One document matched: draft-westerlund-avtcore-multi-media-rtp-session-00.xml


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<rfc category="std"
     docName="draft-westerlund-avtcore-multi-media-rtp-session-00"
     ipr="trust200902" updates="3550">
  <front>
    <title abbrev="Multiple Media Types in an RTP Session">Multiple Media
    Types in an RTP Session</title>

    <author fullname="Magnus Westerlund" initials="M." surname="Westerlund">
      <organization>Ericsson</organization>

      <address>
        <postal>
          <street>Farogatan 6</street>

          <city>SE-164 80 Kista</city>

          <country>Sweden</country>
        </postal>

        <phone>+46 10 714 82 87</phone>

        <email>magnus.westerlund@ericsson.com</email>
      </address>
    </author>

    <author fullname="Colin Perkins" initials="C. " surname="Perkins">
      <organization>University of Glasgow</organization>

      <address>
        <postal>
          <street>School of Computing Science</street>

          <city>Glasgow</city>

          <code>G12 8QQ</code>

          <country>United Kingdom</country>
        </postal>

        <email>csp@csperkins.org</email>
      </address>
    </author>

    <author fullname="Jonathan Lennox" initials="J." surname="Lennox">
      <organization abbrev="Vidyo">Vidyo, Inc.</organization>

      <address>
        <postal>
          <street>433 Hackensack Avenue</street>

          <street>Seventh Floor</street>

          <city>Hackensack</city>

          <region>NJ</region>

          <code>07601</code>

          <country>US</country>
        </postal>

        <email>jonathan@vidyo.com</email>
      </address>
    </author>

    <date day="9" month="July" year="2012"/>

    <workgroup>AVTCORE WG</workgroup>

    <abstract>
      <t>This document specifies how an RTP session can contain media streams
      with media from multiple media types such as audio, video, and text.
      This has been restricted by the RTP Specification, and thus this
      document updates RFC 3550 to enable this behavior for applications that
      satisfy the applicability for using multiple media types in a single RTP
      session.</t>
    </abstract>
  </front>

  <middle>
    <section title="Introduction">
      <t>When the <xref target="RFC3550">Real-time Transport Protocol
      (RTP)</xref> was designed, close to 20 years ago, IP networks were very
      different compared to the ones in 2012 when this is written. The almost
      ubiquitous deployment of Network Address Translators (NAT) and Firewalls
      has increased the cost and likely-hood of communication failure when
      using many different transport flows. Thus there exists a pressure to
      reduce the number of concurrent transport flows.</t>

      <t><xref target="RFC3550">RTP</xref> as defined recommends against
      having multiple media types, like audio and video, in the same RTP
      session. The motivation for this is dependent on particular usage or
      dependencies on lower layer Quality of Service (QoS). When these aren't
      present, there are no strong RTP reasons for not allowing multiple media
      types in one RTP session. However, the <xref target="RFC4566">Session
      Description Protocol (SDP)</xref>, as one of the dominant signalling
      method for establishing RTP session, has enforced this rule, by not
      allowing multiple media types for a given receiver destination or set of
      ICE candidates, which is the most common method to determine which RTP
      session the packets are intended for.</t>

      <t>The fact that these limitations have been in place for so long a
      time, in addition to RFC 3550 being written without fully considering
      multiple media types in an RTP session, does result in a number of
      considerations being needed. This document provides such considerations
      regarding applicability as well as functionality, including normative
      specification of behavior.</t>

      <t>First, some basic definitions are provided. This is followed by a
      background that discusses the motivation in more detail. A overview of
      the solution of how to provide multiple media types in one RTP session
      is then presented. Next is the formal applicability this specification
      have followed by the normative specification. This is followed by a
      discussion how some RTP/RTCP Extensions should function in the case of
      multiple media types in one RTP session. A specification of the
      requirements on signalling from this specification and a look how this
      is realized in SDP using <xref
      target="I-D.ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation">Bundle</xref>. The
      document ends with the security considerations.</t>
    </section>

    <section title="Definitions">
      <t/>

      <section title="Requirements Language">
        <t>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
        "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
        document are to be interpreted as described in <xref
        target="RFC2119"/>.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Terminology">
        <t>The following terms are used with supplied definitions:<list
            style="hanging">
            <t hangText="Endpoint:">A single entity sending or receiving RTP
            packets. It may be decomposed into several functional blocks, but
            as long as it behaves as a single RTP stack entity it is
            classified as a single endpoint.</t>

