One document matched: draft-ietf-msec-ipsec-extensions-01.txt
Differences from draft-ietf-msec-ipsec-extensions-00.txt
MSEC Working Group B. Weis
Internet-Draft Cisco Systems
Expires: August, 2006 G. Gross
IdentAware Security
D. Ignjatic
Polycom
February, 2006
Multicast Extensions to the Security Architecture for the Internet
Protocol
draft-ietf-msec-ipsec-extensions-01.txt
Status of this Memo
By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that
any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is
aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she
becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of
BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
Abstract
The Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol [RFC4301]
describes security services for traffic at the IP layer. That
architecture primarily defines services for Internet Protocol (IP)
unicast packets, as well as manually configured IP multicast packets.
This document further defines the security services for IP multicast
packets within that Security Architecture.
Weis Expires August, 2006 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction.......................................................2
1.1 Scope............................................................3
1.2 Terminology......................................................3
2.0 Overview of IP Multicast Operation.................................5
3.0 Security Association Modes.........................................5
3.1 Tunnel Mode with Address Preservation............................6
4.0 Security Association...............................................7
4.1 Major IPsec Databases............................................7
4.1.1 Security Policy Database (SPD)...............................7
4.1.2 Security Association Database (SAD)..........................7
4.1.3 Peer Authorization Database (PAD)............................8
4.1.4 Group Security Association (GSA).............................9
4.2 Data Origin Authentication......................................11
4.3 Group SA and Key Management.....................................11
4.3.1 Co-Existence of Multiple Key Management Protocols...........11
4.3.2 New Security Association Attributes.........................12
5.0 IP Traffic Processing.............................................12
5.1 Outbound IP Multicast Traffic Processing........................12
5.2 Inbound IP Multicast Traffic Processing.........................12
6.0 Networking Issues.................................................12
6.1 Network Address Translation.....................................13
6.1.1 SPD Losses Synchronization with Internet Layer's State......13
6.1.2 Secondary Problems Created by NAT Traversal.................14
6.1.3 Avoidance of NAT Using an IPv6 Over IPv4 Network............15
6.1.4 GKMP/IPsec Multi-Realm IPv4 NAT Architecture................16
7.0 Security Considerations...........................................19
8.0 IANA Considerations...............................................19
9.0 Acknowledgements..................................................19
10.0 References.......................................................19
10.1 Normative References...........................................19
10.2 Informative References.........................................20
Appendix A - Multicast Application Service Models.....................22
A.1 Unidirectional Multicast Applications...........................22
A.2 Bi-directional Reliable Multicast Applications..................22
A.3 Any-To-Any Multicast Applications...............................23
Author's Address......................................................24
Intellectual Property Statement.......................................25
Copyright Statement...................................................25
1.0 Introduction
The Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol [RFC4301]
provides security services for traffic at the IP layer. It describes
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
an architecture for IPsec compliant systems, and a set of security
services for the IP layer. These security services primarily describe
services and semantics for IPsec Security Associations (SAs) shared
between two IPsec devices. Typically, this includes SAs with traffic
selectors that include a unicast address in the IP destination field,
and results in an IPsec packet with a unicast address in the IP
destination field. The security services defined in RFC 4301 can also
be used to tunnel IP multicast packets, where the tunnel is a
pairwise association between two IPsec devices. Some support for IP
packets with a multicast address in the IP destination field is
supported, but only with manual keying, and only between IPsec
devices acting as hosts.
This document describes extensions to RFC 4301 that further define
the IPsec security architecture for groups of IPsec devices to share
SAs. In particular, it supports SAs with traffic selectors that
include a multicast address in the IP destination field, and results
in an IPsec packet with an IP multicast address in the IP destination
field. It also describes additional semantics for IPsec Group Key
Management Protocol (GKMP) Subsystems.
1.1 Scope
The IPsec extensions described in this document support IPsec
Security Associations that result in IPsec packets with IPv4 or IPv6
multicast group addresses as the destination address. Both Any-Source
Multicast (ASM) and Source-Specific Multicast (SSM) [RFC3569]
[RFC3376] group addresses are supported.
These extensions also support Security Associations with IPv4
Broadcast addresses that result in an IPv4 Broadcast packet, and IPv6
Anycast addresses [RFC2526]that result in an IPv6 Anycast packet.
These destination address types share many of the same
characteristics of multicast addresses because there may be multiple
receivers of a packet protected by IPsec.
The IPsec Architecture does not make requirements upon entities not
participating in IPsec (e.g., network devices between IPsec
endpoints). As such, these multicast extensions do not require
intermediate systems in a multicast enabled network to participate in
IPsec. In particular, no requirements are placed on the use of
multicast routing protocols (e.g., PIM-SM [RFC2362]) or multicast
admission protocols (e.g., IGMP [RFC3376].
All implementation models of IPsec (e.g., "bump-in-the-stack", "bump-
in-the-wire") are supported.
1.2 Terminology
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
The following key terms are used throughout this document.
Any-Source Multicast (ASM)
The Internet Protocol (IP) multicast service model as defined in
RFC 1112 [RFC1112]. In this model one or more senders source
packets to a single IP multicast address. When receivers join the
group, they receive all packets sent to that IP multicast address.
This is known as a (*,G) group.
Group Controller Key Server (GCKS)
A Group Key Management Protocol (GKMP) server that manages IPsec
state for a group. A GCKS authenticates and provides the IPsec SA
policy and keying material to GKMP group members.
Group Key Management Protocol (GKMP)
A key management protocol used by a GCKS to distribute IPsec
Security Association policy and keying material. A GKMP is used
when a group of IPsec devices require the same SAs. For example,
when an IPsec SA describes an IP multicast destination, the sender
and all receivers must have the group SA.
