One document matched: draft-templin-iron-01.txt
Differences from draft-templin-iron-00.txt
Network Working Group F. Templin, Ed.
Internet-Draft Boeing Research & Technology
Intended status: Informational April 28, 2010
Expires: October 30, 2010
The Internet Routing Overlay Network (IRON)
draft-templin-iron-01.txt
Abstract
The Internet routing system is experiencing a growth profile that has
led many to express concerns for unsustainable routing scaling.
Operational practices such as increased use of multihoming with IPv4
Provider-Independent (PI) addressing are resulting in more and more
fine-grained prefixes injected into the routing system from more and
more end user networks. Furthermore, depletion of the remaining
public IPv4 address space has raised concerns for both increased
deaggregation (leading to yet further routing scaling) and an
impending address space runout scenario. At the same time, the IPv6
routing system is finally beginning to see significant growth in IPv6
Provider-Aggregated (PA) prefixes but there does not seem to be
solution on the near term horizon for IPv6 PI addressing. Since the
Internet must continue to support escalating growth due to increasing
demand, it is clear that current mechanisms and operational practices
are reaching a tipping point where something must be done. This
document proposes an Internet Routing Overlay Network (IRON) for
supporting sustainable growth while requiring no changes to end
systems and no changes to the existing routing system.
Status of this Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on October 30, 2010.
Copyright Notice
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Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. IRON Routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. The Internet Routing Overlay Network (IRON) . . . . . . . . . 5
4. IRON Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1. IR(VP) and IR(GW) Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2. IR(EP) Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5. IRON Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.1. IR(EP) Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.2. IR(VP) Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.3. IR(GW) Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.4. IRON Example Configuration and Scenario . . . . . . . . . 10
6. Related Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
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1. Introduction
The Internet routing system is experiencing a growth profile that has
led many to express concerns for unsustainable routing scaling.
Operational practices such as increased use of multihoming with IPv4
Provider-Independent (PI) addressing are resulting in more and more
fine-grained prefixes injected into the routing system from more and
more end user networks. Furthermore, depletion of the remaining
public IPv4 address space has raised concerns for both increased
deaggregation (leading to yet further routing scaling) and an
impending address space runout scenario. At the same time, the IPv6
routing system is finally beginning to see significant growth in IPv6
Provider-Aggregated (PA) prefixes but there does not seem to be
solution on the near term horizon for IPv6 PI addressing. Since the
Internet must continue to support escalating growth due to increasing
demand, it is clear that current mechanisms and operational practices
are reaching a tipping point where something must be done.
Virtual Aggregation (VA) [I-D.ietf-grow-va] and Aggregation in
Increasing Scopes (AIS) [I-D.zhang-evolution] are global routing
proposals that introduce routing overlays using Virtual Prefixes
(VPs) to reduce router Forwarding Information Base (FIB) and Routing
Information Base (RIB) scaling. Routing and Addressing in Networks
with Global Enterprise Recursion (RANGER) [I-D.templin-ranger]
examines recursive arrangements of enterprise networks that can apply
to a very broad set of use case scenarios [I-D.russert-rangers]. In
particular, RANGER supports encapsulation and secure redirection by
treating each layer in the recursive hierarchy as a virtual non-
broadcast, multiple access "link". RANGER is an architectural
framework that includes Virtual Enterprise Traversal (VET)
[I-D.templin-intarea-vet] and the Subnetwork Adaptation and
Encapsulation Layer (SEAL) [I-D.templin-intarea-seal] as its
functional building blocks.
This document proposes an Internet Routing Overlay Network (IRON) for
supporting sustainable growth while requiring no changes to the
existing routing system. IRON borrows concepts from VA, AIS and
RANGER, and further borrows concepts from the Internet Vastly
Improved Plumbing (Ivip) [I-D.whittle-ivip-arch] architecture
proposal. IRON specifically seeks to enable scalable Provider-
Independent (PI) addressing without changing the current BGP routing
system in any way.
IRON uses the IPv4 and IPv6 Internet DFZs as routing infrastructures
for tunneling outer IPv4 or IPv6 packets with Routing LOCator (RLOC)
addresses which encapsulate inner packets with Endpoint Interface
iDentifier (EID) addresses. Moreover, inner packets can be either
IPv4 or IPv6 without regard to the address family used in the outer
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packet, and inner packets can even be non-IP protocols such as OSI.