            <t hangText="Media Stream:">A sequence of RTP packets using a
            single SSRC that together carries part or all of the content of a
            specific Media Type from a specific sender source within a given
            RTP session.</t>

            <t hangText="Media Type:">Audio, video, text or application whose
            form and meaning are defined by a specific real-time
            application.</t>

            <t hangText="RTP Session:">As defined by <xref target="RFC3550"/>,
            the endpoints belonging to the same RTP Session are those that
            share a single SSRC space. That is, those endpoints can see an
            SSRC identifier transmitted by any one of the other endpoints. An
            endpoint can receive an SSRC either as SSRC or as CSRC in RTP and
            RTCP packets. Thus, the RTP Session scope is decided by the
            endpoints' network interconnection topology, in combination with
            RTP and RTCP forwarding strategies deployed by endpoints and any
            interconnecting middle nodes.</t>

            <t/>
          </list></t>

        <t/>
      </section>
    </section>

    <section title="Motivation ">
      <t>This section discusses in more detail the main motivations why
      allowing multiple media types in the same RTP session is suitable.</t>

      <section title="NAT and Firewalls">
        <t>The existence of NATs and Firewalls at almost all Internet access
        has had implications on protocols like RTP that were designed to use
        multiple transport flows. First of all, the NAT/FW traversal solution
        one uses needs to ensure that all these transport flows are
        established. This has three different impacts:<list style="numbers">
            <t>Increased delay to perform the transport flow establishment</t>

            <t>The more transport flows, the more state and the more resource
            consumption in the NAT and Firewalls. When the resource
            consumption in NAT/FWs reaches their limits, unexpected behaviors
            usually occur.</t>

            <t>More transport flows means a higher risk that some transport
            flow fails to be established, thus preventing the application to
            communicate.</t>
          </list></t>

        <t>Using fewer transport flows reduces the risk of communication
        failure, improved establishment behavior and less load on NAT and
        Firewalls.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="No Transport Level QoS">
        <t>Many RTP-using applications don't utilize any network level Quality
        of Service functions. Nor do they expect or desire any separation in
        network treatment of its media packets, independent of whether they
        are audio, video or text. When an application has no such desire, it
        doesn't need to provide a transport flow structure that simplifies
        flow based QoS.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Architectural Equality">
        <t>For applications that don't desire any type of different treatment,
        neither on the transport level nor in RTP or RTCP reporting, using the
        same RTP session for both media types appears a reasonable choice. The
        architecture should be neutral to media type, rather look at what it
        provides based on the application users choice. Therefore this bias
        should be removed and let the application designer make the choice if
        they need multiple RTP sessions or not based on other aspects.</t>
      </section>
    </section>

    <section title="Overview of Solution">
      <t>The goal of the solution is to enable having one or more RTP
      sessions, where each RTP session may contain two or more media types.
      This includes having multiple RTP sessions containing a given media
      type, for example having three sessions containing video and audio.</t>

      <t>The solution is quite straightforward. The first step is to override
      the SHOULD and SHOULD NOT language of the <xref target="RFC3550">RTP
      specification</xref>. This is done by appropriate exception clauses
      given that this specification is followed.</t>

      <t>Within an RTP session where multiple media types have been configured
      for use, a SSRC may only send one media type during its lifetime.
      Different SSRCs must be used for the different media sources, the same
      way multiple media sources of the same media type already have to do.
      The payload type will inform a receiver which media type the SSRC is
      being used for. Thus the payload type must be unique across all of the
      payload configurations independent of media type that may be used in the
      RTP session.</t>

      <t>Some few extra considerations within the RTP sessions also needs to
      be considered. RTCP bandwidth and regular reporting suppression (AVPF
      and SAVPF) should be considered to be configured. Certain payload types
      like FEC also need additional rules.</t>

      <t>The final important part of the solution to this is to use signalling
      and ensure that agreement on using multiple media types in an RTP
      session exists, and how that then is configured. Thus document documents
      some existing requirements, while an external reference defines how this
      is accomplished in SDP.</t>
    </section>

    <section title="Applicability">
      <t>This specification has limited applicability and any one intending to
      use must ensure that their application and usage meets the below
      criteria for usage.</t>