Group Key Management Protocol Subsystem
A subsystem in an IPsec device implementing a Group Key Management
Protocol. The GKMP Subsystem provides IPsec SAs to the IPsec
subsystem on the IPsec device.
Group Member
An IPsec device that belongs to a group. A Group Member is
authorized to be a Group Speaker and/or a Group Receiver.
Group Owner
An administrative entity that chooses the policy for a group.
Group Security Association (GSA)
A collection of IPsec Security Associations (SAs) and GKMP
Subsystem SAs necessary for a Group Member to receive key updates.
A GSA describes the working policy for a group.
Group Receiver
A Group Member that is authorized to receive packets sent to a
group by a Group Speaker.
Group Speaker
A Group Member that is authorized to send packets to a group.
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
Source-Specific Multicast (SSM)
The Internet Protocol (IP) multicast service model as defined in
RFC 3569 [RFC3569]. In this model each combination of a sender and
an IP multicast address is considered a group. This is known as an
(S,G) group.
Tunnel Mode with Address Preservation
A type of IPsec tunnel mode used by security gateway
implementations when encapsulating IP multicast packets such that
they remain IP multicast packets. This mode is necessary for IP
multicast routing to correctly route IP multicast packets
protected by IPsec.
2.0 Overview of IP Multicast Operation
IP multicasting is a means of sending a single packet to a "host
group", a set of zero or more hosts identified by a single IP
destination address. IP multicast packets are UDP data packets
delivered to all members of the group with either "best-effort"
[RFC1112], or reliable delivery (e.g., NORM) [RFC3940].
A sender to an IP multicast group sets the destination of the packet
to an IP address allocated to be used for IP multicast. Allocated IP
multicast addresses are defined in RFC 3171 [RFC3171]. Potential
receivers of the packet "join" the IP multicast group by registering
with a network routing device, signaling its intent to receive
packets sent to a particular IP multicast group.
Network routing devices configured to pass IP multicast packets
participate in multicast routing protocols (e.g., PIM-SM) [RFC2362].
Multicast routing protocols maintain state regarding which devices
have registered to receive packets for a particular IP multicast
group. When a router receives an IP multicast packet, it forwards a
copy of the packet out each interface for which there are known
receivers.
3.0 Security Association Modes
IPsec supports two modes of use: transport mode and tunnel mode. In
transport mode, IP Authentication Header (AH) [RFC4302] and IP
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) [RFC4303] provide protection
primarily for next layer protocols; in tunnel mode, AH and ESP are
applied to tunneled IP packets.
A host implementation of IPsec using the multicast extensions MAY use
both transport mode and tunnel mode to encapsulate an IP multicast
packet. These processing rules are identical to the rules described
in [RFC4301, Section 4.1]. However, the destination address for the
IPsec packet is an IP multicast address rather than a unicast host
address.
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
A security gateway implementation of IPsec using the multicast
extensions MUST use a tunnel mode SA, for the reasons described in
[RFC4301, Section 4.1]. In particular, the security gateway must use
tunnel mode to encapsulate incoming fragments, since IPsec cannot
directly operate on fragments.
3.1 Tunnel Mode with Address Preservation
New header construction semantics are required when tunnel mode is
used to encapsulate IP multicast packets that are to remain IP
multicast packets. This is due to the following unique requirements
of IP multicast routing protocols (e.g., PIM-SM [RFC2362]).
- IP multicast routing protocols compare the destination address on
a packet to the multicast routing state. If the destination of an
IP multicast packet is changed it will no longer be properly
routed. Therefore, an IPsec security gateway must preserve the
multicast IP destination address after IPsec tunnel encapsulation.
The GKMP Subsystem on a security gateway implementing the IPsec
multicast extensions preserves the multicast IP address as
follows. Firstly, the GKMP Subsystem sets the Remote Address PFP
flag in the SPD-S entry for the traffic selectors. This flag
causes the remote address of the packet matching IPsec SA traffic
selectors to be propagated to the IPsec tunnel encapsulation.
Secondly, the GKMP Subsystem needs to signal that destination
address preservation is in effect for a particular IPsec SA. The
GKMP MUST define an attribute that signals destination address
preservation to the GKMP Subsystem on an IPsec security gateway.
- IP multicast routing protocols also typically create multicast
distribution trees based on the source address. If an IPsec
security gateway changes the source address of an IP multicast
packet (e.g., to its own IP address), the resulting IPsec
protected packet may fail RPF checks on other routers. A failed
RPF check may result in the packet being dropped.
To accommodate routing protocol RPF checks, the GKMP Subsystem on
a security gateway implementation implementing the IPsec multicast
extensions must preserve the original packet IP source address as
follows. Firstly, the SPD-S entry for the traffic selectors must
have the Source Address PFP flag set. This flag causes the remote
address to be propagated to the IPsec SA. Secondly, the GKMP
Subsystem needs to signal that source address preservation is in
effect for a particular IPsec SA. The GKMP MUST define an
attribute that signals source address preservation to the GKMP
Subsystem on an IPsec security gateway.
Some applications of address preservation may only require the
destination address to be preserved. For this reason, the
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
specification of destination address preservation and source address
preservation are separated in the above description.
In summary, retaining both the IP source and destination addresses of
the inner IP header allow IP multicast routing protocols to route the
packet irrespective of the packet being IPsec protected. This result
is necessary in order for the multicast extensions to allow a
security gateway to provide IPsec services for IP multicast packets.
This method of tunnel mode is known as tunnel mode with address
preservation.
4.0 Security Association
4.1 Major IPsec Databases
The following sections describe the GKMP Subsystem and IPsec
extension interactions with the major IPsec databases. Major IPsec
databases need to be expanded in order to fully support multicast.
