One document matched: draft-thubert-6lowpan-backbone-router-01.txt
Differences from draft-thubert-6lowpan-backbone-router-00.txt
6LoWPAN P. Thubert
Internet-Draft Cisco
Intended status: Standards Track July 10, 2008
Expires: January 11, 2009
6LoWPAN Backbone Router
draft-thubert-6lowpan-backbone-router-01
Status of this Memo
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This Internet-Draft will expire on January 11, 2009.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008).
Abstract
ISA100.11a is a Working Group at the ISA SP100 standard committee
that covers Wireless Systems for Industrial Automation and Process
Control. The WG is mandated to design a scalable, industrial grade
LowPAN for devices such as sensors, valves, and actuators. The
upcoming standard uses the 6LoWPAN format for the network header. It
also introduces the concept of a Backbone Router to merge small
LoWPANs via a high speed transit and scale the ISA100.11a network.
This paper proposes an IPv6 version of the Backbone Router concept.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. Neighbor Binding messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1. Binding Solicitation message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2. Binding Confirmation message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. LowPAN device operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.1. Forming addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.2. Binding process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.3. Looking up neighbor addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.4. Answering address look up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. Backbone router operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.1. Exposing the Backbone Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.2. Binding process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.3. Looking up neighbor addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.4. Answering address look up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.5. Forwarding packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 19
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1. Introduction
ISA100.11a is a Working Group at the ISA SP100 standard committee
that covers Wireless Systems for Industrial Automation and Process
Control. The ISA100.11a is mandated to design a scalable, industrial
grade wireless network and application layer suite of protocols for
low power devices such as sensors and actuators, with a response time
on the order of 100ms.
The ISA100.11a WG has also introduced the concept of a Backbone
Router that would interconnect small LoWPANs over a high speed
transit network and scale a single ISA100.11a network up to the
thousands of nodes.
This paper specifies IP layer functionalities that are required to
implement the concept of a Backbone Router with IPv6, in particular
the application of the "IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture"
[RFC4291], " the Neighbor Discovery Protocol" [RFC4861] and "IPv6
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration" [RFC4862]. The use of EUI-64
based link local addresses, Neighbor Discovery Proxying [RFC4389] and
Optimistic Duplicate Address Detection [RFC4429] are discussed.
Also, the concept of Transit Link is introduced to implement the
transit network that is envisioned by ISA100.11a.
An extension to the Neighbor Discovery Protocol is introduced to
enable LoWPAN nodes to register to one or more Backbone Routers that
acts as white board for address resolution. This feature enables to
avoid the use of multicast over a Low power Wireless Personal Area
Network for the purpose of address resolution.
The Backbone Router might also acts as proxy for the Neighbor
Discovery Protocol for all nodes attached to it through a process of
registration and enables to merge multiple LoWPANs via a transit link
into a larger link.
A Backbone Router advertises itself using a new option in the ND
Router Advertisement Message. A new anycast address 6LOWPAN_BBR is
also introduced for the purpose of reaching the nearest Backbone
Router in the absence of any information. This enables to reduce the
use of multicast RAs for the router discovery operation. The routing
to the nearest router that owns that anycast address is out of scope
for this specifiation.
Another anycast address 6LOWPAN-NODE is introduced to enable any
LowPAN node to receive a response to its registration whether it
completes successfully or not.
The way the PAN IDs and 16-bit short addresses are allocated and
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distributed in the case of an 802.15.4 network is not covered by this
specification. Similarly, the aspects of joining and securing the
network are out of scope.
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
Readers are expected to be familiar with all the terms and concepts
that are discussed in "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6"
[RFC4861], "IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration" [RFC4862],
"IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs):
Overview, Assumptions, Problem Statement, and Goals" [RFC4919] and
"Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4 Networks" [RFC4944].
Readers would benefit from reading "Mobility Support in IPv6"
[RFC3775], "Neighbor Discovery Proxies (ND Proxy)" [RFC4389] and
"Optimistic Duplicate Address Detection" [RFC4429] prior to this
specification for a clear understanding of the art in ND-proxying and
binding. This document defines additional terms:
Transit Link
This is an IPv6 link that interconnects 2 or more backbone
routers. It is expected to be deployed as a high speed backbone
in order to federate a potentially large set of LoWPANS. Also
referred to as a LoWPAN backbone or transit network.
