One document matched: draft-leroux-mpls-mp-ldp-reqs-00.txt
Network Working Group J.-L. Le Roux
Internet Draft T. Morin
France Telecom
Category: Informational Vincent Parfait
Expires: January 2006 Equant
Luyuan Fang
AT&T
Lei Wang
Telenor
Yuji Kamite
NTT Communications
Shane Amante
Level 3 Communications
July 2005
Requirements for multipoint extensions to the Label Distribution
Protocol
draft-leroux-mpls-mp-ldp-reqs-00.txt
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Le Roux et al. Reqs for multipoint extensions to LDP [Page 1]
Internet Draft draft-leroux-mpls-mp-ldp-reqs-00.txt July 2005
Abstract
This document lists a set of functional requirements for Label
Distribution Protocol (LDP) extensions for setting up point-to-
multipoint (P2MP) and potentially multipoint-to-multipoint (MP2MP)
Label Switched Paths (LSP), in order to deliver point-to-multipoint
applications over a Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)
infrastructure. It is intended that solutions that specify LDP
procedures for setting up P2MP and MP2MP LSP satisfy these
requirements.
Conventions used in this document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC-2119.
Table of Contents
1. Terminology.................................................3
2. Introduction................................................4
3. Problem Statement and Requirements Overview.................5
3.1. Problem Statement...........................................5
3.2. Requirements overview.......................................6
4. Application scenarios.......................................6
5. Detailed Requirements.......................................7
5.1. MP LSPs.....................................................7
5.1.1. P2MP LSP....................................................7
5.1.2. MP2MP LSP...................................................7
5.1.3. MP LSP FEC..................................................8
5.2. Setting up, tearing down and modifying MP LSPs..............8
5.3. Label Advertisement.........................................8
5.4. Data Duplication............................................9
5.5. Avoiding loops..............................................9
5.6. MP LSP routing..............................................9
5.7. MP LSP Re-routing...........................................9
5.7.1. Rerouting on a Better Path..................................9
5.7.2. Rerouting due to a Network Failure.........................10
5.7.3. Rerouting Due to Planned Maintenance.......................10
5.8. Support for LAN interfaces.................................10
5.9. Support for encapsulation in P2P and P2MP TE tunnels.......10
5.10. Label spaces...............................................10
5.11. IPv4/IPv6 support..........................................11
5.12. Multi-Area LSPs............................................11
5.13. OAM........................................................11
5.14. Graceful Restart and Fault Recovery........................11
5.15. Robustness.................................................11
5.16. Scalability................................................12
5.16.1. Orders of magnitude of the expected numbers of MP LSPs
and leaves per LSP in operational networks...............12
5.17. Backward Compatibility.....................................12
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Internet Draft draft-leroux-mpls-mp-ldp-reqs-00.txt July 2005
6. Evaluation criteria........................................12
6.1. Performances...............................................12
6.2. Complexity and Risks.......................................12
7. Security Considerations....................................13
8. Acknowledgment.............................................13
9. References.................................................13
10. Authors' Addresses:........................................14
11. Intellectual Property Statement............................15
1. Terminology
LSR: Label Switching Router
LSP: MPLS Label Switched Path
Ingress LSR: Router acting as a sender of an LSP
Egress LSR: Router acting as a receiver of an LSP
P2P LSP: A LSP that has one unique Ingress LSR and one unique
Egress LSR
MP2P LSP: A LSP that has one or more Ingress LSRs and one unique
Egress LSR
P2MP LSP: A LSP that has one unique Ingress LSR and one or more
Egress LSRs
MP2MP LSP: A bidirectional LSP connecting a group of two or more
LSRs acting equally as Ingress LSR or Egress
LSR
Leaf LSR: Egress LSR of a P2MP LSP or Ingress/Egress LSR of a
MP2MP LSP
MP LSP: P2MP LSP or MP2MP LSP
Transit LSR: A LSR of a MP LSP that has one or more downstream
LSRs
Branch LSR: A LSR of a P2MP LSP that has more than one downstream
LSRs
Hub LSR: A LSR of a MP2MP LSP that has two or more
neighbour LSRs
Bud LSR: A LSR of a MP LSP that is an egress but also has one or
more directly connected downstream LSRs
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Internet Draft draft-leroux-mpls-mp-ldp-reqs-00.txt July 2005
2. Introduction
Many operators have deployed LDP [LDP] for setting up point-to-point
(P2P) and multipoint-to-point (MP2P) LSPs, in order to offer point-to
-point services in MPLS backbones.