The following sections discuss details of the IRON architecture.
2. IRON Routers
IRON introduces a new class of routers called IRON Routers (IRs).
These routers can be simple commodity hardware platforms that are
introduced incrementally, and without affecting existing
infrastructure. The purpose of these new IRs is to provide waypoints
(or "cairns") for navigating the IRON so that packets with Endpoint
Interface iDentifier (EID) destination addresses can be delivered to
the correct End User Networks (EUNs) through the use of encapsulation
with minimum path stretch for initial packets and optimized routes
for most packets. The different categories of IRs includes:
o IR - an IRON Router of any kind
o IR(VP) - a tunnel endpoint router that is owned by a VP company
and that aggregates Virtual Prefixes (VP) which it sub-delegates
to EUNs. An IR(VP) will typically be a commodity hardware
platform with a minimum of one interface connected to the public
Internet. (For example, a typical IR(VP) can be a single-
interface "router on a stick".)
o IR(S_VP) - an IR(VP) that forwards packets received from an
IR(S_EP) to an IR(D_VP) in another VP company's network, to an
IR(D_EP) in a customer EUN or to the public Internet..
o IR(D_VP) - an IR(VP) that forwards packets received from an
IR(S_VP) to an IR(D_EP) and returns an encapsulated redirect
message to inform the IR(S_VP) of a better next hop (i.e., the
IR(D_EP) itself).
o IR(EP) - a tunnel endpoint router (or host) that receives an EID
Prefix (EP) from a VP company, and that connects an EUN to the
IRON. An IR(EP) will typically be a customer premises equipment
(CPE) device that connects the EUN to its provider(s), but may
also be a router or even a singleton host within the EUN.
o IR(S_EP) - an IR(EP) that forwards packets received from an end
system in the EUN. IR(S_EPs) forward initial encapsulated packets
to IR(S_VP)s, and thereafter may send packets directly to
IR(D_EPs) if redirected to do so.
o IR(D_EP) - an IR(EP) that decapsulates packets originating from an
IR(D_VP) or an IR(S_EP) and forwards them to end systems in the
EUN.
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o IR(GW) - a router that acts as a gateway between the IRON and the
non-IRON Internet. Each VP company configures one or more IR(GWs)
which advertise the company's VPs into the Internet DFZ. An
IR(GW) may be configured on the same physical platform as IR(VPs),
or as a separate standalone platform. An IR(GW) will typically be
a BGP router that is capable of sourcing encapsulated packets.
IRON observes the Internet Protocol standards [RFC0791][RFC2460].
Other network layer protocols that can be encapsulated within IP
packets are also within scope.
3. The Internet Routing Overlay Network (IRON)
The Internet Routing Overlay Network (IRON) consists of IRON Routers
(IRs) that use Virtual Enterprise Traversal (VET) and the Subnetwork
Encapsulation and Adaptation Layer (SEAL) for the purpose of
forwarding EID-addressed data packets over the IPv4 and IPv6
Internet. Each such IR views the IPv4 and IPv6 global Internets as
monolithic NBMA links, and connects to the links via a VET interface
used for automatic tunneling. Each IR therefore sees all other IRs
as virtual single-hop neighbors on the link from the standpoint of
the inner network layer protocol, while they may be separated by many
physical outer IP hops. IRs are deployed incrementally and without
disturbing the existing Internet routing system.
The IRON is manifested through a business model in which Virtual
Prefix (VP) companies own and manage a set of IR(VPs) that are
dispersed throughout the Internet and that serve a set of highly-
aggregated VPs. Each VP company sets up a service in which it leases
EID Prefixes (EPs) taken from the VPs to customer EUNs. These EUNs
may be located on the same network as the VP company's IR(VP)
routers, or they may be located elsewhere within the Internet. The
VP company acts as a virtual enterprise network which EUNs loosely
consider as their "home" network even though they may physically
arrange for basic connectivity via one or more Internet Service
Provider (ISP) networks that may have no affiliation with the VP
company. VP companies can therefore open for business and begin
serving their customers immediately without the need to coordinate
their activities with ISPs or with other VP companies.