Backbone Router
An IPv6 router that interconnects the LoWPAN with a Transit Link.
Extended LoWPAN
This is the aggregation of multiple LoWPANs as defined in
[RFC4919] interconnected by a Transit Link via Backbone Routers
and forming a single IPv6 link.
Binding
The association of the LoWPAN node IPv6 address and Interface ID
with associated proxying states including the remaining lifetime
of that association.
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Registration
The process during which a LoWPAN node sends a Binding ND message
to a Backbone Router causing a binding for the LoWPAN node to be
registered.
3. Overview
A Transit Link federates multiple LoWPANs as a single IP link, the
extended LoWPAN. Each LoWPAN is anchored at a Backbone Router. The
Backbone Routers interconnect the LoWPANs over the Transit Link. A
node can move freely from a LoWPAN anchored at a Backbone Router to a
LoWPAN anchored at another Backbone Router on the same Transit Link
and conserve its link local and any other IPv6 address it has formed.
---+------------------------
| Plant Network
|
+-----+
| | Gateway
| |
+-----+
|
| Transit Link
+--------------------+------------------+
| | |
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+
| | Backbone | | Backbone | | Backbone
| | router | | router | | router
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+
o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o
LoWPAN LoWPAN LoWPAN
Figure 1: Transit Link and Backbone Routers
In order to achieve this, the Transit link is used as reference for
Neighbor Discovery operations, by extending the concept of a Home
Link as defined in [RFC3775] for Mobile IPv6. In particular,
Backbone Routers perform ND proxying for the LoWPAN nodes in the
LoWPANs they own through a Primary registration.
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The backbone router operation is compatible with that of a Home
Agent. This enables mobility support for sensor devices that would
move outside of the network delimited by the transit link. This also
enables collocation of Home Agent functionality within Backbone
Router functionality on the same interface of a router.
The Backbone Router is centric for address resolution inside the
LoWPAN. The raison d'etre of the Backbone Router is to eliminate the
need of the support for multicasting over the LoWPAN for address
resolution that the Neighbor Discovery flows normally require. This
is based on a white board registration model that uses anycast and
unicast only.
As a result, a LoWPAN node performs unicast exchanges to its Backbone
Router to claim and lookup addresses, and the Backbone Router proxies
the ND requests over the Transit Link when necessary.
In turn, the Backbone Routers operate as a distributed database of
all the LoWPAN nodes and use the Neighbor Discovery Protocol to share
that information across the transit link.
This specification documents a Neighbor Binding protocol that enables
a LoWPAN Node to claim and lookup addresses using a Backbone Router
as a white board.
This specification also documents the use of EUI-64 based link-local
addresses and the way they are claimed by the Backbone Routers over
the transit link.
For the purpose of Neighbor Discovery proxying, this specification
documents the LoWPAN binding cache, a conceptual data structure that
is similar to the MIP6 binding cache.
Another function of the Backbone Router is to perform 6LowPAN
compression and expansion between the LoWPAN and the Transit Link and
ensure MTU compatibility. Packets flow uncompressed over the Transit
Link and are routed normally towards a Gateway or an Application
sitting on the transit link or on a different link that is reachable
via IP.
4. Neighbor Binding messages
This section introduces message formats for all messages used in this
specification. The new messages are all ICMP messages and extend the
capabilities of " the IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol" [RFC4861]
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4.1. Binding Solicitation message
The Binding Sollicitation has a function similar to that of the
Binding Solicitation message in [RFC3775] for Mobile IPv6 and
[RFC3963] for NEMO. Any option that is not recognized MUST be
skipped silently. The Binding Solicitation message is sent by the
LoWPAN node to its Backbone Router to register an address.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Code | Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved |O|P| Sequence # |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ +
| |
+ Binding Address +
| |
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| option(s)...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 2: Binding Solicitation message format
IP fields
Source Address: An IP address assigned to the sending interface, or
the unspecified address if no address is assigned to the sending
interface.
Destination Address: The well-known Backbone Router anycast address
6LOWPAN_BBR or the specific address of a given Backbone Router if
available.
Hop Limit: 255
ICMP fields
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Type: 8-bit unsigned integer. Value is "to be assigned by IANA".