4.1.1 Security Policy Database (SPD)
A new Security Policy Database (SPD) attribute is introduced: SPD
entry directionality. Directionality can take three types. Each SPD
entry can be marked "symmetric", "sender only" or "receiver only".
Symmetric SPD entries are the common entries as specified by RFC
4301. Symmetric SHOULD be the default directionality unless specified
otherwise. SPD entries marked as "sender only" or "receiver only"
SHOULD support multicast IP addresses in their destination address
selectors. If the processing requested is bypass or discard and a
sender only type is configured the entry SHOULD be put in SPD-O only.
Reciprocally, if the type is receiver only, the entry SHOULD go to
SPD-I only. SSM is supported by the use of unicast IP address
selectors as documented in RFC 4301.
SPD entries created by a GCKS may be assigned identical SPIs to SPD
entries created by IKEv2 [RFC4306]. This is not a problem for the
inbound traffic as the appropriate SAs can be matched using the
algorithm described in RFC 4301. In addition, SAs with identical SPI
values but not manually keyed can be differentiated because they
contain a link to their parent SPD entries. However, the outbound
traffic needs to be matched against the SPD selectors so that the
appropriate SA can be created on packet arrival. IPsec
implementations that support multicast SHOULD use the destination
address as the additional selector and match it against the SPD
entries marked "sender only".
4.1.2 Security Association Database (SAD)
The Security Association Database (SAD) can support multicast SAs, if
manually configured. An outbound multicast SA has the same structure
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
as a unicast SA. The source address is that of the sender and the
destination address is the multicast group address. An inbound,
multicast SA must be configured with the source addresses of each
peer authorized to transmit to the multicast SA in question. The SPI
value for a multicast SA is provided by a GCKS, not by the receiver,
as for a unicast SA. This is similar to the unicast case and does not
require changes to SAD.
However, the SPD needs a mechanism for automatic multicast SA
creation.
4.1.3 Peer Authorization Database (PAD)
The Peer Authorization Database (PAD) needs to be extended in order
to accommodate peers that may take on specific roles in the group.
Such roles can be GCKS, Group Speaker (in case of SSM) or a Group
Receiver. A peer can have multiple roles. The PAD may also contain
root certificates for PKI used by the group.
4.1.3.1 GKMP/IPsec Interactions with the PAD
The RFC 4301 section 4.4.3 introduced the PAD. In summary, the PAD
manages the IPsec entity authentication mechanism(s) and
authorization of each such peer identity to negotiate modifications
to the SPD/SAD. Within the context of the GKMP/IPsec subsystem, the
PAD defines for each group:
. For those groups that authenticate identities using a Public Key
Infrastructure, the PAD contains the group's set of one or more
trusted root public key certificates. The PAD may also include the
PKI configuration data needed to retrieve supporting certificates
needed for an end entity's certificate path validation.
. A set of one or more group membership authorization rules. The GCKS
examines these rules to determine a candidate group member's
acceptable authentication mechanism and to decide whether that
candidate has the authority to join the group.
. A set of one or more GCKS role authorization rules. A group member
uses these rules to decide which systems are authorized to act as a
GCKS for a given group. These rules also declare the permitted GCKS
authentication mechanism(s).
. A set of one or more Group Speaker role authorization rules. In
some groups the group members allowed to send protected packets is
restricted.
Some GKMP (e.g. GSAKMP) distribute their group's PAD configuration in
a security policy token [COREPT] signed by the group's policy
authority, also known as the Group Owner (GO). Each group member
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
receives the policy token (using a method not described in this memo)
and verifies the Group Owner's signature on the policy token. If that
GO signature is accepted, then the group member dynamically updates
its PAD with the policy token's contents.
The PAD MUST provide a management interface capability that allows an
administrator to enforce that the scope of a GKMP group's policy
specified SPD/SAD modifications are restricted to only those traffic
data flows that belong to that group. This authorization MUST be
configurable at GKMP group granularity. In the inverse direction, the
PAD management interface MUST provide a mechanism(s) to enforce that
IKEv2 security associations do not negotiate traffic selectors that
conflict or override GKMP group policies. An implementation SHOULD
offer PAD configuration capabilities that authorize the GKMP policy
configuration mechanism to set security policy for other aspects of
an endpoint's SPD/SAD configuration, not confined to its group
security associations. This capability allows the group's policy to
inhibit the creation of back channels that might otherwise leak
confidential group application data.
This document refers to re-key mechanisms as being multicast because
of the inherent scalability of IP multicast distribution. However,
there is no particular reason that re-key mechanisms must be
multicast. For example, [ZLLY03] describes a method of re-key
employing both unicast and multicast messages.
4.1.4 Group Security Association (GSA)
A IPsec implementation supporting these extensions has a number of
security associations: one or more IPsec SAs, and one or more GKMP
SAs used to download IPsec SAs [RFC3740, Section 4]. These SAs are
collectively referred to as a Group Security Association (GSA).
4.1.4.1 Concurrent IPsec SA Life Spans and Re-key Rollover
During a cryptographic group's lifetime, multiple group security
associations can exist concurrently. This occurs principally due to
two reasons:
- There are multiple Group Speakers authorized in the group, each
with its own IPsec SA that maintains anti-replay state. A group
that does not rely on IP Security anti-replay services can share
one IPsec SA for all of its Group Speakers.
- The life spans of a Group Speaker's two (or more) IPsec SAs are
allowed to overlap in time, so that there is continuity in the
multicast data stream across group re-key events. This capability
is referred to as "re-key rollover continuity".
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
Each group re-key multicast message sent by a GCKS signals the start
of a new Group Speaker time epoch, with each such epoch having an
associated GSA. The group membership interacts with these IPsec SAs
as follows:
- As a precursor to the Group Speaker beginning its re-key rollover
continuity processing, the GCKS periodically multicasts a Re-Key
Event (RKE) message to the group. The RKE multicast contains group
policy directives, and new IPsec SA policy and keying material. In
the absence of a reliable multicast transport protocol, the GCKS
may re-transmit the RKE a policy defined number of times to improve
the availability of re-key information.