      <section title="Usage of the RTP session">
        <t>Before choosing to use this specification, an application
        implementer needs to ensure that they don't have a need for different
        RTP sessions between the media types for some reason. The main rule is
        that if one expects to have equal treatment of all media packets, then
        this specification might be suitable. The equal treatment include
        anything from network level up to RTCP reporting and feedback. The
        document <xref
        target="I-D.westerlund-avtcore-multiplex-architecture">Guidance on RTP
        Multiplexing Architecture</xref> gives more detailed guidance on
        aspects to consider when choosing how to use RTP and specifically
        sessions. RTP-using applications that need or would prefer multiple
        RTP sessions, but do not require the functionalities or behaviors that
        multiple transport flows give, can consider using <xref
        target="I-D.westerlund-avtcore-transport-multiplexing">Multiple RTP
        Sessions on a Single Lower-Layer Transport</xref>.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Signalled Support">
        <t>Usage of this specification is not compatible with anyone following
        RFC 3550 and intending to have different RTP sessions for each media
        type. Therefore there must be mutual agreement to use multiple media
        types in one RTP session by all participants within an RTP session.
        This agreement must in most cases be determined using signalling.</t>

        <t>This requirement can be a problem for signalling solutions that
        can't negotiate with all participants. For declarative signalling
        solutions, mandating that the session is using multiple media types in
        one RTP session can be a way of attempting to ensure that all
        participants in the RTP session follow the requirement. However, for
        signalling solutions that lack methods for enforcing that a receiver
        supports a specific feature, this can still cause issues.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Homogeneous Multi-party">
        <t>In multiparty communication scenarios it is important to separate
        two different cases. One case is where the RTP session contains
        multiple participants in a common RTP session. This occurs for example
        in Any Source Multicast (ASM) and Transport Translator topologies as
        defined in <xref target="RFC5117">RTP Topologies</xref>. It may also
        occur in some implementations of RTP mixers that share the same
        SSRC/CSRC space across all participants. The second case is when the
        RTP session is terminated in a middlebox and the other participants
        sources are projected or switched into each RTP session and rewritten
        on RTP header level including SSRC mappings.</t>

        <t>For the first case, with a common RTP session or at least shared
        SSRC/CSRC values, all participants in multiparty communication are
        required to support multiple media types in an RTP session. An
        participant using two or more RTP sessions towards a multiparty
        session can't be collapsed into a single session with multiple media
        types. The reason is that in case of multiple RTP sessions, the same
        SSRC value can be use in both RTP sessions without any issues, but
        when collapsed to a single session there is an SSRC collision. In
        addition some collisions can't be represented in the multiple separate
        RTP sessions. For example, in a session with audio and video, an SSRC
        value used for video will not show up in the Audio RTP session at the
        participant using multiple RTP sessions, and thus not trigger any
        collision handling. Thus any application using this type of RTP
        session structure must have a homogeneous support for multiple media
        types in one RTP session, or be forced to insert a translator node
        between that participant and the rest of the RTP session.</t>

        <t>For the second case of separate RTP sessions for each multiparty
        participant and a central node it is possible to have a mix of single
        RTP session users and multiple RTP session users as long as one is
        willing to remap the SSRCs used by a participant with multiple RTP
        sessions into non-used values in the single RTP session SSRC space for
        each of the participants using a single RTP session with multiple
        media types. It can be noted that this type of implementation is
        required to understand any type of RTP/RTCP extension being used in
        the RTP sessions to correctly be able to translate them between the
        RTP sessions.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Reduced number of Payload Types">
        <t>An RTP session with multiple media types in it have only a single
        7-bit Payload Type range for all its payload types. Within the 128
        available values, only 96 or less if <xref
        target="RFC5761">"Multiplexing RTP Data and Control Packets on a
        Single Port"</xref> is used, all the different RTP payload
        configurations for all the media types must fit. For most applications
        this will not be a real problem, but the limitation exists and could
        be encountered.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Stream Differentiation">
        <t>If network level differentiation of the media streams of different
        media types are desired using this specification can cause severe
        limitations. All media streams in an RTP session, independent of the
        media type, will be sent over the same underlying transport flow. Any
        flow-based Quality of Service (QoS) mechanism will be unable to
        provide differentiated treatment between different media types, e.g.
        to prioritize audio over video. If that is desired, separate RTP
        sessions over different underlying transport flows needs to be used.
        Any marking-based QoS scheme like DiffServ is not affected unless a
        network ingress marks based on flows.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Non-compatible Extensions">
        <t>There exist some RTP and RTCP extensions that rely on the existence
        of multiple RTP sessions. If the goal of using an RTP session with
        multiple media types is to have only a single RTP session, then these
        extensions can't be used. If one has no need to have different RTP
        sessions for the media types but is willing to have multiple RTP
        sessions, one for the main media transmission and one for the
        extension, they can be used. It should be noted that this assumes that
        it is possible to get the extension working when the related RTP
        session contains multiple media types.</t>

