One document matched: draft-ietf-rmt-bb-tfmcc-06.ps

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%%Title: (draft-ietf-rmt-bb-tfmcc-06.txt)
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%%CreationDate: 11:54:54 03/07/06
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%%Copyright: Copyright 1993,2001 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
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72 380 moveto (Follow any on-screen dialogs that may appear.) show
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%%BeginResource: procset pdfvars 6.0 1
%%Copyright: Copyright 1987-2002 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
%%Title: definition of dictionary of variables used by PDF & PDFText procsets
userdict /PDF 162 dict put
userdict /PDFVars 89 dict dup begin put
/docSetupDone false def
/InitAll 0 def
/TermAll 0 def
/DocInitAll 0 def
/DocTermAll 0 def
/_pdfEncodings 2 array def
/_pdf_str1 1 string def
/_pdf_i 0 def
/_pdf_na 0 def
/_pdf_showproc 0 def
/_italMtx [1 0 .212557 1 0 0] def
/_italMtx_WMode1 [1 -.212557 0 1 0 0] def
/_italMtxType0 [1 0 .1062785 1 0 0] def
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/_basefont 0 def
/_basefonto 0 def
/_pdf_oldCIDInit null def
/_pdf_FontDirectory 30 dict def
/_categories 10 dict def
/_sa? true def
/_ColorSep5044? false def
/nulldict 0 dict def
/_processColors 0 def
/overprintstack null def
/_defaulttransfer currenttransfer def
/_defaultflatness currentflat def
/_defaulthalftone null def
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/initgs/int/limit/rangeClip
/defineRes/undefineRes/findRes/setSA/pl
/? /! /| /: /+ /GetGlyphDirectory
/pdf_flushFilters /pdf_readstring /pdf_dictOp /pdf_image /pdf_maskedImage
/pdf_shfill /pdf_sethalftone
] {null def} bind forall
end
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PDFVars begin PDF begin
%%BeginResource: procset pdfutil 6.0 1
%%Copyright: Copyright 1993-2001 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
%%Title: Basic utilities used by other PDF procsets
/bd {bind def} bind def
/ld {load def} bd
/bld {
dup length dict begin
{ null def } forall
bind
end
def
} bd
/dd { PDFVars 3 1 roll put } bd
/xdd { exch dd } bd
/Level2?
systemdict /languagelevel known
{ systemdict /languagelevel get 2 ge } { false } ifelse
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/Level1? Level2? not def
/Level3?
systemdict /languagelevel known
{systemdict /languagelevel get 3 eq } { false } ifelse
def
/getifknown {
2 copy known { get true } { pop pop false } ifelse
} bd
/here {
currentdict exch getifknown
} bd
/isdefined? { where { pop true } { false } ifelse } bd
%%EndResource
%%BeginResource: procset pdf 6.0 1
%%Copyright: Copyright 1998-2003 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
%%Title: General operators for PDF, common to all Language Levels.
/cm { matrix astore concat } bd
/d /setdash ld
/f /fill ld
/h /closepath ld
/i {dup 0 eq {pop _defaultflatness} if setflat} bd
/j /setlinejoin ld
/J /setlinecap ld
/M /setmiterlimit ld
/n /newpath ld
/S /stroke ld
/w /setlinewidth ld
/W /clip ld
/sg /setgray ld
/initgs {
0 setgray
[] 0 d
0 j
0 J
10 M
1 w
false setSA
/_defaulttransfer load settransfer
0 i
/RelativeColorimetric ri
newpath
} bd
/int {
dup 2 index sub 3 index 5 index sub div 6 -2 roll sub mul
exch pop add exch pop
} bd
/limit {
dup 2 index le { exch } if pop
dup 2 index ge { exch } if pop
} bd
/domainClip {
Domain aload pop 3 2 roll
limit
} [/Domain] bld
/applyInterpFunc {
0 1 DimOut 1 sub
{
dup C0 exch get exch
dup C1 exch get exch
3 1 roll
1 index sub
3 index
N exp mul add
exch
currentdict /Range_lo known
