One document matched: draft-ietf-idmr-igmp-v2-02.txt
Differences from draft-ietf-idmr-igmp-v2-01.txt
Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 2
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet Draft. Internet Drafts are working docu-
ments of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its Areas, and
its Working Groups. Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet Drafts).
Internet Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
months. Internet Drafts may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by
other documents at any time. It is not appropriate to use Internet
Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as a
"working draft" or "work in progress."
Please check the I-D abstract listing contained in each Internet
Draft directory to learn the current status of this or any other Inter-
net Draft.
Distribution of this document is unlimited.
Abstract
This draft documents IGMPv2, used by IP hosts to report their mul-
ticast group memberships to routers. It replaces Appendix I of
RFC1112.
IGMPv2 allows group membership termination to be quickly reported
to the routing protocol, which is important for high-bandwidth mul-
ticast groups and/or subnets with highly volatile group membership.
This document is a product of the Inter-Domain Multicast Routing working
group within the Internet Engineering Task Force. Comments are soli-
cited and should be addressed to the working group's mailing list at
idmr@cs.ucl.ac.uk and/or the author(s).
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1. Introduction
The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used by IP hosts to
report their multicast group memberships to any immediately-neighboring
multicast routers. This memo describes only the use of IGMP between
hosts and routers(*). IGMP may also be used between routers, but such
use is not specified here.
Like ICMP, IGMP is a integral part of IP. It is required to be imple-
mented by all hosts wishing to receive IP multicasts. IGMP messages are
encapsulated in IP datagrams, with an IP protocol number of 2. All IGMP
messages described in this document are sent with IP TTL 1. All IGMP
messages of concern to hosts have the following format:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Max Resp Time | Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Group Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
1.1. Type
There are three types of IGMP messages of concern to the host-
router interaction:
0x11 = Membership Query
0x16 = Membership Report
0x17 = Leave Group
There is an additional type of message, for backwards-compatibility
with IGMPv1:
0x12 = Version 1 Membership Report
1.2. Max Response Time
The Max Response Time field is meaningful only in a Membership
Query message, and specifies the maximum allowed time before send-
ing a report in units of 1/10 second. In all other messages, it is
set to zero by the sender and ignored by receivers.
_________________________
* Routers that are members of multicast groups are
expected to behave as hosts as well as routers, and may
even respond to their own queries.
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Tuning this setting allows IGMPv2 routers to tune the "leave
latency" of their subnet (the time between the last host leaves a
group and the routing protocol is notified that there are no more
members).
1.3. Checksum
The checksum is the 16-bit one's complement of the one's complement
sum of the 8-octet IGMP message. For computing the checksum, the
checksum field is set to zero.
1.4. Group Address
In a Membership Query message, the group address field is set to
zero when sending a General Query (used to learn which groups have
members on an attached network), and set to the group address being
queried when sending a Group-Specific Query (used to learn if a
particular group has any members on an attached network).
In a Membership Report or Leave Group message, the group address
field holds the IP multicast group address of the group being
reported or left.
2. Informal Protocol Description
Note that defaults for timer values are described later in this docu-
ment. Timer and counter names appear in square brackets.
Multicast routers use IGMP to learn which groups have members on each of
their attached physical networks(*). A multicast router keeps a list of
multicast group memberships for each attached network, and a timer for
each membership. There are two types of multicast routers: Queriers,
and Non-Queriers. There is normally only one Querier per physical net-
work. All multicast routers start up as a Querier on each attached net-
work. If a multicast router hears a Query message from a router with a
lower IP address, it becomes a Non-Querier on that network. Routers
periodically [Query Interval] send a General Query on each attached net-
work for which this router is the querier, to solicit membership infor-
mation. On startup, a router should send [Startup Query Count] General
_________________________
* The term "interface" is sometimes used in this do-
cument to mean "the primary interface on an attached
network"; if a router has multiple physical interfaces
on a single network this protocol need only run on one
of them. Hosts, on the other hand, need to perform
their actions on all interfaces that have memberships
associated with them.
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Queries spaced closely together [Startup Query Interval] in order to
quickly and reliably determine membership information. A General Query
is addressed to the all-systems multicast group (224.0.0.1).