        <t>Identified RTP/RTCP extensions that require multiple RTP Sessions
        are:<list style="hanging">
            <t hangText="RTP Retransmission:"><xref target="RFC4588">RTP
            Retransmission</xref> has a session multiplexed mode. It also has
            a SSRC multiplexed mode that can be used instead. So use the mode
            that is suitable for the RTP application.</t>

            <t hangText="XOR-Based FEC:">The <xref target="RFC5109">RTP
            Payload Format for Generic Forward Error Correction</xref> and its
            predecessor <xref target="RFC2733"/> requires a separate RTP
            session unless the FEC data is carried in <xref
            target="RFC2198">RTP Payload for Redundant Audio Data</xref> which
            has another set of restrictions.</t>

            <t hangText="">Note that the <xref
            target="RFC5576">Source-Specific Media Attributes</xref>
            specification defines an SDP syntax (the "FEC" semantic of the
            "ssrc-group" attribute) to signal FEC relationships between
            multiple media streams within a single RTP session. However, this
            can't be used as the FEC repair packets are required to have the
            same SSRC value as the source packets being protected. <xref
            target="RFC5576"/> does not normatively update and resolve that
            restriction.</t>
          </list></t>

        <t/>
      </section>
    </section>

    <section title="RTP Session Specification">
      <t>This section defines what needs to be done or avoided to make an RTP
      session with multiple media types function without issues.</t>

      <section title="RTP Session">
        <t>Section 5.2 of <xref target="RFC3550">"RTP: A Transport Protocol
        for Real-Time Applications"</xref> states:<list style="empty">
            <t>For example, in a teleconference composed of audio and video
            media encoded separately, each medium SHOULD be carried in a
            separate RTP session with its own destination transport
            address.</t>

            <t>Separate audio and video streams SHOULD NOT be carried in a
            single RTP session and demultiplexed based on the payload type or
            SSRC fields.</t>
          </list></t>

        <t>This specification changes both of these sentences. The first
        sentence is changed to:<list style="empty">
            <t>For example, in a teleconference composed of audio and video
            media encoded separately, each medium SHOULD be carried in a
            separate RTP session with its own destination transport address,
            unless specification [RFCXXXX] is followed and the application
            meets the applicability constraints.</t>
          </list></t>

        <t>The second sentence is changed to:<list style="empty">
            <t>Separate audio and video streams SHOULD NOT be carried in a
            single RTP session and demultiplexed based on the payload type or
            SSRC fields, unless multiplexed based on both SSRC and payload
            type and usage meets what Multiple Media Types in an RTP Session
            [RFCXXXX] specifies.</t>
          </list></t>

        <t>RFC-Editor Note: Please replace RFCXXXX with the RFC number of this
        specification when assigned.</t>

        <t>TBD: Discussion of the motivations in Section 5.2 of the <xref
        target="RFC3550">RTP Specification</xref>.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Sender Source Restrictions">
        <t>A SSRC in the RTP session MUST only send one media type (audio,
        video, text etc.) during the SSRC's lifetime. The main motivation is
        that a given SSRC has its own RTP timestamp and sequence number
        spaces. The same way that you can't send two streams of encoded audio
        on the same SSRC, you can't send one audio and one video encoding on
        the same SSRC. Each media encoding when made into an RTP stream needs
        to have the sole control over the sequence number and timestamp space.
        If not, one would not be able to detect packet loss for that
        particular stream. Nor can one easily determine which clock rate a
        particular SSRCs timestamp shall increase with.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Payload Type Applicability">
        <t>Most Payload Types have a native media type, like an audio codec is
        natural belonging to the audio media type. However, there exist a
        number of RTP payload types that don't have a native media type. For
        example, transport robustification mechanisms like <xref
        target="RFC4588">RTP Retransmission</xref> and <xref
        target="RFC5109">Generic FEC</xref> inherit their media type from what
        they protect. RTP Retransmission is explicitly bound to the payload
        type it is protecting, and thus will inherit it. However Generic FEC
        is a excellent example of an RTP payload type that has no natural
        media type. The media type for what it protects is not relevant as it
        is the recovered RTP packets that have a particular media type, and
        thus Generic FEC is best categorized as an application media type.</t>

