within the
multi-homed site, in turn, has multiple locators by concatenating the
provider-assigned LD IDs with its locally unique IPv4 address. These
hosts register the mappings from their identifiers to locators with
the ID/Locator mapping system. As shown in Figure 5, host A which is
located in a multi-homed site, has two LD IDs, LD ID_1 and LD ID_2,
assigned separately from ISP1 and ISP2. Host A chooses either one as
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the source LD ID of the outgoing packets. Upon receiving the packets,
the site exit LDBR, BR1, implements source-based policy routing. For
example, if the source LD is LD ID_1, the packets will be forwarded
to the ISP1's network, otherwise, they will be forwarded to ISP2's
network.
------
/ \
/ \
/ \
| |
+---+ |
+BR2| |
/+---+ |
/ | |
/ \ /
/------ / \ ISP#1 /
+---* \ / \ /
| A | \ / ------
+---+\\ \ /
| \\ | /
| \\ +---+ /
| \|BR1+/ ------
| +---+-- / \
| | -- / \
\ / -- / \
\ Site A / -- | |
\ / -- +---+ |
------ --+BR3| |
+---+ |
| |
\ /
\ ISP#2 /
\ /
------
Figure 5. Site Multi-homing and Traffic-engineering
The site-controlled traffic-engineering works as follows:
1) The source host sends out packets with the source LD ID being one
of its LD IDs (assuming LD ID 1 being used).
2) The packets are intercepted by the LDBR BR1, and according to the
traffic-engineering policy, the source LD IDs of the packets may
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be re-written from LD ID_1 to LD ID_2. Then BR1 forwards the
packets into ISP2's network according to source-based routing
policies.
3) Once the packets arrive at the destination host, that host will
use the source LD IDs in the received packets as the destination
LD IDs in the response packets. So the response packets will also
enter site A through ISP2's network.
4) The source host could accept this change and use LD ID 2 as source
LD ID in the subsequent packets.
Similar to the GSE [GSE], the site-controlled traffic-engineering by
rewriting the source LD ID will have effect on the path (upstream ISP)
selection for both the outgoing packets and the incoming packets. In
addition, the multi-homing and traffic-engineering usages in RANGI
will not cause any routing scalability issue.
2.7. Mobility
In RANGI, when a host physically moves from one attachment to another,
its host ID remains unchanged. The host needs to register the new
locator with the ID/locator mapping system. Meanwhile, it should
notify the corresponding entity of its new locator as soon as
possible.
3. Summary
RANGI achieves almost all of goals set by RRG, which are listed as
follows:
1) Routing Scalability: Scalability is achieved by separating
identifiers from locators. Global routing is done based on
provider assigned locators.
2) Traffic Engineering: Site border router can overwrite the source
locator of the outgoing packets before performing source-based
policy routing. That is to say, hosts located in a multi-homed
site can suggest the upstream ISP for outbound and inbound
traffics, while the first-hop LDBR (i.e., site border router) has
the final decision right on the upstream ISP selection.
3) Mobility and Multi-homing: Applications and transport layers are
bound to host IDs and so the sessions will not be interrupted due
to locator change in cases of mobility or multi-homing.
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4) Simplified Renumbering: When changing providers, the local IPv4
addresses of the site do not need to change. Hence the internal
routers within the site don't need renumbering.
5) Decoupling Location and Identifier: Obvious.
6) Routing Quality: Since LDBRs only exchange LD reachability and the
topology within LD will not be disclosed outside, the routing
stability is improved significantly.
7) Routing Security: RANGI reuses existing routing system and does
not introduce any new security risk into the routing system.
8) Incremental Deployability: the non-LDBRs within a LD can still be
IPv4-only. RANGI allows easy transition from IPv4 networks to IPv6
networks. In addition, the transition mechanisms for RANGI defined
in [RANGI-PROXY] allow RANGI hosts to communicate with the legacy
IPv4 or IPv6 hosts, and vice versa.
4. Security Considerations
TBD.
5. IANA Considerations
A specific prefix for host IDs needs to be assigned from the IPv6
address space.
Two new options in the Destination Option Header need to be assigned
for the host ID and its corresponding parameter date structure
respectively.
6. Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank Raj Jain, Xuewei Wang and Dacheng
Zhang for their valuable contributions. Thanks should also be given
to Paul Francis, Lixia Zhang, Brain Carpenter, Dave Oran, Joel
Halpern, and Tony Li for their insightful comments.
This research project is partially funded by the National''863'' Hi-
Tech Program of China.
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7. References
[RAWS] D. Meyer, L. Zhang, and K. Fall. "Report from the IAB Workshop
on Routing and Addressing". Internet draft, draft-iab-raws-
report-01.txt, work in progress, February 2007.
[GOALS] T. Li, "Design Goals for Scalable Internet Routing", draft-
irtf-rrg-design-goals-01, July 2007.
[RFC4423] R. Moskowitz and P. Nikander, "Host Identity Protocol (HIP)
Architecture", RFC 4423, May 2006.
[RFC3972] T. Aura, "Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA)",
RFC3972, Mar 2005.
[RFC5214] F. Templin, T. Gleeson, ''Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel
Addressing Protocol (ISATAP),'' RFC 5214, March, 2008.
[RFC2136] P. Vixie, S. Thomson, Y. Rekhter, J. Bound, ''Dynamic
Updates in the Domain Name System (DNS UPDATE)'', RFC 2136,
April 1997.
[RFC2065] Eastlake, D., and C. Kaufman, "Domain Name System Protocol
Security Extensions", RFC 2065, January 1997.
[RFC2137] Eastlake, D., "Secure Domain Name System Dynamic Update",
RFC 2137, April 1997.
[H-DHT] L. Garces-Erice, E. Biersack, P. Felber, K. Ross, and G.
Urvoy-Keller, "Hierarchical Peer-to-peer Systems" In Proc.
Euro-Par 2003, Klagenfurt,Austria, 2003.
[GSE] M. O'Dell, "GSE-An Alternative Addressing Architecture for
IPv6", Internet-Draft, Feb 1997.
[LNA] Hari Balakrishnan, Karthik Lakshminarayanan, Sylvia
Ratnasamy,Scott Shenker, Ion Stoica and Michael Walfish, "A
Layered Naming Architecture for the Internet", Proc. ACM
SIGCOMM, Portland, Oregon, USA, August 30 - September 3,
2004.
[RANGI-PROXY] X. Xu, ''Transition Mechanisms for Routing Architecture
for the Next Generation Internet (RANGI)'', draft-xu-rangi-
proxy-01.txt, July 2009.
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Authors' Addresses
Xiaohu Xu
Huawei Technologies,
No.3 Xinxi Rd., Shang-Di Information Industry Base,
Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100085, P.R. China
Phone: +86 10 82836073
Email: xuxh@huawei.com | PAFTECH AB 2003-2026 | 2026-04-24 12:13:23 |