- The RKE multicast configures the group's SPD/SAD with the new IPsec
SAs. Each IPsec SA that replaces an existing SA is called a
"leading edge" IPsec SA. The leading edge IPsec SA has a new
Security Parameter Index (SPI) and it is keyed by its associated
keying material. For a short period after the GCKS multicasts the
RKE, a Group Speaker does not yet transmit data using the leading
edge IPsec SA. Meanwhile, other Group Members prepare to use this
IPsec SA by installing the new IPsec SAs to their respective
SPD/SAD.
- After waiting a sufficiently long enough period such that all of
the Group Members have processed the RKE multicast, the Group
Speaker begins to transmit using the leading edge IPsec SA with its
data encrypted by the new keying material. Only authorized Group
Members can decrypt these IPsec SA multicast transmissions. The
time delay that a Group Speaker waits before starting its first
leading edge GSA transmission is a GKMP/IPsec policy parameter.
This value SHOULD be configurable at the Group Owner management
interface on a per group basis.
- The Group Speaker's "trailing edge" SA is the oldest security
association in use by the group for that speaker. All authorized
Group Members can receive and decrypt data for this SA, but the
Group Speaker does not transmit new data using the "trailing edge"
SA after it has transitioned to the "leading edge GSA". The
trailing edge SA is deleted by the group's endpoints according to
group policy (e.g., after a defined period has elapsed)"
This re-key rollover strategy allows the group to drain its in
transit datagrams from the network while transitioning to the leading
edge GSA. Staggering the roles of each respective GSA as described
above improves the group's synchronization even when there are high
network propagation delays. Note that due to group membership joins
and leaves, each Group Speaker time epoch may have a different group
membership set.
It is a group policy decision whether the re-key event transition
between epochs provides forward and backward secrecy. The group's re-
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
key protocol keying material and algorithm (e.g. Logical Key
Hierarchy) enforces this policy. Implementations MAY offer a Group
Owner management interface option to enable/disable re-key rollover
continuity for a particular group This specification requires that a
GKMP/IPsec implementation MUST support at least two concurrent GSA
per Group Speaker and this re-key rollover continuity algorithm.
4.2 Data Origin Authentication
As defined in [RFC3401], data origin authentication is a security
service that verifies the identity of the claimed source of data.
While HMAC authentication methods are often used to provide data
origin authentication, they are not sufficient to provide data origin
authentication for groups. With an HMAC, every group member can use
the HMAC key to create a valid authentication tag whether or not they
are the authentic origin.
When the property of data origin authentication is required for an
IPsec SA distributed from a GKCS, an authentication transform where
the originator keeps a secret should be used. Two possible algorithms
are TESLA [RFC4082] or RSA [RFC4359].
In some cases, (e.g., digital signature authentication transforms)
the processing cost of the algorithm is significantly greater than an
HMAC authentication method. To protect against denial of service
attacks from device that is not authorized to join the group, the
IPsec SA using this algorithm may be encapsulated with an IPsec SA
using an HMAC authentication algorithm. However, doing so requires
the packet to be sent across the IPsec boundary for additional
inbound processing [RFC4301, Section 5.2].
4.3 Group SA and Key Management
4.3.1 Co-Existence of Multiple Key Management Protocols
Often, the GKMP will be introduced to an existent IPsec subsystem as
a companion key management protocol to IKEv2 [RFC4306]. A fundamental
GKMP IP Security subsystem requirement is that both the GKMP and
IKEv2 can simultaneously share access to a common Security Policy
Database and Security Association Database. The mechanisms that
provide mutually exclusive access to the common SPD/SAD data
structures are a local matter. This includes the SPD-outbound cache
and the SPD-inbound cache. However, implementers should note that
IKEv2 SPI allocation is entirely independent from GKMP SPI allocation
because group security associations are qualified by a destination
multicast IP address and may optionally have a source IP address
qualifier. See [RFC4303, Section 2.1] for further explanation.
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
The Peer Authorization Database does require explicit coordination
between the GKMP and IKEv2. Section 4.1.3 describes these
interactions.
4.3.2 New Security Association Attributes
A number of new security association attributes are defined in this
document. Each GKMP supporting this architecture MUST support the
following list of attributes described elsewhere in this document.
- Address Preservation (Section 3.1). This attribute describes
whether address preservation is to be applied to the SA on the source
address, destination address, or both source and destination
addresses.
- Direction attribute (Section 4.1.1). This attribute describes
whether the SPD direction is to be symmetric, receiver only, or
sender only.
5.0 IP Traffic Processing
Processing of traffic follows [RFC4301, Section 5], with the
additions described below when these IP multicast extensions are
supported.
5.1 Outbound IP Multicast Traffic Processing
If an IPsec SA is marked as supporting tunnel mode with address
preservation (as described in Section 3.1), either or both of the
outer header source or destination addresses is marked as being
preserved. If the source address is marked as being preserved, during
header construction the "src address" header field MUST be "copied
from inner hdr" rather than "constructed" as described in [RFC4301].
Similarly, If the destination address is marked as being preserved,
during header construction the "dest address" header field MUST be
"copied from inner hdr" rather than "constructed".
5.2 Inbound IP Multicast Traffic Processing
If an IPsec SA is marked as supporting tunnel mode with address
preservation (as described in Section 3.0), the marked address (i.e.,
source and/or destination address) on the outer IP header MUST be
verified to be the same value as the inner IP header. If the
addresses are not consistent, the IPsec system MUST treat the error
in the same manner as other invalid selectors, as described in
[RFC4301, Section 5.2]. In particular the IPsec system MUST discard
the packet, as well as treat the inconsistency as an auditable event.