        <t>The above discussion is relevant to what limitations exist for RTP
        payload type usage within an RTP session that has multiple media
        types. When it comes to Generic FEC, is an configured payload type
        allowed to be used to protect both audio SSRCs and Video SSRCs? Note a
        particular SSRC carrying Generic FEC will clearly only protect a
        specific SSRC and thus that instance is bound to the SSRC's media
        type. For this specific case, it appears possible to have one be
        applicable to both. However, in cases when the signalling is setup to
        enable fallback to using separate RTP sessions, then using a different
        media type, e.g. application, than the media being protected can
        create issues.</t>

        <t>TBD: What recommendations are needed here?</t>
      </section>

      <section title="RTCP ">
        <t>All SSRCs in an RTP session fall under the same set of RTCP
        configuration parameters, such as the RR and RS bandwidth and the
        trr-int parameter if AVPF or SAVPF is used. This means that at least
        the regular reporting period by, and on, a source will be equal,
        independent of the media type for that source. This should in most
        cases not be an issue, but it may result in more frequent reporting
        than is considered necessary for a particular media type or set of
        media sources. Having multiple media types in one RTP session also
        results in more SSRCs being present in this RTP session. This
        increasing the amount of cross reporting between the SSRCs. From an
        RTCP perspective, two RTP sessions with half the number of SSRCs in
        each will be slightly more efficient. If someone needs either the
        higher efficiency due to the lesser number of SSRCs or the fact that
        one can't tailor RTCP usage per media type, they need to use
        independent RTP sessions.</t>

        <t>When it comes to handling multiple SSRCs in an RTP session there is
        a clarification under discussion in <xref
        target="I-D.lennox-avtcore-rtp-multi-stream">Real-Time Transport
        Protocol (RTP) Considerations for Multi-Stream Endpoints</xref>. When
        it comes to configuring RTCP the need for regular periodic reporting
        needs to be weighted against any feedback or control messages being
        sent. The applications using AVPF or SAVPF are RECOMMENDED to consider
        setting trr-int parameter to a value suitable for the applications
        needs, thus potentially reducing the need for regular reporting and
        thus releasing more bandwidth for use for feedback or control.</t>

        <t>Another aspect of an RTP session with multiple media types is that
        the used RTCP packets, RTCP Feedback Messages, or RTCP XR metrics used
        may not be applicable to all media types. Instead all RTP/RTCP
        endpoints need to correlate the media type of the SSRC being
        referenced in an messages/packet and only use those that apply to that
        particular SSRC and its media type. Signalling solutions may have
        shortcomings when it comes to indicate that a particular set of RTCP
        reports or feedback messages only apply to a particular media type
        within an RTP session.</t>
      </section>
    </section>

    <section title="Extension Considerations">
      <t>This section discusses the impact on some RTP/RTCP extensions due to
      usage of multiple media types in on RTP session. Only extensions where
      something worth noting has been included.</t>

      <section title="RTP Retransmission">
        <t>SSRC-multiplexed <xref target="RFC4588">RTP retransmission</xref>
        is actually very straightforward. Each retransmission RTP payload type
        is explicitly connected to an associated payload type. If
        retransmission is only to be used with a subset of all payload types,
        this is not a problem, as it will be evident from the retransmission
        payload types which payload types that have retransmission enabled for
        them.</t>

        <t>Session-multiplexed RTP retransmission is also possible to use
        where an retransmission session contains the retransmissions of the
        associated payload types in the source RTP session. The only
        difference to previously is that the source RTP session is one which
        contains multiple media types. Thus it is even more likely that only a
        subset of the source RTP session's payload types and SSRCs are
        actually retransmitted.</t>

        <t>Open Issue: When using SDP to signal retransmission for one RTP
        session with multiple media types and one RTP session for the
        retransmission data will cause a situation where one will have
        multiple m= lines grouped using FID and the ones belonging to
        respective RTP session being grouped using BUNDLE. This usage may
        contradict both the <xref target="RFC5888">FID semantics</xref> and an
        assumption in the <xref target="RFC4588">RTP retransmission
        specification</xref>.</t>
      </section>