Each VP company also establishes a set of IR(GW) routers that connect
to the IPv4 and/or IPv6 Internet DFZs (i.e., the IR(GW) must be a BGP
router). The IR(GW) advertises all of the VP company's IPv4 VPs into
the IPv4 DFZ and advertises all of its IPv6 VPs into the IPv6 DFZ.
The IR(GW) forwards any EID-addressed packets coming from the DFZ to
an IR(VP) that can encapsulate the packet and forward it to the
appropriate IR(EP). In this way, end systems that use ISP-aggregated
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addresses can communicate with other end systems that use IRON VP-
aggregated addresses.
EUNs establish at least one IR(EP) that connects the EUN to the IRON.
The IR(EP) uses encapsulation to forward packets with EP source
addresses to an IR(VP) belonging to its VP company as a default
router. The VP company's IR(VP) then forwards the packets toward
their final destination, and returns a SEAL Control Message Protocol
(SCMP) redirect message to inform the IR(EP) of a better next hop if
necessary. In this way, IR(EPs) experience reasonable path stretch
for initial packets and can discover route-optimized paths for
subsequent packets.
4. IRON Initialization
IRON initialization entails the startup actions of VP company and EUN
equipment The following sections discuss these startups procedures:
4.1. IR(VP) and IR(GW) Initialization
Upon startup, each IR(VP) and IR(GW) owned by the VP company
discovers the full set of VPs for the IRON. These VPs may be IPv4 or
IPv6, but they may also be prefixes of other network layer protocols
such as OSI NSAP [RFC4548], etc. Each VP is maintained in a Master
VP (MVP) flat file that consists of the union of all VPs in the IRON.
The MVP file is maintained by a globally-managed assigned numbers
authority in exactly the same manner as the Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority (IANA) currently maintains the master list of all top-level
IPv4 and IPv6 delegations. Indeed, the IANA is proposed as the
primary registration authority for the MVP file. Each VP in the MVP
file is encoded as the tuple: "{address family, prefix/length,
FQDN}", where:
o "address family" is one of IPv4, IPv6, OSI/CLNP, etc.
o "prefix/length" is the VP and its associated length, e.g., 2002:
DB8::/32 (IPv6), 192.2/16 (IPv4), etc.
o FQDN is a DNS Fully-Qualified Domain Name
Each IR(VP) and IR(GW) reads the MVP from a nearby server upon
startup time, and periodically checks for deltas on the server since
the MVP was last read. (The MVP can be replicated across multiple
servers for load balancing much in the same way that FTP mirror sites
are used to manage software distributions.) Upon reading the MVP,
the IR(VP/GW) resolves the FQDN corresponding to each VP into a list
of DNS Well-Known Service (WKS) resource records with an IRON-
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specific format (to be specified) that includes the address family,
RLOC address, and geographic (Latitude/Longitude) coordinates at
which the IR(VP) is physically located. Each RLOC address is an IPv4
or IPv6 RLOC address of an IR(VP) within the DFZ.
For each VP, the IR(VP/GW) sorts the list of RLOCs in order of
"geographic closeness", and inserts each "VP->RLOC" mapping into its
Forwarding Information Base (FIB) with a priority corresponding to
geographic closeness. Specifically, the FIB entries must be
configured such that packets with destination addresses covered by
the VP are forwarded to the corresponding RLOC using encapsulation of
the inner network layer packet in an outer IP header. Note that the
VP and RLOC may be of different address families; hence, possible
encapsulations include IPv6-in-IPv4, IPv4-in-IPv6, IPv6-in-IPv6,
IPv4-in-IPv4, OSI/CLNP-in-IPv6, OSI/CLNP-in-IPv4, etc. After each
IR(VP/GW) reads in the list of VPs and sorts the information
accordingly, it is said to be "synchronized with the IRON". Each
IR(VP) next installs all EID Prefixes (EPs) derived from its VPs into
its FIB based on the mapping information received from each EUN that
owns an EP.
4.2. IR(EP) Initialization
Upon startup, each IR(EP) must register its EP-to-RLOC binding with
the company that owns the corresponding VP, where the RLOC is an IPv4
or IPv6 address assigned to the IR(EP) by an ISP network. For
example, if an IR(EP) owns the EP 192.2.1/24 (IPv4) and the RLOC
assigned to the IR(EP) by the ISP is 2002:DB8::1 (IPv6), the IR(EP)
informs the VP company that the route 192.2.1/24 -> 2002:DB8::1 must
be added to the FIB in each of its IR(VPs) that aggregates the EP.