6.0 Networking Issues
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
6.1 Network Address Translation
With the advent of NAT and mobile Nodes, IPsec multicast applications
must overcome several architectural barriers to their successful
deployment. This section surveys those problems and identifies the
SPD/SAD state information that the GKMP must synchronize across the
group membership.
6.1.1 SPD Losses Synchronization with Internet Layer's State
The most prominent problem facing GKMP IPsec is that the GKMP group
security policy mechanism can inadvertently configure the group's SPD
traffic selectors with unreliable transient IP addresses. The IP
addresses are transient because of either Node mobility or Network
Address Translation (NAT), both of which can unilaterally change a
multicast speaker's source IP address without signaling the GKMP. The
absence of a SPD synchronization mechanism can cause the group's data
traffic to be discarded rather than processed correctly.
6.1.1.1 Mobile Multicast Care-Of Address Route Optimization
Both Mobile IPv4 [RFC3344] and Mobile IPv6 provide transparent
unicast communications to a mobile Node. However, comparable support
for secure multicast mobility management is not specified by these
standards. The goal is the ability to maintain an end-to-end
transport mode group SA between a Group Speaker mobile node that has
a volatile care-of-address and a Group Receiver membership that also
may have mobile endpoints. In particular, there is no secure
mechanism for route optimization of the triangular multicast path
between the correspondent Group Receiver Nodes, the home agent, and
the mobile Node. Any proposed solution must be secure against hostile
re-direct and flooding attacks.
6.1.1.2 NAT Translation Mappings Are Not Predictable
The following spontaneous NAT behaviors adversely impact source-
specific secure multicast groups. When a NAT gateway is on the path
between a Group Speaker residing behind a NAT and a public IPv4
multicast Group Receiver, the NAT gateway alters the private source
address to a public IPv4 address. This translation must be
coordinated with every Group Receiver's inbound SPD multicast entries
that depend on that source address as a traffic selector. One might
mistakenly assume that the GCKS could set up the Group Members with
an SPD entry that anticipates the value(s) that the NAT translates
the packet's source address. However, there are known cases where
this address translation can spontaneously change without warning:
- NAT gateways may re-boot and lose their address translation state
information.
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
- The NAT gateway may de-allocate its address translation state after
an inactivity timer expires. The address translation used by the
NAT gateway after the resumption of data flow may differ than that
known to the SPD selectors at the group endpoints.
- The GCKS may not have global consistent knowledge of a group
endpoint's current public and private address mappings due to
network errors or race conditions. For example, a Group Member's
address may change due to a DHCP assigned address lease expiration.
- Alternate paths may exist between a given pair of Group Members. If
there are parallel NAT gateways along those paths, then the address
translation state information at each NAT gateway may produce
different translations on a per packet basis.
The consequence of this problem is that the GCKS can not be pre-
configured with NAT mappings, as the SPD at the Group Members will
lose synchronization as soon as a NAT mapping changes due to any of
the above events. In the worst case, Group Members in different
sections of the network will see different NAT mappings, because the
multicast packet traversed multiple NAT gateways.
6.1.2 Secondary Problems Created by NAT Traversal
6.1.2.1 SSM Routing Dependency on Source IP Address
Source-Specific Multicast (SSM) routing depends on a multicast
packet's source IP address and multicast destination IP address to
make a correct forwarding decision. However, a NAT gateway alters
that packet's source IP address as its passes from a private network
into the public network. Mobility changes a Group Member's point of
attachment to the Internet, and this will change the packet's source
IP address. Regardless of why it happened, this alteration in the
source IP address makes it infeasible for transit multicast routers
in the public Internet to know which SSM speaker originated the
multicast packet, which in turn selects the correct multicast
forwarding policy.
6.1.2.2 ESP Cloaks Its Payloads from NAT Gateway
When traversing NAT, application layer protocols that contain IPv4
addresses in their payload need the intervention of an Application
Layer Gateway (ALG) that understands that application layer protocol
[RFC3027] [RFC3235]. The ALG massages the payload's private IPv4
addresses into equivalent public IPv4 addresses. However, when
encrypted by end-to-end ESP, such payloads are opaque to application
layer gateways.
When multiple Group Speakers reside behind a NAT with a single public
IPv4 address, the NAT gateway can not do UDP or TCP protocol port
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 14]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
translation (i.e. NAPT) because the ESP encryption conceals the
transport layer protocol headers. The use of UDP encapsulated ESP
[RFC3948] avoids this problem. However, this capability must be
configured at the GCKS as a group policy, and it must be supported in
unison by all of the group endpoints within the group, even those
that reside in the public Internet.
6.1.2.3 UDP Checksum Dependency on Source IP Address
An IPsec subsystem using UDP within an ESP payload will encounter NAT
induced problems. The original IPv4 source address is an input
parameter into a receiver's UDP pseudo-header checksum verification,
yet that value is lost after the IP header's address translation by a
transit NAT gateway. The UDP header checksum is opaque within the
encrypted ESP payload. Consequently, the checksum can not be
manipulated by the transit NAT gateways. UDP checksum verification
needs a mechanism that recovers the original source IPv4 address at
the Group Receiver endpoints.
In a transport mode multicast application GSA, the UDP checksum
operation requires the origin endpoint's IP address to complete
successfully. In IKEv2, this information is exchanged between the
endpoints by a NAT-OA payload (NAT original address). See also
reference [RFC3947]. A comparable facility must exist in a GKMP
payload that defines the multicast application GSA attributes for
each Group Speaker.
6.1.2.4 Cannot Use AH with NAT Gateway
The presence of a NAT gateway makes it impossible to use an
Authentication Header, keyed by a group-wide key, to protect the
integrity of the IP header for transmissions between members of the
cryptographic group.