Code: 0
Checksum: The ICMP checksum. See [RFC4443]
Reserved: This field is unused. It MUST be initialized to zero by
the sender and MUST be ignored by the receiver.
P: Primary Flag. Set to indicate that the router is primary and MAY
proxy for the node if Proxy ND is used on the transit link. If
the flag is not set then the router MUST not proxy for the node.
O: Optimistic Flag. Set to indicate that the node uses optimistic
addresses and can accept packets on the Binding Address even
before the binding is complete. The Router MUST always use that
Binding Address as destination for the response as opposed to the
well-known anywast address.
Sequence #: A 16-bit unsigned integer used by the receiving node to
sequence Binding Solicitation and by the sending node to match a
returned Binding Confirmation.
Lifetime: 32-bit unsigned integer. The number of seconds remaining
before the binding MUST be considered expired. A value of zero
indicates that the Binding Cache entry for the registered node
MUST be deleted.
Binding Address: The link-layer address that the sender wishes to
assign or maintain assigned to its interface.
Possible options
Target link-layer address: The link-layer address for the target,
i.e., the sender of the message. See [RFC4861]. The link-layer
address option MUST be included when the binding is created and
MAY be omitted in renewal.
MTU: Specifies the maximum size of a fragmented message that the
node stack can recompose. See [RFC4861] and [RFC4944].
4.2. Binding Confirmation message
The Binding Confirmation has a function similar to that of the
Binding Ack message in [RFC3775] for Mobile IPv6 and [RFC3963] for
NEMO. Any option that is not recognized MUST be skipped silently.
The Binding Confirmation message is sent by the Backbone Router node
to the LoWPAN node to confirm whether an IP address MAY be assigned
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to an interface.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Code | Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved |X|P| Sequence # |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ +
| |
+ Binding Address +
| |
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| option(s)...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 3: Binding Confirmation message format
IP fields
Source Address: An IP address assigned to the sending interface of
the router.
Destination Address: The well-known LoWPAN node anycast address
6LOWPAN_NODE or the Binding Address for the LoWPAN node.
Hop Limit: 255
ICMP fields
Type: 8-bit unsigned integer. Value is "to be assigned by IANA".
Code: 0
Checksum: The ICMP checksum. See [RFC4443]
Reserved: This field is unused. It MUST be initialized to zero by
the sender and MUST be ignored by the receiver.
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P: Primary Flag. MUST echo the P flag in the Binding solicitation.
X: Proxy Flag. Indicates that the route actually proxies for the
node. This can only happen if the P flag is set as well.
Sequence #: A 16-bit unsigned integer used by the receiving node to
sequence Binding Solicitation and by the sending node to match a
returned Binding Confirmation.
Lifetime: 32-bit unsigned integer. The number of seconds remaining
before the binding MUST be considered expired. A value of zero
indicates that the Binding Cache entry for the registered node
MUST be deleted.
Binding Address: The link-layer address that the sender wishes to
assign or maintain assigned to its interface.
Possible options
Source link-layer address: The link-layer address of the interface
from which the Router Advertisement is sent. See [RFC4861].
MTU: Specifies the maximum size of a fragmented message that the
router stack can recompose. See [RFC4861] and [RFC4944].
Prefix Information: The preferred address for the router. See
[RFC4861] and [RFC3775]. When this information is present, the
Source link-layer address option MUST be present as well. The
Prefix Information option MUST be included when the binding is
created and MAY be omitted in renewal.
5. LowPAN device operations
5.1. Forming addresses
All nodes are required to autoconfigure at least one address, a link-
local address that is derived from the IEEE 64-bit extended media
access control address that is globally unique to the device. Link-
local address are described in section 2.5.6 of [RFC4291]. Appendix
A of that specification explains how the node builds an interface-ID
based on the IEEE 64-bit extended MAC address by inverting the "u"
(universal/local) bit.
As a result, knowledge of the 64-bit address of another node on the
same extended LoWPAN is enough to derive its link-local address and
reach it over IP. Another consequence is that the link local address
is presumably unique on the Extended LoWPAN, which enables the use of
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Optimistic Duplicate Address Detection (oDAD) [RFC4429] over the
Transit Link and the LoWPAN. The address MAY be created as
optimistic to enable its use in the binding process with the Backbone
Router.