The IR(EP) typically informs the VP company by using an authenticated
short transaction protocol, e.g., http with username/password along
with EP->RLOC mapping information. The exact specification for the
short transaction is up to the VP company and need only be
communicated to the IR(EP). The VP company then propagates this
information to each of its IR(VPs) that aggregates the EP, e.g., via
a routing protocol that all of the VP company's IR(VPs) engage in.
After the IR(EP) informs the VP company of its EP->RLOC mapping, it
resolves a FQDN for the VP company in order to discover the RLOC
addresses and geographic locations of the IR(VPs) owned by the
company. The IR(EP) then picks the closest subset of these RLOC
addresses (typically 2-4 routers chosen, e.g., based on geographic
distance), and adds them to a default router list of FIB entries that
each points to a tunnel virtual interface with the RLOC as the next-
hop address. The IR(EP) will then use these routes in the default
router list as the means for forwarding encapsulated packets with EID
source addresses toward the final destination via encapsulation.
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5. IRON Operation
Following IRON initialization, IRs engage in the steady-state process
of receiving and forwarding packets. Except in instances when it
forwards an unencapsulated packet to the public Internet, the IR
encapsulates each forwarded packet using the mechanisms of VET
[I-D.templin-intarea-vet] and SEAL [I-D.templin-intarea-seal]. IRs
also use the SEAL Control Message Protocol (SCMP) to test liveness of
other IRs and to receive redirects informing them of a better next
hop. Each IR operates as specified in the following sections:
5.1. IR(EP) Operation
After an IR(EP) is initialized, it sends periodic beacons to at least
2-4 of the IR(VPs) in its default router list. Each beacon is a SEAL
Control Message Protocol (SCMP) Router Solicitation (RS) message, and
will elicit an SCMP Router Advertisement (RA) message from the
IR(VP). If the IR(EP) ceases to receive RA messages from a single
IR(VP), it marks that IR(VP) as unreachable and selects a different
IR(VP) as its primary default router. If the IR(EP) ceases to
receive RA message from all IR(VPs), it marks the ISP connection as
failed and uses a different ISP to re-register its EP-to-RLOC binding
with its VP company using the RLOC assigned by the new ISP.
When an end system in an EUN has a packet to send, the packet is
forwarded through the EUN until it reaches the IR(EP). The IR(EP)
then acts as an IR(S_EP) to forward a packet either to an IR(S_VP) or
to an IR(D_EP). The IR(S_EP) first checks its FIB for the longest
matching prefix. If the longest matching prefix is more-specific
than "default", the IR(S_EP) forwards the packet to the next-hop the
same as for ordinary IP forwarding, where the next hop will typically
be an IR(D_EP). If the longest match is "default", however, the
IR(S_EP) forwards the packet to one of its default routers.
The IR(S_EP) uses VET and SEAL to encapsulate each forwarded packet
in an outer IP header with the IP address of the next-hop IR as the
destination address. The IR(S_EP) further uses SCMP to test liveness
of and to receive SCMP redirect messages from the next-hop IR. When
the IR(S_EP) receives an SCMP redirect, it checks the SEAL_ID field
of the encapsulated message to verify that the redirect corresponds
to a packet that it had previously sent to the neighbor and accepts
the redirect if there is a match. Thereafter, subsequent packets
forwarded by the IR(S_EP) will follow a route-optimized route.