When a host receives a General Query, it sets delay timers for each
group of which it is a member on the interface on which it received the
query. Each timer is set to a different random value, up to the
requested Max Response Time in the Query packet. When a host receives a
Group-Specific Query, it sets a delay timer for the group being queried
if it is a member on the interface on which it received the query. If a
timer for a group is already running, it is reset if and only if the
requested Max Response Time is less than the remaining value of the run-
ning timer. When a group's timer expires, the host multicasts a Member-
ship Report to the group, with IP TTL of 1. If the host receives
another host's Report (version 1 or 2) while it has a timer running, it
stops its timer for the specified group and does not send a Report, to
suppress duplicate Reports.
When a router receives a Report, it adds the group being reported to the
list of multicast group memberships on the network on which it received
the Report and sets the timer for the membership to the [Group Member-
ship Timer]. If no Reports are received for a particular group before
this timer has expired, the router assumes that the group has no local
members and that it need not forward remotely-originated multicasts for
that group onto the attached network.
When a host joins a multicast group, it should immediately transmit an
unsolicited Membership Report for that group, in case it is the first
member of that group on the network. To cover the possibility of the
initial Membership Report being lost or damaged, it is recommended that
it be repeated once or twice after short delays [Unsolicited Report
Interval]. (A simple way to accomplish this is to send the initial
Membership Report and then act as if a Group-Specific Query was received
for that group, and set a timer appropriately).
When a host leaves a multicast group, if it was the last host to reply
to a Query with a Membership Report for that group, it sends a Leave
Group message to the all-routers multicast group (224.0.0.2). (*) If it
was not the last host to reply to a Query, it sends nothing as there
must be another member on the subnet.
_________________________
* Note that a router should also be prepared to ac-
cept a Leave Group message sent to the group being
left, as one widely spread IGMPv2 implementation does
this.
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When a Querier receives a Leave Group message, it sets its query inter-
val for that group very short [Last Member Query Interval], setting the
group membership timer to some multiple of the query interval [Last
Member Query Repetition] plus the query interval, and starts sending out
Group-Specific queries. If no Reports are received before the member-
ship timer expires, the routers assume that the group has no local
members, as above.
3. Compatibility with IGMPv1 Routers
An IGMPv2 host may be placed on a subnet where the Querier router has
not yet been upgraded to IGMPv2. The following requirements apply:
The IGMPv1 router will send General Queries with the Max Response
Time set to 0. This must be interpreted as a value of 100 (10
seconds).
The IGMPv1 router expects Version 1 Membership Reports in response
to its Queries, and will not pay attention to IGMPv2 Membership
Reports. Therefore, a state variable must be kept for each inter-
face, describing whether the multicast Querier on that interface is
running IGMPv1 or IGMPv2. This variable must be based upon the
last time an IGMPv1 Query was heard, *not* on the type of the last
Query heard, as an IGMPv2 router may restart and send a Query
before it realizes that it is not the Querier for the subnet. This
state variable must be used to decide what type of Membership
Reports to send for unsolicited Membership Reports as well as
Membership Reports in response to Queries.
An IGMPv2 host may optionally suppress Leave Group messages on a
network where the Querier is using IGMPv1.
An IGMPv2 router may be placed on a subnet where at least one router on
the subnet has not yet been upgraded to IGMPv2. The following require-
ments apply:
If any IGMPv1 routers are present, the querier must use IGMPv1.
Since there was no querier election specification in RFC1112, the
rules followed by the IGMPv1 router may not agree with those in
this document. In this case, the IGMPv2 router must follow the
rules established by the routing protocol for electing a querier.
4. Compatibility with IGMPv1 Hosts
An IGMPv2 host may be placed on a subnet where there are hosts that have
not yet been upgraded to IGMPv2. The following requirements apply:
The host must allow its Membership Report to be suppressed by
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either a Version 1 Membership Report or an IGMPv2 Membership
Report.
An IGMPv2 router may be placed on a subnet where there are hosts that
have not yet been upgraded to IGMPv2. The following requirements apply:
If a router receives a Version 1 Membership Report, it must set a
timer to note that there are version 1 hosts present which are
members of the group for which it heard the report. This timer
should be the same as the [Group Membership Timer].
If there are version 1 hosts present for a particular group, a
router must ignore any Leave Group messages that it receives.
5. Host State Diagram
Host behavior is more formally specified by the state transition diagram
below. A host may be in one of three possible states with respect to
any single IP multicast group on any single network interface:
- Non-Member state, when the host does not belong to the group on the
interface. This is the initial state for all memberships on all
network interfaces; it requires no storage in the host.
- Delaying Member state, when the host belongs to the group on the
interface and has a report delay timer running for that membership.
- Idle Member state, when the host belongs to the group on the inter-
face and does not have a report delay timer running for that
membership.