There are emerging requirements for supporting delivery of point-to-
multipoint applications in MPLS backbones, such as those defined in
[L3VPN-MCAST] and [L2VPN-MCAST].
An interesting and useful approach for operators who want to support
point-to-multipoint traffic delivery on an MPLS backbone and have
already deployed LDP for P2P traffic would be to rely on LDP
extensions in order to setup point-to-multipoint (P2MP) LSPs and
potentially multipoint-to-multipoint (MP2MP) LSPs. This would bring
consistency with P2P MPLS applications and would ease the delivery of
point-to-multipoint applications in an MPLS backbone.
This document lists a set of requirements for LDP extensions, for
setting up P2MP LSPs and potentially MP2MP LSPs, so as to deliver
P2MP traffic over a MPLS infrastructure.
It is intended that solutions that specify LDP procedures for P2MP
and MP2MP LSP setup, satisfy these requirements.
Note that generic requirements for point-to-multipoint extensions to
MPLS are out of the scope of this document. Rather this document
describes solution specific requirements related to LDP extensions in
order to set up P2MP and MP2MP LSPs.
Other mechanisms could be used for setting up P2MP and MP2MP LSPs,
such as for instance PIM extensions, but these are out of the scope
of this document. The objective is not to compare these mechanisms
but rather to focus on the requirements for an LDP extension
approach.
Section 3 points out the problem statement. Section 4 illustrates
application scenarios. Finally section 5 addresses detailed
requirements.
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3. Problem Statement and Requirements Overview
3.1. Problem Statement
Many operators have deployed LDP [LDP] for setting up P2P and MP2P
MPLS LSPs as PE-to-PE tunnels so as to carry point-to-point traffic
essentially in Layer 3 and Layer 2 VPN networks.
There are emerging requirements for supporting multicast traffic
delivery within these VPN infrastructures ([L3VPN-MCAST] and [L2VPN-
MCAST]).
For various reasons, including consistency with P2P applications, and
taking full advantages of MPLS network infrastructure, it would be
highly desirable to use MPLS LSPs for the delivery of multicast
traffic.
This could be implemented by setting up a group of P2P or MP2P LSPs,
but such an approach may be sub-optimal since it would result in data
replication at the ingress LSR, and bandwidth inefficiency (duplicate
data traffic within the network).
Hence new mechanisms are required that would allow traffic from an
Ingress LSR to be efficiently delivered to a number of Egress LSRs in
an MPLS backbone, avoiding duplicate copies of a packet on a given
link.
Such efficient traffic delivery requires setting up P2MP LSPs. A P2MP
LSPs is an LSP starting at an Ingress LSR, and ending on a set of one
or more Egress LSRs. Traffic sent by the Ingress LSR is replicated on
one or more Branch LSRs down to Egress LSRs.
Requirements for setting up P2MP TE LSPs have been expressed in
[P2MP-TE-REQ]. RSVP-TE extensions for setting up P2MP Traffic
Engineered LSPs have been defined in [P2MP-TE-RSVP]. This approach is
useful, in network environments where Traffic Engineering
capabilities are required.
However, for operators that deployed LDP for setting up PE-to-PE
unicast MPLS LSPs, and without the need of traffic engineering, an
interesting approach would be using LDP extensions for setting up
P2MP LSPs.
Note that there are other alternatives for setting up P2MP (e.g. PIM
extensions defined in [PIM-MPLS]), that could be useful in various
situations. These are out of the scope of this document.
This document focuses on the LDP approach for setting up P2MP LSPs.
The following gives a set of guidelines that a specification of LDP
extensions for setting up P2MP LSPs should follow.
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3.2. Requirements overview
The multi-point (MP) LDP mechanism MUST support setting up P2MP LSPs,
i.e. LSPs with one Ingress LSR and one or more egress LSRs, with
traffic replication at some Branch LSRs.
For traffic delivery between a group of N LSRs which are acting
indifferently as Ingress or Egress LSRs, it could be preferable to
setup MP2MP LSP connecting all these LSRs, instead of having N P2MP
LSPs. This would significantly reduce the amount of states that must
be maintained on a given LSR.