6.1.3 Avoidance of NAT Using an IPv6 Over IPv4 Network
A straightforward and standards-based architecture that effectively
avoids the GKMP interaction with NAT gateways is the IPv6 over IPv4
transition mechanism [RFC2529]. In IPv6 over IPv4 (a.k.a. "6over4"),
the underlying IPv4 network is treated as a virtual multicast-capable
Local Area Network. The IPv6 traffic tunnels over that IPv4 virtual
link layer.
Applying GKMP/IPsec in a 6over4 architecture leverages the fact that
an administrative domain deploying GKMP/IPsec would already be
planning to deploy IPv4 multicast router(s). The group's IPv6
multicast routing can execute in parallel to IPv4 multicast routing
on that same physical router infrastructure. In particular, IPv6
multicast routers operating with 6over4 mode enabled on their network
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 15]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
interfaces replaces the NAT gateways at administrative domain
public/private boundaries.
Within the GKMP, all references to IP addresses are IPv6 addresses
for all security association endpoints and these addresses do not
change over the group's lifetime. This yields a substantial reduction
in complexity and error cases over the NAT-based approaches. This
reduction in complexity can translate into better security.
Reliable scalable GKMP/IPsec based on 6over4 deployment is far more
practical than an IPv4 with NAT deployment. In particular, new
GKMP/IPsec multicast applications SHOULD prefer IPv6 native mode.
However, the GKMP/IPsec architecture supports either choice. The
following factors may weigh against the decision to deploy GKMP/IPsec
using 6over4:
- A drawback of the GKMP/IPsec 6over4 approach is that the
application layer protocol itself must embed references to IPv6
addresses rather than IPv4 addresses within its payloads. For new
applications, this may not be of consequence; it usually only
becomes an issue if the application and its protocol has an
embedded base.
- An embedded base of GKMP/IPsec IPv4 multicast applications that are
only available in binary form will not be able to migrate to these
transitional IPv6 mechanisms.
- The secondary drawbacks of GKMP/IPsec using 6over4 are that the IP
hosts must be upgraded to dual-stack, the attendant overlay IPv6
multicast network operational costs, and the perceived difficulty
of deploying commercial wide-area IPv6 multicast services.
6.1.4 GKMP/IPsec Multi-Realm IPv4 NAT Architecture
In a multi-realm group, GKMP/IPsec security association endpoints may
straddle any combination of IPv4 public addresses and private
addresses [RFC1918]. In such cases, transport layer endpoint
identifiers when resolved to their underlying private or public IPv4
addresses entangle the GKMP protocol with NAT gateway behaviors. The
NAT translation of IPv4 header addresses impacts the GKMP
registration SA, the GKMP re-key GSA, and the secure multicast
application GSA.
This section overviews the GKMP/IPsec mechanisms that partially
mitigate the inherent complexity spawned by IPv4 NAT and Network
Address Protocol Translation (NAPT) traversal. However, the attendant
Group Owner configuration procedures are labor-intensive, prone to
configuration mismatch errors between the GCKS and NAT gateways, and
they do not scale well to large groups. Given the large number of
documented NAT problems and its erosion of end-to-end security, new
GKMP/IPsec applications and deployments SHOULD strongly prefer the
use of IPv6.
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 16]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
6.1.4.1 GKMP/IPsec IPv4 NAT Architectural Assumptions
To make the multi-realm GKMP/IPsec IPv4 NAT interaction problem
tractable to a solution, this specification suggests the following
simplifying assumptions:
- The secure multicast group destination address is a statically
allocated public IPv4 multicast address known to all group
endpoints.
- Wherever they are present in the GKMP, group endpoint addresses are
expressed as permanent IP-v6 "6to4" addresses [RFC3056] to assure
that the group endpoints that refer to hosts assigned private IPv4
addresses are globally unique. In this context, a "permanent" 6to4
address means that the address is constant for the group's
lifetime.
- Each private IPv4 address space has one or more NAT gateways
directly connected to the IPv4 public Internet, and a packet does
not have to traverse multiple private networks to reach the public
Internet. This can be thought of as a "spoke and hub" configuration
wherein the public Internet is the hub.
- A GCKS may reside within one of the private networks, but it also
MUST have a permanent public IPv4 address on at least one of its
network interfaces.
- Since the one or more GCKS are constrained to straddle a
public/private network boundary, GKMP/IPsec group security
associations effectively terminate the GSA at a combined
NAT/security gateway [RFC2709].
- The GCKS domain name RR record should point to that public IPv4
address, and it is recommended that it be protected by DNS-SEC.
- Each of an administrative domain's NAT gateways are explicitly
configured with static private/public address translation mappings
for the GCKS's GKMP re-key multicast ESP protected UDP packets
inbound from the public Internet [RFC2588].
- The NAT gateways/firewalls are explicitly configured with stateless
filter rules that simply pass through without any address
translation the group's inbound multicast application packets
arriving from the public Internet. The NAT gateway does not
translate the multicast application packet's public multicast IP
destination address into a private IP multicast address.
- In the outbound direction, NAT gateways generally translate the
multicast application packet's private source IP address into a
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 17]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
dynamically selected public IP address. Exceptions to this policy
for source specific multicast are noted in subsequent sections.
- Within each administrative domain, a multicast routing protocol
domain routes packets based on the group's destination multicast
public IPv4 address. The multicast routers will distribute the
group's packets to all of the group's Group Receiver endpoints
residing in that administrative domain.
- The border routers of each of the administrative domains spanned by
the group do cross-realm multicast routing and distribution on
behalf of the group. The IP-v4 multicast routers that exchange
reachability information regarding the group across trust
boundaries authenticate that information.