There are five significant events that can cause IGMP state transitions:
- "join group" occurs when the host decides to join the group on the
interface. It may occur only in the Non-Member state.
- "leave group" occurs when the host decides to leave the group on
the interface. It may occur only in the Delaying Member and Idle
Member states.
- "query received" occurs when the host receives either a valid Gen-
eral Membership Query message, or a valid Group-Specific Membership
Query message. To be valid, the Query message must be at least 8
octets long, and have a correct IGMP checksum. A General Query
applies to all memberships on the interface from which the Query is
received. A Group-Specific Query applies to membership in a single
group on the interface from which the Query is received. Queries
are ignored for memberships in the Non-Member state.
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- "report received" occurs when the host receives a valid IGMP
Membership Report message or a valid IGMP Version 1 Membership
Report message. To be valid, the Report message must be at least 8
octets long and have a correct IGMP checksum. A Membership Report
applies only to the membership in the group identified by the
Membership Report, on the interface from which the Membership
Report is received. It is ignored for memberships in the Non-
Member or Idle Member state.
- "timer expired" occurs when the report delay timer for the group on
the interface expires. It may occur only in the Delaying Member
state.
All other events, such as receiving invalid IGMP messages, or IGMP mes-
sages other than Query or Report, are ignored in all states.
There are seven possible actions that may be taken in response to the
above events:
- "send report" for the group on the interface. The type of report
is determined by the state of the interface.
- "send leave" for the group on the interface. If the interface
state says the Querier is running IGMPv1, this action should be
skipped. If the flag saying we were the last host to report is
cleared, this action should be skipped.
- "set flag" that we were the last host to send a report for this
group.
- "clear flag" since we were not the last host to send a report for
this group.
- "start timer" for the group on the interface, using a random delay
value up to the Max Response Time in the Query. If this is an
unsolicited Report, the timer is to use a random delay value up to
10 seconds.
- "reset timer" for the group on the interface to a new value, using
a random delay value up to the requested response time in the
Query.
- "stop timer" for the group on the interface.
In all of the following state diagrams, each state transition arc is
labeled with the event that causes the transition, and, in parentheses,
any actions taken during the transition. Note that the transition is
always triggered by the event; even if the action is conditional, the
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transition still occurs.
________________
| |
| |
| |
| |
--------->| Non-Member |<---------
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| |________________| |
| | |
| leave group | join group | leave group
| (stop timer, |(send report, | (send leave if
| send leave if | set flag, | flag set)
| flag set) | start timer) |
________|________ | ________|________
| |<--------- | |
| | | |
| |<-------------------| |
| | query received | |
| Delaying Member | (start timer) | Idle Member |
---->| |------------------->| |
| | | report received | |
| | | (stop timer, | |
| | | clear flag) | |
| |_________________|------------------->|_________________|
| query received | timer expired
| (reset timer if | (send report,
| Max Resp Time | set flag)
| < current timer) |
-------------------
The all-systems group (address 224.0.0.1) is handled as a special case.
The host starts in Idle Member state for that group on every interface,
never transitions to another state, and never sends a report for that
group.
In addition, a host may be in one of two possible states with respect to
any single network interface:
- No IGMPv1 Router Present, when the host has not heard an IGMPv1
style query for the [Version 1 Router Present Timeout]. This is
the initial state.
- IGMPv1 Router Present, when the host has heard an IGMPv1 style
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query within the [Version 1 Router Present Timeout].
There are two events that can cause state transitions:
- "IGMPv1 query received", when the host receives a query with the
Max Response Time field set to 0.
- "timer expires", when the timer set to note the presence of an
IGMPv1 router expires.
And a single action that can be triggered by an event:
- "set timer", setting the timer to its maximum value [Version 1
Router Present Timeout] and (re)starting it.
________________
| |
| |
| No IGMPv1 |
| Router |
| Present |
| |
---->| |----
| | | |
| |________________| |
timer expires | | IGMPv1 query received
| ________________ | (set timer)
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
-----| IGMPv1 |<---
| Router |
| Present |
| |
---->| |----
| |________________| |
| |
| IGMPv1 query received |
| (set timer) |
---------------------------
6. Router State Diagram
Router behavior is more formally specified by the state transition
diagrams below.
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A router may be in one of two possible states with respect to any single
attached network:
- Querier, when this router is designated to transmit IGMP Membership
Queries on this network.
- Non-Querier, when there is another router designated to transmit
IGMP membership Queries on this network.