{
dup Range_lo exch get exch
Range_hi exch get
3 2 roll limit
}
{
pop
}
ifelse
exch
} for
pop
} [/DimOut /C0 /C1 /N /Range_lo /Range_hi] bld
/encodeInput {
NumParts 1 sub
0 1 2 index
{
dup Bounds exch get
2 index gt
{ exit }
{ dup
3 index eq
{ exit }
{ pop } ifelse
} ifelse
} for
3 2 roll pop
dup Bounds exch get exch
dup 1 add Bounds exch get exch
2 mul
dup Encode exch get exch
1 add Encode exch get
int
} [/NumParts /Bounds /Encode] bld
/rangeClip {
exch dup Range_lo exch get
exch Range_hi exch get
3 2 roll
limit
} [/Range_lo /Range_hi] bld
/applyStitchFunc {
Functions exch get exec
currentdict /Range_lo known {
0 1 DimOut 1 sub {
DimOut 1 add -1 roll
rangeClip
} for
} if
} [/Functions /Range_lo /DimOut] bld
/pdf_flushfilters
{
aload length
{ dup status
1 index currentfile ne and
{ dup flushfile closefile }
{ pop }
ifelse
} repeat
} bd
/pdf_readstring
{
1 index dup length 1 sub get
exch readstring pop
exch pdf_flushfilters
} bind def
/pdf_dictOp
{
3 2 roll
10 dict copy
begin
_Filters dup length 1 sub get def
currentdict exch exec
_Filters pdf_flushfilters
end
} [/_Filters] bld
/pdf_image {{image} /DataSource pdf_dictOp} bd
/pdf_imagemask {{imagemask} /DataSource pdf_dictOp} bd
/pdf_shfill {{sh} /DataSource pdf_dictOp} bd
/pdf_sethalftone {{sethalftone} /Thresholds pdf_dictOp} bd
/pdf_maskedImage
{
10 dict copy begin
/miDict currentdict def
/DataDict DataDict 10 dict copy def
DataDict begin
/DataSource
_Filters dup length 1 sub get
def
miDict image
_Filters pdf_flushfilters
end
end
} [/miDict /DataDict /_Filters] bld
/RadialShade {
40 dict begin
/background exch def
/ext1 exch def
/ext0 exch def
/BBox exch def
/r2 exch def
/c2y exch def
/c2x exch def
/r1 exch def
/c1y exch def
/c1x exch def
/rampdict exch def
gsave
BBox length 0 gt {
newpath
BBox 0 get BBox 1 get moveto
BBox 2 get BBox 0 get sub 0 rlineto
0 BBox 3 get BBox 1 get sub rlineto
BBox 2 get BBox 0 get sub neg 0 rlineto
closepath
clip
newpath
} if
c1x c2x eq
{
c1y c2y lt {/theta 90 def}{/theta 270 def} ifelse
}
{
/slope c2y c1y sub c2x c1x sub div def
/theta slope 1 atan def
c2x c1x lt c2y c1y ge and { /theta theta 180 sub def} if
c2x c1x lt c2y c1y lt and { /theta theta 180 add def} if
}
ifelse
gsave
clippath
c1x c1y translate
theta rotate
-90 rotate
{ pathbbox } stopped
{ 0 0 0 0 } if
/yMax exch def
/xMax exch def
/yMin exch def
/xMin exch def
grestore
xMax xMin eq yMax yMin eq or
{
grestore
end
}
{
/max { 2 copy gt { pop } {exch pop} ifelse } bind def
/min { 2 copy lt { pop } {exch pop} ifelse } bind def
rampdict begin
40 dict begin
background length 0 gt { background sssetbackground gsave clippath fill grestore } if
gsave
c1x c1y translate
theta rotate
-90 rotate
/c2y c1x c2x sub dup mul c1y c2y sub dup mul add sqrt def
/c1y 0 def
/c1x 0 def
/c2x 0 def
ext0 {
0 getrampcolor
c2y r2 add r1 sub 0.0001 lt
{
c1x c1y r1 360 0 arcn
pathbbox
/aymax exch def
/axmax exch def
/aymin exch def
/axmin exch def
/bxMin xMin axmin min def
/byMin yMin aymin min def
/bxMax xMax axmax max def
/byMax yMax aymax max def
bxMin byMin moveto
bxMax byMin lineto
bxMax byMax lineto
bxMin byMax lineto
bxMin byMin lineto
eofill
}
{
c2y r1 add r2 le
{
c1x c1y r1 0 360 arc
fill
}
{
c2x c2y r2 0 360 arc fill
r1 r2 eq
{
/p1x r1 neg def
/p1y c1y def
/p2x r1 def
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p1x p1y moveto p2x p2y lineto p2x yMin lineto p1x yMin lineto
fill
}
{
/AA r2 r1 sub c2y div def
AA -1 eq
{ /theta 89.99 def}
{ /theta AA 1 AA dup mul sub sqrt div 1 atan def}
ifelse
/SS1 90 theta add dup sin exch cos div def
/p1x r1 SS1 SS1 mul SS1 SS1 mul 1 add div sqrt mul neg def
/p1y p1x SS1 div neg def