The traffic sent by any Leaf LSRs of a MP2MP LSP is delivered to all
other Leaf LSRs of the MP2MP LSP.
Hence the MP LDP mechanism SHOULD also allow setting up MP2MP LSPs,
connecting a group of leaf LSRs.
Note that in the following we use the term MP LSP when referring
to P2MP and MP2MP LSPs.
The MP LDP mechanism MUST allow the arbitrary addition or removal of
leaves associated with a MP LSP.
The MP LDP mechanism MUST interoperate seamlessly with existing P2P
and MP2P LDP mechanisms.
It is of paramount importance that MP LDP mechanisms MUST NOT impede
the operation of existing P2P/MP2P LSPs.
Also the MP LDP mechanism SHOULD scale independently from the number
of Leaf LSRs. For example, it SHOULD NOT create an extraordinary
number of LFIB entries even as the number of leaves increases.
4. Application scenarios
To be completed in next revision
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Internet Draft draft-leroux-mpls-mp-ldp-reqs-00.txt July 2005
5. Detailed Requirements
5.1. MP LSPs
5.1.1. P2MP LSP
The MP LDP mechanism MUST support setting up P2MP LSPs.
A P2MP LSP has one Ingress LSR and one or more Egress LSRs. Traffic
sent by the Ingress LSR is received by all Egress LSRs. The specific
aspects related to P2MP LSP is the action required at
a Branch LSR, where data replication occurs. Incoming labelled data
is appropriately replicated to several outgoing interfaces which may
use different labels. Only one copy of a packet MUST be sent on a
given link of a P2MP LSP.
A P2MP LSP MUST be identified by a constant and unique identifier
within the whole LDP domain, whatever the number of leaves, which
may vary dynamically.
This identifier will be used so as to add/remove leaves to/from the
P2MP tree.
5.1.2. MP2MP LSP
The MP LDP mechanism SHOULD allow setting up MP2MP LSPs.
A MP2MP LSP is a bidirectional LSP whose Leaf LSRs act indifferently
as Ingress or Egress. Traffic sent by any Leaf LSRs is received by
all other Leaf LSRs. Only one copy of a packet MUST be sent on a
given link of a MP2MP LSP. The specific aspect related to a MP2MP LSP
is the action required at Hub LSRs, where data replication occurs. A
Hub LSR has more than two interfaces on the LSP. A Hub LSR replicates
labeled packets received on any interface of the LSP to all other
interfaces of the LSP, which may use different labels.
A Leaf LSR of a MP2MP LSP MUST NOT receive back a packet it had
previously transmitted on the MP2MP LSP.
A MP2MP LSP MUST be identified by a constant and unique identifier
within the whole LDP domain, whatever the number of leaves, which
may vary dynamically.
This identifier will be used so as to add and remove leaves to and
from the MP2MP tree.
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5.1.3. MP LSP FEC
As with P2P MPLS technology [LDP], traffic MUST be classified into a
FEC in this MP extension. All packets which belong to a particular
P2MP or MP2MP FEC and which travel from a particular node MUST use
the same MP LSP.
As such, a solution MUST specify a FEC that is suitable for
P2MP/MP2MP forwarding. Such P2MP/MP2MP FEC MUST be distinguished
clearly from the exiting P2P/MP2P FEC.
5.2. Setting up, tearing down and modifying MP LSPs
The MP LDP mechanism MUST support the establishment, maintenance and
teardown of MP LSPs in a scalable manner. This MUST include both the
existence of a large amount of MP LSPs within a single network and a
large amount of leaf LSRs for a single MP LSP.
In order to scale well with a large number of leaves it is
RECOMMENDED to follow a leaf-initiated MP LSP setup approach. For
that purpose, leaves will have to be aware of the MP LSP identifier.
The way a Leaf LSR discovers MP LSPs identifiers SHOULD not be part
of MP LDP extensions. Instead this SHOULD be part of the applications
that will use MP LSPs, and it is out of the scope of this document.
The MP LDP mechanism MUST allow the dynamic addition and removal of
leaves to and from a MP LSP. It is RECOMMENDED that these operations
be leaf-initiated.
It is RECOMMENDED that these operations do not cause any additional
processing except on the path from the Branch (or possibly Hub) LSR
to the added or removed leaf LSR.