      <section title="Generic FEC">
        <t>TBW:</t>
      </section>
    </section>

    <section title="Signalling">
      <t>The Signalling requirements</t>

      <t>Establishing an RTP session with multiple media types requires
      signalling. This signalling needs to fulfill the following
      requirements:<list style="numbers">
          <t>Ensure that any participant in the RTP session is aware that this
          is an RTP session with multiple media types.</t>

          <t>Ensure that the payload types in use in the RTP session are using
          unique values, with no overlap between the media types.</t>

          <t>Configure the RTP session level parameters, such as RTCP RR and
          RS bandwidth, AVPF trr-int, underlying transport, the RTCP
          extensions in use, and security parameters, commonly for the RTP
          session.</t>

          <t>RTP and RTCP functions that can be bound to a particular media
          type should be reused when possible also for other media types,
          instead of having to be configured for multiple code-points. Note:
          In some cases one will not have a choice but to use multiple
          configurations.</t>
        </list></t>

      <t/>

      <section title="SDP-Based Signalling">
        <t>The signalling of multiple media types in one RTP session in SDP is
        specified in <xref
        target="I-D.ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation">"Multiplexing
        Negotiation Using Session Description Protocol (SDP) Port
        Numbers"</xref>.</t>
      </section>
    </section>

    <section anchor="IANA" title="IANA Considerations">
      <t>This document makes no request of IANA.</t>

      <t>Note to RFC Editor: this section may be removed on publication as an
      RFC.</t>
    </section>

    <section anchor="Security" title="Security Considerations">
      <t>Having an RTP session with multiple media types doesn't change the
      methods for securing a particular RTP session. One possible difference
      is that the different media have often had different security
      requirements. When combining multiple media types in one session, their
      security requirements must also be combined by selecting the most
      demanding for each property. Thus having multiple media types may result
      in increased overhead for security for some media types to ensure that
      all requirements are meet.</t>

      <t>Otherwise, the recommendations for how to configure and RTP session
      do not add any additional requirements compared to normal RTP, except
      for the need to be able to ensure that the participants are aware that
      it is a multiple media type session. If not that is ensured it can cause
      issues in the RTP session for both the unaware and the aware one.
      Similar issues can also be produced in an normal RTP session by creating
      configurations for different end-points that doesn't match each
      other.</t>
    </section>

    <section anchor="Acknowledgements" title="Acknowledgements">
      <t>The authors would like to thank Christer Holmberg for the feedback on
      the document.</t>
    </section>
  </middle>

  <back>
    <references title="Normative References">
      <?rfc include="reference.RFC.2119"?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.3550'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.I-D.ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation'?>

      <reference anchor="I-D.lennox-avtcore-rtp-multi-stream">
        <front>
          <title>Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Considerations for
          Multi-Stream Endpoints</title>

          <author fullname="Jonathan Lennox" initials="J." surname="Lennox">
            <organization abbrev="Vidyo">Vidyo, Inc.</organization>

            <address>
              <postal>
                <street>433 Hackensack Avenue</street>

                <street>Seventh Floor</street>

                <city>Hackensack</city>

                <region>NJ</region>

                <code>07601</code>

                <country>US</country>
              </postal>

              <email>jonathan@vidyo.com</email>
            </address>
          </author>

          <author fullname="Magnus Westerlund" initials="M."
                  surname="Westerlund">
            <organization>Ericsson</organization>

            <address>
              <postal>
                <street>Farogatan 6</street>

                <city>SE-164 80 Kista</city>

                <country>Sweden</country>
              </postal>

              <phone>+46 10 714 82 87</phone>

              <email>magnus.westerlund@ericsson.com</email>
            </address>
          </author>

          <date day="9" month="July" year="2012"/>
        </front>
      </reference>
    </references>

    <references title="Informative References">
      <?rfc include='reference.I-D.westerlund-avtcore-multiplex-architecture'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.I-D.westerlund-avtcore-transport-multiplexing'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.2198'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.2733'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.4566'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.4588'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.5109'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.5117'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.5576'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.5761'?>

      <?rfc include='reference.RFC.5888'?>
    </references>
  </back>
</rfc>

PAFTECH AB 2003-20262026-04-23 19:38:00