Nodes should also autoconfigure the well known anycast address
6LOWPAN_NODE. If they do not, they have to use their link local
address in optimistic node and indicate so in the binding flows so
that the Backbone Router uses that address in its replies.
Nodes MAY learn the address of the Backbone Routers using traditional
means such as configuration or the Neighbor Discovery Protocol Router
Advertisement messages. But those messages are multicast and might
not be sent at a short interval or at all over the LoWPAN. This
specification introduces a new anycast address 6LOWPAN_BBR that the
node can use to reach the nearest Backbone Router without previous
knowledge of that router address. This specification tolerates
movement within the LoWPAN so the node does not have to stick with a
given backbone router and MAY keep using the 6LOWPAN_BBR address for
all its registrations.
The Link Layer Address associated to the 6LOWPAN_BBR address is that
of the PAN coordinator unless the node has a specific reason to
select an alternate next hop. It is expected that the selected next
hop has a route to the nearest Backbone Router but the routing
protocol involved is outside the scope of this specification. It
results that the next hop might have to forward the registration
message and decrement the Hop Limit. This is why the Backbone Router
MUST accept Binding Solicitations with a Hop Limit that is lower than
255 (min value TBD).
The node might also form Unique Local and Global Unicast addresses,
for instance if it needs to be reachable from the outside of the
Extended LoWPAN, or if it can manage its own mobility as prescribed
by Mobile IPv6 [RFC3775]. In that case, the node needs to bind each
individual address individually.
5.2. Binding process
The binding process is very similar to that of a MIP6 mobile node,
though the messages used are new Neighbor Discovery ICMP messages .
A LoWPAN node address is tentative or optimistic as long as the
binding is not confirmed by the Backbone Router.
The LoWPAN node uses unicast Binding Solicitations to perform the
binding. The destination Address is that of the Backbone Router or a
well know anycast address 6LOWPAN_BBR that indicates the function of
the Backbone Routers. The source address is the unspecified address
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as long as the address is still optimistic or tentative, and it is
the link local address of the node after it is successfully bound.
The acknowledgment to a Binding Solicitation is a unicast Binding
Confirmation message that contains the status of the binding. The
source of the packet is the link-local address of the Backbone
Router. The destination address is a well-know anycast address
6LOWPAN_NODE unless the optimistic bit is set in the Binding
Solicitation or the address was already bound, in which case the link
local address of the node is used.
Upon successful completion in the Binding Confirmation message, the
LoWPAN node sets the address from optimistic or tentative to
preferred.
The 'X' flag in the Binding Confirmation message indicates that the
Backbone Router has completed DAD and now owns the Binding Address
over the Transit Link.
This specification also introduces the concept of secondary binding.
For redundancy, a node might place a secondary binding with one or
more other Backbone Routers over a same or different LoWPANs. The
'P' flag in the Binding Solicitation message indicates whether the
binding is primary (set) or secondary (reset).
5.3. Looking up neighbor addresses
A LoWPAN node does not use multicast for its Neighbor Solicitation as
prescribed by the ND protocol [RFC4861] and oDAD [RFC4429]. For
lookup purposes, all NS messages are sent in unicast to the Backbone
Router, that answers in unicast as well. The message is a standard
Neighbor Solicitation but for the destination that set to the
Backbone Router address or the well known 6LOWPAN_BBR address as
opposed to the solicited-node multicast address for the destination
address.
The Target link-layer address in the response is either that of the
destination if a short cut is possible over the LoWPAN, or that of
the Backbone Router if the destination is reachable over the Transit
Link, in which case the Backbone Router will terminate 6LoWPAN and
relay the packet.
5.4. Answering address look up
A LoWPAN node does not need to join the solicited-node multicast
address for its own addresses and should not have to answer a
multicast Neighbor Solicitation. It may be programmed to answer a
unicast NS but that is not required by this specification.
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6. Backbone router operations
6.1. Exposing the Backbone Router
The Backbone Router forms a link-local address in exactly the same
way as any other node on the LoWPAN. It uses the same link local
address for the Transit Link and for all the associated LoWPAN(s)
connected to that Backbone Router.
The backbone router also configures the well known 6LOWPAN_BBR
anycast address on the LoWPAN interfaces where it serves as Backbone
Router. Note that The Backbone Router will accept registration
packets with a hop limit that is lower than 255 on that specific
address.