/SS2 90 theta sub dup sin exch cos div def
/p2x r1 SS2 SS2 mul SS2 SS2 mul 1 add div sqrt mul def
/p2y p2x SS2 div neg def
r1 r2 gt
{
/L1maxX p1x yMin p1y sub SS1 div add def
/L2maxX p2x yMin p2y sub SS2 div add def
}
{
/L1maxX 0 def
/L2maxX 0 def
}ifelse
p1x p1y moveto p2x p2y lineto L2maxX L2maxX p2x sub SS2 mul p2y add lineto
L1maxX L1maxX p1x sub SS1 mul p1y add lineto
fill
}
ifelse
}
ifelse
} ifelse
} if
c1x c2x sub dup mul
c1y c2y sub dup mul
add 0.5 exp
0 dtransform
dup mul exch dup mul add 0.5 exp 72 div
0 72 matrix defaultmatrix dtransform dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt
72 0 matrix defaultmatrix dtransform dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt
1 index 1 index lt { exch } if pop
/hires exch def
hires mul
/numpix exch def
/numsteps NumSamples def
/rampIndxInc 1 def
/subsampling false def
numpix 0 ne
{
NumSamples numpix div 0.5 gt
{
/numsteps numpix 2 div round cvi dup 1 le { pop 2 } if def
/rampIndxInc NumSamples 1 sub numsteps div def
/subsampling true def
} if
} if
/xInc c2x c1x sub numsteps div def
/yInc c2y c1y sub numsteps div def
/rInc r2 r1 sub numsteps div def
/cx c1x def
/cy c1y def
/radius r1 def
newpath
xInc 0 eq yInc 0 eq rInc 0 eq and and
{
0 getrampcolor
cx cy radius 0 360 arc
stroke
NumSamples 1 sub getrampcolor
cx cy radius 72 hires div add 0 360 arc
0 setlinewidth
stroke
}
{
0
numsteps
{
dup
subsampling { round } if
getrampcolor
cx cy radius 0 360 arc
/cx cx xInc add def
/cy cy yInc add def
/radius radius rInc add def
cx cy radius 360 0 arcn
eofill
rampIndxInc add
}
repeat
pop
} ifelse
ext1 {
c2y r2 add r1 lt
{
c2x c2y r2 0 360 arc
fill
}
{
c2y r1 add r2 sub 0.0001 le
{
c2x c2y r2 360 0 arcn
pathbbox
/aymax exch def
/axmax exch def
/aymin exch def
/axmin exch def
/bxMin xMin axmin min def
/byMin yMin aymin min def
/bxMax xMax axmax max def
/byMax yMax aymax max def
bxMin byMin moveto
bxMax byMin lineto
bxMax byMax lineto
bxMin byMax lineto
bxMin byMin lineto
eofill
}
{
c2x c2y r2 0 360 arc fill
r1 r2 eq
{
/p1x r2 neg def
/p1y c2y def
/p2x r2 def
/p2y c2y def
p1x p1y moveto p2x p2y lineto p2x yMax lineto p1x yMax lineto
fill
}
{
/AA r2 r1 sub c2y div def
AA -1 eq
{ /theta 89.99 def}
{ /theta AA 1 AA dup mul sub sqrt div 1 atan def}
ifelse
/SS1 90 theta add dup sin exch cos div def
/p1x r2 SS1 SS1 mul SS1 SS1 mul 1 add div sqrt mul neg def
/p1y c2y p1x SS1 div sub def
/SS2 90 theta sub dup sin exch cos div def
/p2x r2 SS2 SS2 mul SS2 SS2 mul 1 add div sqrt mul def
/p2y c2y p2x SS2 div sub def
r1 r2 lt
{
/L1maxX p1x yMax p1y sub SS1 div add def
/L2maxX p2x yMax p2y sub SS2 div add def
}
{
/L1maxX 0 def
/L2maxX 0 def
}ifelse
p1x p1y moveto p2x p2y lineto L2maxX L2maxX p2x sub SS2 mul p2y add lineto
L1maxX L1maxX p1x sub SS1 mul p1y add lineto
fill
}
ifelse
}
ifelse
} ifelse
} if
grestore
grestore
end
end
end
} ifelse
} bd
/GenStrips {
40 dict begin
/background exch def
/ext1 exch def
/ext0 exch def
/BBox exch def
/y2 exch def
/x2 exch def
/y1 exch def
/x1 exch def
/rampdict exch def
gsave
BBox length 0 gt {
newpath
BBox 0 get BBox 1 get moveto
BBox 2 get BBox 0 get sub 0 rlineto
0 BBox 3 get BBox 1 get sub rlineto
BBox 2 get BBox 0 get sub neg 0 rlineto
closepath
clip
newpath
} if
x1 x2 eq
{
y1 y2 lt {/theta 90 def}{/theta 270 def} ifelse
}
{
/slope y2 y1 sub x2 x1 sub div def
/theta slope 1 atan def
x2 x1 lt y2 y1 ge and { /theta theta 180 sub def} if
x2 x1 lt y2 y1 lt and { /theta theta 180 add def} if
}
ifelse
gsave
clippath
x1 y1 translate
theta rotate
{ pathbbox } stopped
{ 0 0 0 0 } if
/yMax exch def
/xMax exch def
/yMin exch def
/xMin exch def
grestore
xMax xMin eq yMax yMin eq or
{
grestore
end
}
{
rampdict begin