when an IR(EP) has a packet to forward from the EUN to a destination
in a different network, it first checks its FIB for the longest
matching prefix. If the longest matching prefix is more-specific
than "default", the IR(EP) forwards the packet to the next hop IR
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using VET/SEAL encapsulation. If the longest match is "default",
however, the IR(EP) encapsulates the packet in an outer IP header
with the IP address of an IR(VP) (discovered during initialization)
as the destination address. The IR(EP) encapsulates the packet using
the and
5.2. IR(VP) Operation
After an IR(VP) is initialized, it responds to the periodic beacons
sent by IR(EPs) as described in Section 5.1. When the IR(VP)
receives an encapsulated packet, it first verifies that the inner and
outer source addresses of the packet match an entry in its FIB, i.e.,
it performs an ingress filter check to confirm that the packet was
sent by a legitimate IR(S_EP) or IR(S_VP). If there is a matching
FIB entry, the IR(VP) accepts and decapsulates the packet; otherwise
it discards the packet. The IR(VP) next examines the destination
address of the decapsulated packet then acts as an IR(S_VP) to
forward the packet as follows:
o If the destination address matches an EP in its FIB, the IR(S_VP)
re-encapsulates the packet using VET/SEAL, forwards it to the
next-hop IR(D_EP) and sends an SCMP redirect message back to the
previous hop IR. The previous hop IR will then install a route
for the EP in its FIB and will send subsequent packets directly to
the IR(D_EP).
o If the destination address does not match an EP but matches a VP
in its FIB, the IR(S_VP) re-encapsulates the packet using VET/
SEAL, forwards it to the next-hop IR(D_VP), but does not send an
SCMP redirect message back to the previous hop IR.
o if the destination address does not match an EP or a VP in the
FIB, the IR(S_VP) forwards the unencapsulated packet to the public
Internet via a default or more-specific route.
When the IR(S_VP) forwards an encapsulated packet to an IR(D_VP) or
an IR(D_EP), it may receive an SCMP redirect message informing it of
a better next hop IR. The IR(S_VP) records the new route in its FIB
and then relays a copy of the SCMP redirect message back to the IR
from which it received the original encapsulated packet.
Note that when an IR(S_VP) selects a next-hop IR(D_VP), it has no way
of knowing whether the IR(D_VP) is reachable and able to process
encapsulated packets. Therefore, the IR(S_VP) should select multiple
IR(D_VPs) (e.g., 2-4), send the "live" packet to one of the IR(D_VPs)
and send "blank" packets to the other IR(D_VPs). In turn, each
IR(D_VP) accepts and forwards "live" packets, but drops "blank"
packets after sending the redirect. In this way, even if the
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original packet is lost due to short- or long-term outage, the
IR(S_VP) should receive a redirect from at least one of the
IR(D_VPs).
5.3. IR(GW) Operation
Each VP company must establish one or more IR(GW) routers which
advertise the full set of the company's VP's into the BGP. The VPs
will be seen as ordinary routing information in the BGP, and any
packets originating from the non-IRON Internet will be forwarded into
the VP company's network by an IR(GW). When an IR(GW) receives a
packet from the non-IRON Internet but destined to an EP destination,
it consults its FIB to determine the best next-hop toward the final
destination. The IR(GW) then encapsulates the packet using VET/SEAL
then sends it to the next-hop IR the same as described for IR(VP)
operation above. As for IR(VP) operation, when an IR(GW) forwards an
encapsulated packet to an IR(D_VP), it may obtain more timely
convergence by sending a "live" packet to one IR(D_VP) and "blanks"
to others.
5.4. IRON Example Configuration and Scenario
With respect to the previous sections, the following figure depicts a
simple example IRON configuration and scenario:
+------------+ +------------+
| | | |
/======>+ IR(VP) A +======>+ IR(VP) B +======\
// | | | | \\
// +------------+ +------------+ \\
// V
+----+-----+ +----+-----+
| IR(EP) A | ........................................> | IR(EP) B |
+----+-----+ +----+-----+
| |
^^^^^+^^^^^^ ^^^^^+^^^^^^
( EUN A ) ( EUN B )
-----+------ -----+------
| |
+---+----+ +---+----+
| Host A | | Host B |
+--------+ +--------+
Figure 1: Example IRON Configuration
In this example, VP companies A and B have established IR(VP)s within
the Internet that serve EP's to EUNs. EUN A has procured an EP from
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VP company A, while EUN B has procured an EP from VP company B. The
IR(EPs) and hosts in both EUNs have assigned addresses taken from
their corresponding EPs on their EUN-interior interfaces, and the
IR(EPs) have assigned provider-aggregated addresses taken from their
ISPs on their WAN interfaces.