The Backbone Router announces itself using Router Advertisements (RA)
messages that are broadcasted periodically over the LOWPAN. (note:
can we merge RA with some other maintenance packet or distribute the
info from the manager in some specific cases like ISA100.11a where
such a thing exists?). (also, when the node moves to another LoWPAN,
is there a way to let it know faster which is the Backbone Router so
that it can stimulate a RA using RS?).
A new option in the RA indicates the Backbone Router capability. In
this way a node can learn the PAN-ID and the 16-bit short address for
the Backbone Router if it was not already acquired from another
process that is not covered by this specification.
The Backbone Router MAY also announce any prefix that is configured
on the transit link, and serve as the default gateway for any node on
the Transit Link or on the attached LoWPANs.
The transit link Maximum Transmission Unit serves as base for Path
MTU discovery and Transport layer Maximum Segment Size negotiation
(see section 8.3 of [RFC2460]) for all nodes in the LoWPANs. To
achieve this, the Backbone Router announces the MTU of the transit
link over the LoWPAN using the MTU option in the RA message as
prescribed in section "4.6.4. MTU" of IPv6 Neighbor Discovery
[RFC4861].
LoWPAN nodes SHOULD form IPv6 packets that are smaller than that MTU.
As a result, those packets should not require any fragmentation over
the transit link though they might be intranet-fragmented over the
LoWPAN itself as prescribed by [RFC4944]).
More information on the MTU issue with regard to ND-proxying can be
found in Neighbor Discovery Proxies [RFC4389] and
[I-D.van-beijnum-multi-mtu].
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6.2. Binding process
Upon a new binding for a link-local address based on a IEEE 64-bit
extended MAC address, the Backbone Router MAY use Optimistic DAD on
the Transit Link. Any other Backbone Router that would happen to
have a binding for that same address SHOULD yield and deprecate its
binding to secondary if it was primary. A positive acknowledgement
can be sent to the LoWPAN node right away if oDAD is used on the
Transit Link. Note: A new option with a sequence number from the
Binding Solicitation should be used to select the winner
The Backbone Router operation on the transit link is similar to that
of a Home Agent as specified in Mobility Support for IPv6 [RFC3775].
In particular, the Neighbor Advertisement message is used as
specified in section "10.4.1. Intercepting Packets for a Mobile
Node" with one exception that the override (O) bit is not set,
indicating that this Backbone Router acts as a proxy for the LoWPAN
and will yield should another Backbone Router claim that address on
the Transit Link. This enables the LoWPAN node to join a different
Backbone Router at any time without the complexities of terminating a
current binding.
This specification also introduces the concept of secondary binding.
Upon a secondary binding, the Backbone Router will not announce or
defend the address on the transit link, but will be able to forward
packets to the node over its LoWPAN interface. For other addresses,
the rules in [RFC3775] apply for compatibility.
The Backbone Router responds to a Binding Solicitation with a Binding
Confirmation. The source address is a link local address of the
router and the destination is the well known 6LOWPAN_NODE address
unless a binding flow has already successfully completed in which
case the router MAY use the node's Binding. The router will also use
the Binding Address if the 'O' flag is raised in the Solicitation,
indicating that the node accepts packets on that address prior to a
successful binding but may not accept packets on the 6LOWPAN_NODE
address.
If the Backbone Router is primary for a registration (as indicated by
the 'P' flag) and it is connected to a Backbone, then it SHOULD
perform proxy ND operations on the backbone and indicate so in the
Confirmation message using the 'X' flag. In particular it SHOULD
reject the registration if DAD fails on the backbone. When oDAD is
used over the backbone the Backbone Router MAY issue the Binding
Confirmation right away with a positive code, but if a collision is
finally detected, it cancels the registration with an asynchronous
Binding Confirmation and a negative completion code.
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6.3. Looking up neighbor addresses
A Backbone Router knows and proxies for all the IPv6 addresses that
are registered to it. When resolving a target address, the Backbone
Router first considers its binding cache. If this address is in the
cache, then the target is reachable over the LoWPAN as indicated in
the cache. Else, the Backbone Router locates the target over the
transit link using standard "Neighbor Discovery" [RFC4861] over that
link.
If the target is located over a LoWPAN owned by another Backbone
Router, then that other Backbone Router is in charge of answering the
Neighbor Solicitation on behalf of the target node.