5.3. Label Advertisement
The MP LDP mechanism SHOULD support downstream unsolicited label
advertisement mode. This is well suited to a leaf-initiated approach
and is consistent with P2P/MP2P LDP operations.
In order to follow a leaf initiated LSP setup approach, MP LDP
mechanism SHOULD support the Ordered label distribution control mode.
Note that the Independent control mode is not relevant in a MP
context, because the upstream LSRs cannot distribute labels
independently like P2P/MP2P LDP, they must wait for label
distribution from downstream LSRs.
Upstream label allocation ([MPLS-UPSTREAM]) may be particularly
useful to avoid packet replication on LAN interfaces of a MP LSP, or
when encapsulating the MP LSP into a P2MP TE tunnel.
Hence the MP LDP mechanism SHOULD also support upstream solicited
label advertisement mode, where the solicitation is made by the
downstream LSR, but the label is assigned by the upstream LSR.
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Note that the existing base LDP specification [RFC3036] does not
specify upstream solicited label advertisement. Hence specific
extensions SHOULD be defined.
5.4. Data Duplication
Data duplication refers to the receipt of multiple copies of a packet
by any leaf. Although this may be a marginal situation, it may also
be detrimental for certain applications. Hence, data duplication
SHOULD be avoided as much as possible, and limited to (hopefully
rare) transitory conditions.
Note, in particular, that data duplication might occur if MP LSP
rerouting is being performed (See also section 5.6).
5.5. Avoiding loops
The MP LDP mechanism SHOULD have a mechanism to avoid routing loops
even during transient events. Furthermore, the MP LDP mechanism MUST
avoid routing loops that may trigger unexpected non-localized
exponential growth of traffic. Note that any loop-avoidance mechanism
MUST respect scalability requirements, and particularly SHOULD scale
independently from the number of Leaf LSRs.
5.6. MP LSP routing
As with P2P and MP2P LDP LSPs, the MP LDP mechanism MUST support hop-
by-hop LSP routing. MP LSP LDP-based routing SHOULD rely upon the
information maintained in LSR Routing Information Bases (RIB). For
instance, P2MP LSP routing could rely upon a shortest path to the
Ingress LSR, and MP2MP LSP routing could rely upon a shortest path to
one or more specific Hub LSRs. Note that unlike P2P/MP2P LDP routing,
Equal Cost Multi Path (ECMP) MUST be avoided with MP LDP routing.
5.7. MP LSP Re-routing
The MP LDP mechanism MUST support the rerouting of a MP LSP in the
following cases:
-A better path exists (e.g. new link, netric change)
-Network failure (link or node)
-Planned maintenance
5.7.1. Rerouting on a Better Path
The MP LDP mechanism MUST allow for rerouting of a MP LSP in case a
better path is created in the network, for instance as a result of a
metric change, or the addition of links or nodes.
Traffic disruption MUST be minimized during such rerouting. It is
RECOMMENDED that devices perform make-before-break for traffic on MP
LSPÆs to minimize traffic disruption.
It SHOULD be feasible to avoid packet loss during such rerouting.
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Unnecessary data duplication during such rerouting MUST also be
minimized.
5.7.2. Rerouting due to a Network Failure
The MP LDP mechanism MUST allow for rerouting of a MP LSP in case of
link or node failure(s). The rerouting time SHOULD be minimized as
much as possible so as to reduce traffic disruption.
A mechanism MUST be defined to prevent constant MP LSP teardown and
rebuild which may be caused by the instability of a specific
link/node in the network.
5.7.3. Rerouting Due to Planned Maintenance
The MP LDP mechanism MUST support planned maintenance operations. It
SHOULD be possible to reroute a MP-LSP before a link/node is
deactivated for maintenance purposes. Traffic disruption MUST be
minimized during such rerouting. It SHOULD be feasible to avoid
packet loss during such rerouting.
Unnecessary traffic duplication during such rerouting MUST also be
minimized.
5.8. Support for LAN interfaces
The MP LDP mechanism MUST provide a way for a Hub/Branch LSR to send
a single copy of the data onto an Ethernet LAN interface and reach
multiple adjacent downstream nodes. This requires that the same label
be negotiated will all downstream LSRs for the LSP. In order to ease
such negotiation an upstream label allocation approach may be used.