When Host A in EUN A has a packet to send to Host B in EUN B, normal
routing conveys the packet from Host A to IR(EP) A. Since IR(EP) A
does not have a more-specific route, it encapsulates the packet and
sends it via a tunnel to IR(VP) A (i.e., an IR(VP) owned by its VP
company). IR(VP) A decapsulates the packet (since the packet source
addresses match an EP route in its FIB) and checks its FIB for a
route toward the packet's destination address. IR(VP) A does not
have an EP route to B in its FIB, but it holds a full table of VP-to-
RLOC mappings and discovers that the next-hop toward Host B is via
IR(VP) B. IR(VP) A re-encapsulates the packet and sends it to IR(VP)
B which has an EP route to B. IR(VP) B then re-encapsulates the
packet and sends it to IR(EP) B, which decapsulates the packet and
forwards it via EUN B to Host B.
In this scenario, when IR(VP) B re-encapsulates the packet and
forwards it to IR(EP) B, it also returns an SCMP redirect message to
IR(VP) A. IR(VP) A then sets an EP route toward B in its FIB and
relays the SCMP redirect message to IR(EP) A which also installs an
EP route for B in its FIB. Subsequent packets from Host A to Host B
then flow through a direct tunnel (shown as "...>") while bypassing
the IR(VP) routers.
Not discussed in this scenario are the operation of IR(GWs) (see
Section 5.3) nor the mechanisms for IR(EP)s to switch between
multiple ISPs.
6. Related Initiatives
IRON builds upon the concepts RANGER architecture
[I-D.templin-ranger], and therefore inherits the same set of related
initiatives.
Virtual Aggregation (VA) [I-D.ietf-grow-va] and Aggregation in
Increasing Scopes (AIS) [I-D.zhang-evolution] provide the basis for
the Virtual Prefix concepts.
Internet vastly improved plumbing (Ivip) [I-D.whittle-ivip-arch] has
contributed valuable insights, including the use of real-time
mapping.
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7. IANA Considerations
The IANA is instructed to create a Master Virtual Prefix (MVP)
registry for IRON.
8. Security Considerations
Security considerations for RANGER apply also to IRON.
9. Acknowledgements
This ideas behind this work have benefited greatly from discussions
with colleagues; some of which appear on the RRG and other IRTF/IETF
mailing lists.
10. References
10.1. Normative References
[RFC0791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791,
September 1981.
[RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
10.2. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-grow-va]
Francis, P., Xu, X., Ballani, H., Jen, D., Raszuk, R., and
L. Zhang, "FIB Suppression with Virtual Aggregation",
draft-ietf-grow-va-02 (work in progress), March 2010.
[I-D.russert-rangers]
Russert, S., Fleischman, E., and F. Templin, "Operational
Scenarios for IRON and RANGER", draft-russert-rangers-02
(work in progress), March 2010.
[I-D.templin-intarea-seal]
Templin, F., "The Subnetwork Encapsulation and Adaptation
Layer (SEAL)", draft-templin-intarea-seal-13 (work in
progress), March 2010.
[I-D.templin-intarea-vet]
Templin, F., "Virtual Enterprise Traversal (VET)",
draft-templin-intarea-vet-10 (work in progress),
Templin Expires October 30, 2010 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft IRON April 2010
March 2010.
[I-D.templin-ranger]
Templin, F., "Routing and Addressing in Next-Generation
EnteRprises (RANGER)", draft-templin-ranger-09 (work in
progress), October 2009.
[I-D.whittle-ivip-arch]
Whittle, R., "Ivip (Internet Vastly Improved Plumbing)
Architecture", draft-whittle-ivip-arch-04 (work in
progress), March 2010.
[I-D.zhang-evolution]
Zhang, B. and L. Zhang, "Evolution Towards Global Routing
Scalability", draft-zhang-evolution-02 (work in progress),
October 2009.
[RFC4271] Rekhter, Y., Li, T., and S. Hares, "A Border Gateway
Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271, January 2006.
[RFC4548] Gray, E., Rutemiller, J., and G. Swallow, "Internet Code
Point (ICP) Assignments for NSAP Addresses", RFC 4548,
May 2006.
Author's Address
Fred L. Templin (editor)
Boeing Research & Technology
P.O. Box 3707 MC 7L-49
Seattle, WA 98124
USA
Email: fltemplin@acm.org
Templin Expires October 30, 2010 [Page 13]
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