6.4. Answering address look up
To enable proxying over the Transit Link, a Backbone Router must join
the solicited-node multicast address on that link for all the
registered addresses of the nodes in its LoWPANs. The Backbone
Router answers the Neighbor Solicitation with a Neighbor
Advertisement that indicates its own link-layer address in the Target
link-layer address option.
A Backbone Router expects and answers unicast Neighbor Solicitations
for all nodes in its LoWPANs. It answers as a proxy for the real
target. The target link-layer address in the response is either that
of the destination if a short cut is possible over the LoWPAN, or
that of the Backbone Router if the destination is reachable over the
Transit Link, in which case the Backbone Router will terminate
6LoWPAN and relay the packet.
6.5. Forwarding packets
Upon receiving packets on one of its LoWPAN interfaces, the Backbone
Router checks whether it has a binding for the source address. If it
does, then the Backbone Router can forward the packet to another
LoWPAN node or over the Transit link. Otherwise, the Backbone Router
MUST discard the packet. If the packet is to be transmitted over the
Transit link, then the 6LoWPAN sublayer is terminated and the full
IPv6 packet is reassembled and expanded.
When forwarding a packet from the Transit Link towards a LOwPAN
interface, the Backbone Router performs the 6LoWPAN sublayer
operations of compression and fragmentation and passes the packet to
the lower layer for transmission.
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7. Security Considerations
This specification expects that the link layer is sufficiently
protected, either by means of physical or IP security for the Transit
Link or MAC sublayer cryptography. In particular, it is expected
that the LoWPAN MAC provides secure unicast to/from the Backbone
Router and secure broadcast from the Backbone Router in a way that
prevents tempering with or replaying the RA messages.
The use of EUI-64 for forming the Interface ID in the link local
address prevents the usage of Secure ND ([RFC3971] and [RFC3972]) and
address privacy techniques. Considering the envisioned deployments
and the MAC layer security applied, this is not considered an issue
at this time.
8. IANA Considerations
This specification requires 2 new ICMP types for the binding flow.
The is also a need for 2 new link local anycast addresses,
6LOWPAN_BBR for the routers and 6LOWPAN_NODE the nodes; those
addresses used as functional addresses.
9. Acknowledgments
The author wishes to thank Geoff Mulligan for his help and in-depth
review.
10. References
10.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
[RFC3775] Johnson, D., Perkins, C., and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support
in IPv6", RFC 3775, June 2004.
[RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", RFC 4291, February 2006.
[RFC4429] Moore, N., "Optimistic Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)
for IPv6", RFC 4429, April 2006.
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[RFC4443] Conta, A., Deering, S., and M. Gupta, "Internet Control
Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol
Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 4443, March 2006.
[RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
"Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
September 2007.
[RFC4862] Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862, September 2007.
[RFC4944] Montenegro, G., Kushalnagar, N., Hui, J., and D. Culler,
"Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4
Networks", RFC 4944, September 2007.
10.2. Informative References
[I-D.van-beijnum-multi-mtu]
Beijnum, I., "Extensions for Multi-MTU Subnets",
draft-van-beijnum-multi-mtu-02 (work in progress),
February 2008.
[RFC3963] Devarapalli, V., Wakikawa, R., Petrescu, A., and P.
Thubert, "Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support Protocol",
RFC 3963, January 2005.
[RFC3971] Arkko, J., Kempf, J., Zill, B., and P. Nikander, "SEcure
Neighbor Discovery (SEND)", RFC 3971, March 2005.
[RFC3972] Aura, T., "Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA)",
RFC 3972, March 2005.
[RFC4389] Thaler, D., Talwar, M., and C. Patel, "Neighbor Discovery
Proxies (ND Proxy)", RFC 4389, April 2006.
[RFC4919] Kushalnagar, N., Montenegro, G., and C. Schumacher, "IPv6
over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs):
Overview, Assumptions, Problem Statement, and Goals",
RFC 4919, August 2007.
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Author's Address
Pascal Thubert
Cisco Systems
Village d'Entreprises Green Side
400, Avenue de Roumanille
Batiment T3
Biot - Sophia Antipolis 06410
FRANCE
Phone: +33 4 97 23 26 34
Email: pthubert@cisco.com
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Full Copyright Statement
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