6.1.4.2 Multicast Application GSA NAT Traversal
Unlike the GKMP rekey message multicast to the Re-Key GSA, a
multicast application message sent to the group may originate from a
Group Speaker endpoint located behind a NAT gateway. Since the
application's message is encrypted within an ESP payload, the
transport layer protocol header port fields are concealed from NAT
gateways and they cannot participate in NAPT. The multicast
application GSA must be handled differently depending on whether the
application requires source-specific multicast.
If the application requires source-specific multicast routing, then
there must be a separate public IP-v4 address statically reserved at
the NAT gateway for each Group Speaker endpoint private/public
address mapping. This constraint allows the GCKS to specify at every
Group Member the inbound SPD traffic selector with a pre-determined
public source address for each Group Speaker endpoint in the group.
The traffic selector's public source address in combination with the
group's destination multicast address and SPI selects the inbound SA.
Keeping the NAT gateway's source address mapping static rather than
dynamic also allows the multicast routers along the packet's path to
apply source-specific routing policies. Note that the use of a static
source address mapping NAT avoids the need for the group's policy
token to specify UDP encapsulated ESP. The drawback of this approach
is that the GCKS SPD/SAD configuration database must be kept
synchronized with the group's NAT gateway address mapping
configurations. These operational procedures can be labor-intensive
and error-prone, making large-scale group deployments difficult. A
more sophisticated GKMP may sidestep this problem by dynamically
setting the Group Receiver endpoint's SPD/SAD entry traffic selector
rather than relying on static GCKS configuration.
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 18]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
If the application requires the any-source multicast service model,
then the NAT gateway's source address translation can use dynamically
allocated public IPv4 addresses rather than statically allocated IPv4
addresses. However, unless the group uses UDP encapsulated ESP, then
the NAT gateway must have a pool of public IPv4 addresses reserved
that is at least as large as the number of Group Speaker endpoints
within its private network. The public IP address pool allows the NAT
gateway to do a one-to-one mapping from every Group Speaker
endpoint's private source address to a dynamically allocated public
source address. In this case, the use of NAPT rather than NAT is not
an option, since the transport layer protocol is within an opaque ESP
payload. The GCKS specifies the SPD/SAD traffic selector as the
combination of the group's destination multicast address and the SPI.
In some deployments, the number of public IPv4 addresses assigned to
a NAT gateway is very limited (e.g. only one public IPv4 address).
Also, it may be difficult to predict how many Group Speaker endpoints
will reside within the private network before the group begins its
operation. For these cases, the group MAY use UDP encapsulated ESP.
The NAT gateway applies NAPT to the UDP header's source port field,
sidestepping the constraint of its limited public IPv4 address pool.
The Group Owner modifies the group policy token to specify that the
outbound SPD processing must pre-append a UDP header in front of the
ESP header. When a Group Speaker endpoint originates a multicast
application packet, it inserts a UDP header in front of the ESP
header, as per reference [RFC3948].
7.0 Security Considerations
This document describes architecture for securing group network
traffic using IPsec. As such, security considerations are found
throughout this document.
8.0 IANA Considerations
This document has no actions for IANA.
9.0 Acknowledgements
[TBD]
10.0 References
10.1 Normative References
[RFC1112] Deering, S., "Host Extensions for IP Multicasting," RFC
1112, August 1989.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Level", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 19]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
[RFC3552] Rescorla, E., et. al., "Guidelines for Writing RFC Text on
Security Considerations", RFC 3552, July 2003.
[RFC4301] Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, December 2005.
[RFC4302] Kent, S., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 4302, December
2005.
[RFC4303] Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)", RFC
4303, December 2004.
10.2 Informative References
[COREPT] Colegrove, A., and H. Harney, "Group Security Policy Token
v1", (work in progress), draft-ietf-msec-policy-token-sec-06.txt
(work in progress), January 2006.
[RFC2362] Estrin, D., et. al., "Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse
Mode (PIM-SM): Protocol Specification", RFC 2362, June 1998.
[RFC2526] Johnson, D., and S. Deering., "Reserved IPv6 Subnet Anycast
Addresses", RFC 2526, March 1999.
[RFC2529] Carpenter, B. and C. Jung, "Transmission of IPv6 over IPv4
Domains without Explicit Tunnels", RFC 2529, March 1999.
[RFC2588] Finlayson, R., "IP Multicast and Firewalls", RFC 2588, May
1999.
[RFC2709] Srisuresh, P., "Security Model with Tunnel-mode IPsec for
NAT Domains", RFC 2709, October 1999.
[RFC2914] Floyd, S., "Congestion Control Principles", RFC 2914,
September 2000.
[RFC3027] Holdrege, M., and P. Srisuresh, "Protocol Complications
with the IP Network Address Translator", RFC 3027, January 2001.
[RFC3171] Albanni, Z., et. al., "IANA Guidelines for IPv4
Multicast Address Assignments", RFC 3171, August 2001.
[RFC3235]Senie, D., "Network Address Translator (NAT)-Friendly
Application Design Guidelines", RFC 3235, January 2002.
[RFC3344] Perkins, C., "IP Mobility Support for IPv4", RFC 3344,
August 2002.
[RFC3376] Cain, B., et. al., "Internet Group Management Protocol,
Version 3", RFC 3376, October 2002.
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 20]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
[RFC3547] Baugher, M., Weis, B., Hardjono, T., and H. Harney, "The
Group Domain of Interpretation", RFC 3547, December 2002.
[RFC3569] Bhattacharyya, S., "An Overview of Source-Specific
Multicast (SSM)", RFC 3569, July 2003.
[RFC3940] Adamson, B., et. al., "Negative-acknowledgment (NACK)-
Oriented Reliable Multicast (NORM) Protocol", RFC 3940, November
2004.