5.9. Support for encapsulation in P2P and P2MP TE tunnels
The MP LDP mechanism MUST support nesting MP LSPs into P2P and P2MP
TE tunnels.
The MP LDP mechanism MUST provide a way for a Hub/Branch LSR of a MP
LPS, which is also a Head End LSR of a P2MP TE tunnel, to send a
single copy of the data onto the tunnel and reach all downstream LSRs
on the MP LSP, which are also Egress LSRs of the tunnel. As with LAN
interfaces, this requires that the same LDP label be negotiated with
all downstream LSRs for the MP LDP LSP. In order to ease such
negotiation, an upstream label allocation approach may be used.
5.10. Label spaces
Labels for MP LSPs and P2P/MP2P LSPs MAY be assigned from shared or
dedicated label spaces.
MPLS Context Specific Label Spaces ([UPSTREAM-LABEL]) and
particularly Upstream label spaces and Tunnel label spaces MAY be
required to support upstream label allocation so as to avoid packet
replication on LAN or P2MP TE Tunnel interfaces.
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Note that dedicated label spaces will require the establishment of
separate MP LDP sessions.
5.11. IPv4/IPv6 support
The MP LDP mechanism MUST be equally applicable to IPv4 and IPv6
traffic. Likewise, it SHOULD be possible to convey both kinds of
traffic in a given MP LSP facility.
Also the MP LDP mechanism MUST support the establishment of LDP
sessions over both IPv4 and IPv6 control planes.
5.12. Multi-Area LSPs
The MP LDP mechanism MUST support the establishment of multi-area MP
LSPs, i.e. LSPs whose leaves do not all reside in the same IGP area.
This SHOULD be possible without requiring the advertisement of Leaf
LSRs' addresses across IGP areas.
5.13. OAM
LDP management tools ([LDP-MIB],...) MUST be enhanced to support MP
LDP extensions. This may yield a new MIB module, which may possibly
be inherited from the LDP MIB.
In order to facilitate correct management, MP LDP LSPs MUST have
unique identifiers, otherwise it is impossible to determine which LSP
is being managed.
OAM facilities will have special demands in MP MPLS environments
especially within the context of tracing the paths and determining
the connectivity of MP LSPs. Further and precise requirements and
mechanisms for OAM purpose are out of the scope of this document. It
is expected that a separate document will cover these requirements
and mechanisms.
5.14. Graceful Restart and Fault Recovery
LDP Graceful Restart mechanisms [LDP-GR] and Fault Recovery [LDP-FT]
mechanisms SHOULD be enhanced to support MP LDP LSPs.
Particularly [LDP-GR] applies only to downstream unsolicited label
distribution. Hence new mechanisms are required to account for
upstream label assignment, particularly in multi segment LANs.
5.15. Robustness
A solution SHOULD avoid whatever single points of failures or propose
some technical solutions for a failover mechanism (e.g., redundancy/
failover of Hub LSRs).
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5.16. Scalability
Scalability is a key requirement for the MP LDP mechanism.
It MUST be designed to scale well with an increase in the number of
any of the following:
- number of Leaf LSRs per MP LSP
- number of Branch/Hub LSRs per MP LSP
- number of MP LSPs per LSR
The size of a MP LSP state on a LSR SHOULD be independent of the
number of leaves, and SHOULD only depend on the number of adjacent
LSRs.
5.16.1. Orders of magnitude of the expected numbers of MP LSPs and
leaves per LSP in operational networks
To be completed in next revision
5.17. Backward Compatibility
In order to allow for a smooth migration, the MP LDP mechanism SHOULD
offer as much backward compatibility as possible. In particular, the
solution SHOULD allow the setup of a MP LSP along non branch/hub
transit LSRs that do not support MP LDP extensions.
Also, the MP LDP solution MUST interoperate seamlessly with current
LDP mechanisms and inherit its capability sets from [LDP]. The MP LDP
solution MUST not impede the operation of P2P/MP2P LSPs. A MP LSP
solution MUST be designed in such a way that it allows P2P/MP2P and
MP LSPs to be signalled on the same interface.
6. Evaluation criteria
6.1. Performances
The solution will be evaluated with respect to the following
criteria:
(1) Time (in msec) to add or remove a Leaf LSR
(2) Time (in msec) to repair a MP LSP in case of link or node
failure
(3) Scalability (state size, number of messages, message size).