The following three events can cause the router to change states:
- "query timer expired" occurs when the timer set for query transmis-
sion expires.
- "query received from a router with a lower IP address" occurs when
an IGMP Membership Query is received from a router on the same net-
work with a lower IP address.
- "other querier present timer expired" occurs when the timer set to
note the presence of another querier with a lower IP address on the
network expires.
There are three actions that may be taken in response to the above
events:
- "start general query timer" for the attached network.
- "start other querier present timer" for the attached network.
- "send general query" on the attached network.
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--------------------------------
_______|________ gen. query timer |
--------- | | expired |
| Initial |---------------->| | (send general query, |
--------- (send gen. q., | | set gen. q. timer) |
set initial gen. q. | |<----------------------
timer) | Querier |
| |
-----| |<---
| | | |
| |________________| |
query received from a | | other querier
router with a lower | | present timer expired
IP address | | (send general query,
(set other querier | ________________ | set gen. q. timer)
present timer) | | | |
| | | |
| | | |
---->| Non |----
| Querier |
| |
| |
---->| |----
| |________________| |
| query received from a |
| router with a lower IP |
| address |
| (set other querier |
| present timer) |
---------------------------
A router should start in the Initial state on all attached networks, and
immediately move to Querier state.
In addition, to keep track of which groups have members, a router may be
in one of three possible states with respect to any single IP multicast
group on any single attached network:
- No Members Present state, when there are no hosts on the network
which have sent reports for this multicast group. This is the ini-
tial state for all groups on the router; it requires no storage in
the router.
- Members Present state, when there is a host on the network which
has sent a Membership Report for this multicast group.
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- Version 1 Members Present state, when there is an IGMPv1 host on
the network which has sent an Version 1 Membership Report for this
multicast group.
- Checking Membership state, when the router has received a Leave
Group message but has not yet heard a Membership Report for the
multicast group.
There are six significant events that can cause router state transi-
tions:
- "report received" occurs when the router receives a Membership
Report for the group on the interface. To be valid, the Report
message must be at least 8 octets long and must have a correct IGMP
checksum.
- "v1 report received" occurs when the router receives a Version 1
Membership report for the group on the interface. The same vali-
dity requirements apply.
- "leave received" occurs when the router receives an IGMP Group
Leave message for the group on the interface. To be valid, the
Leave message must be at least 8 octets long and must have a
correct IGMP checksum.
- "timer expired" occurs when the timer set for a group membership
expires.
- "retransmit timer expired" occurs when the timer set to retransmit
a group-specific Membership Query expires.
- "v1 host timer expired" occurs when the timer set to note the pres-
ence of version 1 hosts as group members expires.
There are six possible actions that may be taken in response to the
above events:
- "start timer" for the group membership on the interface - also
resets the timer to its initial value [Group Membership Timer] if
the timer is currently running.
- "start retransmit timer" for the group membership on the interface
[Last Member Query Interval].
- "start v1 host timer" for the group membership on the interface -
also resets the timer to its initial value [Group Membership Timer]
if the timer is currently running.
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- "send group-specific query" for the group on the attached network.
- "notify routing +" notify the routing protocol that there are
members of this group on this connected network.
- "notify routing -" notify the routing protocol that there are no
longer any members of this group on this connected network.
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The state diagram for a router in Querier state follows:
________________
----------------------------| |<-----------------------------
| | | |
| timer expired| |timer expired |
| (notify routing -)| No Members |(notify routing -, |
| ------->| Present |<--------- clear rxmt tmr) |
| | | | | |
|v1 report rec'd | | | | |
|(notify routing +, | | | | |
| start timer, | |________________| | --------------- |
| start v1 host | | | | rexmt timer | |
| timer) | |report received | | expired | |
| | |(notify routing +,| | (send g-s | |
| | | start timer) | | query, | |
| __________|______ | ________|_|______ st rxmt | |
| | |<--------- | | tmr) | |
| | | | |<------- |
| | | report received | | |
| | | (start timer) | | |
| | Members Present |<-------------------| Checking | |
| ----->| | leave received | Membership | |
| | | | (start timer*, | | |
| | | | start rexmt timer,| | |
| | | | send g-s query) | | |
| | --->| |------------------->| | |
| | | |_________________| |_________________| |
| | |report received | | | |
| | |(start timer) | |v1 report rec'd |v1 report rec'd |
| | ---------------- |(start timer, |(start timer, |
| |v1 host | start v1 host timer) | start v1 host timer) |
| |tmr ______________V__ | |
| |exp'd | |<---------------------- |
| ------| | |
| | |timer expired |
| | Version 1 |(prevent forwarding) |
------->| Members Present |-------------------------------------------------
| |
------->| |<--------------------
| |_________________| v1 report rec'd |
| report received | | (start timer, |
| (start timer) | | start v1 host timer) |
----------------- --------------------------
_________________________
* When entering the Checking Membership state, the
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The state diagram for a router in Non-Querier state is similar, but
non-Queriers do not send any messages and are only driven by message re-
ception.