[RFC3947] Kivinen, T., et. al., "Negotiation of NAT-Traversal in the
IKE", RFC 3947, January 2005.
[RFC3948] Huttunen, A., et. al., "UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP
Packets", RFC 3948, January 2005.
[RFC4082] Perrig, A., et. al., "Timed Efficient Stream Loss-Tolerant
Authentication (TESLA): Multicast Source Authentication Transform
Introduction", RFC 4082, June 2005.
[RFC4306] Kaufman, C., "Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol", RFC
4306, December 2005.
[RFC4359] Weis., B., "The Use of RSA/SHA-1 Signatures within
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) and Authentication Header (AH)",
RFC 4359, January 2006.
[ZLLY03] Zhang, X., et. al., "Protocol Design for Scalable and
Reliable Group Rekeying", IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON),
Volume 11, Issue 6, December 2003. See
http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/lam/Vita/Cpapers/ZLLY01.pdf.
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 21]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
Appendix A - Multicast Application Service Models
The vast majority of secure multicast applications can be catalogued
by their service model and accompanying intra-group communication
patterns. Both the Group Key Management Protocol (GKMP) Subsystem and
the IPsec subsystem MUST be able to configure the SPD/SAD security
policies to match these dominant usage scenarios. The SPD/SAD
policies MUST include the ability to configure both Any-Source-
Multicast groups and Source-Specific-Multicast groups for each of
these service models. The GKMP Subsystem management interface MAY
include mechanisms to configure the security policies for service
models not identified by this standard.
A.1 Unidirectional Multicast Applications
Multi-media content delivery multicast applications that do not have
congestion notification or retransmission error recovery mechanisms
are inherently unidirectional. RFC 4301 only defines bi-directional
unicast security associations (as per sections 4.4.1 and 5.1 with
respect to security association directionality). The GKMP Subsystem
requires that the IPsec subsystem MUST support unidirectional Group
Security Associations (GSA). Multicast applications that have only
one group member authorized to transmit can use this type of group
security association to enforce that group policy. In the inverse
direction, the GSA does not have a SAD entry, and the SPD
configuration is optionally setup to discard unauthorized attempts to
transmit unicast or multicast packets to the group.
The GKMP Subsystem's management interface MUST have the ability to
setup a GKMP Subsystem group having a unidirectional GSA security
policy.
A.2 Bi-directional Reliable Multicast Applications
Some secure multicast applications are characterized as one group
speaker to many receivers, but with inverse data flows required by a
reliable multicast transport protocol (e.g. NORM). In such
applications, the data flow from the speaker is multicast, and the
inverse flow from the group's receivers is unicast to the speaker.
Typically, the inverse data flows carry error repair requests and
congestion control status.
For such applications, the GSA SHOULD use IPsec anti-replay
protection service for the speaker's multicast data flow to the
group's receivers. Because of the scalability problem described in
the next section, it is not practical to use the IPsec anti-replay
service for the unicast inverse flows. Consequently, in the inverse
direction the IPsec anti-replay protection MUST be disabled. However,
the unicast inverse flows can use the group's IPsec group
authentication mechanism. The group receiver's SPD entry for this GSA
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 22]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
SHOULD be configured to only allow a unicast transmission to the
speaker Node rather than a multicast transmission to the whole group.
If an ESP digital signature authentication is available (E.g., RFC
4359), source authentication MAY be used to authenticate a receiver
Node's transmission to the speaker. The GKMP MUST define a key
management mechanism for the group speaker to validate the asserted
signature public key of any receiver Node without requiring that the
speaker maintain state about every group receiver.
This multicast application service model is RECOMMENDED because it
includes congestion control feedback capabilities. Refer to [RFC2914]
for additional background information.
The GKMP Subsystem's Group Owner management interface MUST have the
ability to setup a GKMP Subsystem GSA having a bi-directional GSA
security policy and one group speaker. The management interface
SHOULD be able to configure a group to have at least 16 concurrent
authorized speakers, each with their own GSA anti-replay state.
A.3 Any-To-Any Multicast Applications
Another family of secure multicast applications exhibits a "any to
many" communications pattern. A representative example of such an
application is a videoconference combined with an electronic
whiteboard.
For such applications, all (or a large subset) of the Group Members
are authorized multicast speakers. In such service models, creating a
distinct IPsec SA with anti-replay state for every potential speaker
does not scale to large groups. The group SHOULD share one IPsec SA
for all of its speakers. The IPsec SA SHOULD NOT use the IPsec anti-
replay protection service for the speaker's multicast data flow to
the Group Receivers.
The GKMP Subsystem's management interface MUST have the ability to
setup a group having an Any-To-Many Multicast GSA security policy.
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 23]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
Author's Address
Brian Weis
Cisco Systems
170 W. Tasman Drive,
San Jose, CA 95134-170
USA
Phone: +1-408-526-4796
Email: bew@cisco.com
George Gross
IdentAware Security
82 Old Mountain Road
Lebanon, NJ 08833
USA
Phone: +1-908-268-1629
Email: gmgross@identaware.com
Dragan Ignjatic
Polycom
1000 W. 14th Street
North Vancouver, BC V7P 3P3
Canada
Phone: +1-604-982-3424
Email: dignjatic@polycom.com
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 24]
Internet-Draft Multicast Extensions to RFC 4301 June, 2005
Intellectual Property Statement
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed
to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology
described in this document or the extent to which any license
under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it
represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any
such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights
in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use
of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository
at http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention
any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other
proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required
to implement this standard. Please address the information to the
IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org.
Disclaimer of Validity
This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE
INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006). This document is subject
to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and
except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights.
Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
Weis, et al. Expires August, 2006 [Page 25]
| PAFTECH AB 2003-2026 | 2026-04-23 09:03:56 |