Particularly, the MP LDP mechanism SHOULD be designed so that
convergence times in case of link or node failure are minimized, in
order to limit traffic disruption.
6.2. Complexity and Risks
The proposed solution SHOULD not introduce complexity to the current
LDP operations to such a degree that it would affect the stability
and diminish the benefits of deploying such MP LDP solution.
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7. Security Considerations
This document does not introduce any new security issues beyond those
inherent to LDP [LDP] and a MP LDP solution may use the same
mechanisms.
8. Acknowledgment
We would like to thank Christian Jacquenet (France Telecom) and
Hitoshi Fukuda (NTT Communications) for their highly useful
comments and suggestions.
We would also like to thank authors of [P2MP-TE-REQ] from which some
text of this document has been inspired.
9. References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3667] Bradner, S., "IETF Rights in Contributions", BCP 78, RFC
3667, February 2004.
[BCP79] Bradner, S., "Intellectual Property Rights in IETF
Technology", RFC 3979, March 2005.
[LDP] L. Andersson et al. "LDP Specification", RFC 3036, January 2001
[L3VPN-MCAST] T. Morin, Ed., "Requirements for Multicast in L3
Provider-Provisioned VPNs", draft-ietf-l3vpn-ppvpn-mcast-reqts-
01.txt, work in progress.
[L2VPN-MCAST] Y. Kamite et al. " Requirements for Multicast Support
in Virtual Private LAN Services", draft-kamite-l2vpn-vpls-mcast-
reqts-00.txt, work in progress
[P2MP-TE-REQ] S. Yasukawa, et. al., "Requirements for Point-to-
Multipoint capability extension to MPLS", draft-ietf-mpls-p2mp-sig-
requirement-03.txt, work in progress.
[P2MP-TE-RSVP] R. Aggarwal, et. al., "Extensions to RSVP-TE for Point
to Multipoint TE LSPs", draft-ietf-mpls-rsvp-te-p2mp-02.txt, work in
progress.
[PIM-MPLS] D. Farinacci, Y. Rekhter, E. Rosen, T. Qian, " Using PIM
to Distribute MPLS Labels for Multicast Routes", draft-farinacci-
mpls-multicast-03.txt.
[MPLS-UPSTREAM-LABEL] R. Aggarwal, Y. Rekhter, E. Rosen, "MPLS
Upstream Label Assignment and Context Specific Label Space", draft-
raggarwa-mpls-upstream-label-00.txt, work in progress.
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[LDP-MIB] J. Cuchiarra et al. " Definitions of Managed Objects for
the Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), Label Distribution Protocol
(LDP)", RFC3815, June 2004.
[LDP-GR] M. Leelanivas, Y. Rekhter, R. Aggarwal, " Graceful Restart
Mechanism for Label Distribution Protocol" RFC3478, February 2003.
[LDP-FT] A. Farrel, " Fault Tolerance for the Label Distribution
Protocol (LDP)", RFC3479, February 2003.
10. Authors' Addresses:
Jean-Louis Le Roux
France Telecom
2, avenue Pierre-Marzin
22307 Lannion Cedex
FRANCE
Email: jeanlouis.leroux@francetelecom.com
Thomas Morin
France Telecom
2, avenue Pierre-Marzin
22307 Lannion Cedex
FRANCE
Email: thomas.morin@francetelecom.com
Vincent Parfait
EQUANT
1041 Route des Dolines
Sophia Antipolis
06560 Valbonne
FRANCE
Email: vincent.parfait@equant.com
Luyuan Fang
AT&T
200 Laurel Avenue
Middletown, NJ 07748
USA
Email: luyuanfang@att.com
Lei Wang
Telenor
Snaroyveien 30
Fornebu 1331
NORWAY
Email: lei.wang@telenor.com
Yuji Kamite
NTT Communications Corporation
Tokyo Opera City Tower
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Le Roux et al. Reqs for multipoint extensions to LDP [Page 14]
Internet Draft draft-leroux-mpls-mp-ldp-reqs-00.txt July 2005
Tokyo 163-1421,
JAPAN
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Le Roux et al. Reqs for multipoint extensions to LDP [Page 15]
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