________________
| |
| |
timer expired| |timer expired
(notify routing -)| No Members |(notify routing -)
--------->| Present |<---------
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| |________________| |
| | |
| |report received |
| |(notify routing +,|
| | start timer) |
________|________ | ________|________
| |<--------- | |
| | report received | |
| | (start timer) | |
| Members Present |<-------------------| Checking |
| | g-s query rec'd | Membership |
| | (start timer*) | |
---->| |------------------->| |
| |_________________| |_________________|
| report received |
| (start timer) |
-----------------
7. List of timers and default values
7.1. Query Interval
The Query Interval is the interval between General Queries sent by the
Querier. Default: 125 seconds.
_________________________
timer is set to [Last Member Query Interval] * [Last
Membership Query Count], not [Group Membership Timer].
* When a non-querier router receives a Group Specific
query in the Members Present state, it sets its group
membership timer to a multiple [Last Member Query
Count] of the Max Response Time in the Group Specific
query. It ignores Group Specific queries received in
the Checking Membership state.
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7.2. Group Membership Timer
The Group Membership Timer is the amount of time that must pass before a
multicast router decides there are no more members of a group on a net-
work. Default: twice the Query Interval plus one Query Response Inter-
val.
7.3. Query Response Interval
The Max Response Time inserted into the periodic General Queries.
Default: 100 (10 seconds)
7.4. Startup Query Interval
The Startup Query Interval is the interval between General Queries sent
by a Querier on startup. Default: 1/4 the Query Interval.
7.5. Startup Query Count
The Startup Query Count is the number of Queries sent out on startup,
separated by the Startup Query Interval. Default: 2.
7.6. Unsolicited Report Interval
The Unsolicited Report Interval is the time between repetitions of a
host's initial report of membership in a group. Default: 10 seconds.
7.7. Last Member Query Interval
The Last Member Query Interval is the Max Response Time inserted into
Group-Specific Queries sent in response to Leave Group messages, and is
also the amount of time between Group-Specific Query messages. Default:
10 (1 second)
7.8. Last Member Query Count
The Last Member Query Count is the number of Group-Specific Queries sent
before the router assumes there are no local members. Default: 2.
7.9. Version 1 Router Present Timeout
The Version 1 Router Present Timeout is how long a host must wait after
hearing a Version 1 Query before it may send any IGMPv2 messages.
Default: 400 seconds.
8. Security Considerations
Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
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9. Acknowledgments
IGMPv2 was designed by Rosen Sharma and Steve Deering.
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10. Appendix I - Changes from IGMPv1
The IGMPv1 "Version" and "Type" fields were combined into a single
"Type" field.
A new IGMP Type was assigned to IGMPv2 Membership Report messages, so a
router may tell the difference between an IGMPv1 and IGMPv2 host report.
A new IGMP Type was created for the IGMPv2 Leave Group message.
The Membership Query message was changed so that a previously unused
field contains a new value, the Max Response Time.
The IGMPv2 spec now specifies a querier election mechanism. In IGMPv1,
the querier election was left up to the multicast routing protocol, and
different protocols used different mechanisms. This could result in
more than one querier per network, so the election mechanism has been
standardized in IGMPv2. However, this means that care must be taken
when an IGMPv2 router is trying to coexist with an IGMPv1 router that
uses a different querier election mechanism. In particular, it means
that an IGMPv2 router must be able to act as an IGMPv1 router on a par-
ticular network if configured to do so. The actions required include:
- Set the Max Response Time field to 0 in all queries.
- Ignore Leave Group messages.
The IGMPv2 spec relaxed the requirements on validity-checking for
Membership Queries and Membership Reports. When upgrading an implemen-
tation, be sure to remove any checks that do not belong.
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11. Author's Address
William C. Fenner
Xerox PARC
3333 Coyote Hill Road
Palo Alto, CA 94304
Phone: +1 415 812 4816
Email: fenner@parc.xerox.com
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