20 dict begin
background length 0 gt { background sssetbackground gsave clippath fill grestore } if
gsave
x1 y1 translate
theta rotate
/xStart 0 def
/xEnd x2 x1 sub dup mul y2 y1 sub dup mul add 0.5 exp def
/ySpan yMax yMin sub def
/numsteps NumSamples def
/rampIndxInc 1 def
/subsampling false def
xStart 0 transform
xEnd 0 transform
3 -1 roll
sub dup mul
3 1 roll
sub dup mul
add 0.5 exp 72 div
0 72 matrix defaultmatrix dtransform dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt
72 0 matrix defaultmatrix dtransform dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt
1 index 1 index lt { exch } if pop
mul
/numpix exch def
numpix 0 ne
{
NumSamples numpix div 0.5 gt
{
/numsteps numpix 2 div round cvi dup 1 le { pop 2 } if def
/rampIndxInc NumSamples 1 sub numsteps div def
/subsampling true def
} if
} if
ext0 {
0 getrampcolor
xMin xStart lt
{ xMin yMin xMin neg ySpan rectfill } if
} if
/xInc xEnd xStart sub numsteps div def
/x xStart def
0
numsteps
{
dup
subsampling { round } if
getrampcolor
x yMin xInc ySpan rectfill
/x x xInc add def
rampIndxInc add
}
repeat
pop
ext1 {
xMax xEnd gt
{ xEnd yMin xMax xEnd sub ySpan rectfill } if
} if
grestore
grestore
end
end
end
} ifelse
} bd
/currentdistillerparams where { pop currentdistillerparams /CoreDistVersion get 5000 lt}{true}ifelse
{
/PDFMark5 {cleartomark} bd
}
{
/PDFMark5 {pdfmark} bd
}ifelse
/ReadByPDFMark5
{
2 dict begin
/makerString exch def string /tmpString exch def
{
currentfile tmpString readline pop
makerString anchorsearch
{
pop pop cleartomark exit
}
{
3 copy /PUT PDFMark5 pop 2 copy (\n) /PUT PDFMark5
} ifelse
}loop
end
}bd
%%EndResource
%%BeginResource: procset pdflev2 6.0 1
%%Copyright: Copyright 1987-2001,2003 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
%%Title: PDF operators, with code specific for Level 2
/docinitialize {
PDF begin
/_defaulthalftone currenthalftone dd
/_defaultblackgeneration currentblackgeneration dd
/_defaultundercolorremoval currentundercolorremoval dd
/_defaultcolortransfer [currentcolortransfer] dd
/_defaulttransfer currenttransfer dd
end
PDFVars /docSetupDone true put
} bd
/initialize {
PDFVars /docSetupDone get {
_defaulthalftone sethalftone
/_defaultblackgeneration load setblackgeneration
/_defaultundercolorremoval load setundercolorremoval
_defaultcolortransfer aload pop setcolortransfer
} if
false setoverprint
} bd
/terminate { } bd
/c /curveto ld
/cs /setcolorspace ld
/l /lineto ld
/m /moveto ld
/q /gsave ld
/Q /grestore ld
/sc /setcolor ld
/setSA/setstrokeadjust ld
/re {
4 2 roll m
1 index 0 rlineto
0 exch rlineto
neg 0 rlineto
h
} bd
/concattransferfuncs {
[ 3 1 roll /exec load exch /exec load ] cvx
} bd
/concatandsettransfer {
/_defaulttransfer load concattransferfuncs settransfer
} bd
/concatandsetcolortransfer {
_defaultcolortransfer aload pop
8 -1 roll 5 -1 roll concattransferfuncs 7 1 roll
6 -1 roll 4 -1 roll concattransferfuncs 5 1 roll
4 -1 roll 3 -1 roll concattransferfuncs 3 1 roll
concattransferfuncs
setcolortransfer
} bd
/defineRes/defineresource ld
/undefineRes/undefineresource ld
/findRes/findresource ld
currentglobal
true systemdict /setglobal get exec
[/Function /ExtGState /Form /Shading /FunctionDictionary /MadePattern /PatternPrototype /DataSource /Image]
{ /Generic /Category findresource dup length dict copy /Category defineresource pop }
forall
systemdict /setglobal get exec
/ri
{
/findcolorrendering isdefined?
{
mark exch
findcolorrendering
counttomark 2 eq
{ type /booleantype eq
{ dup type /nametype eq
{ dup /ColorRendering resourcestatus
{ pop pop
dup /DefaultColorRendering ne
{
/ColorRendering findresource
setcolorrendering
} if
} if
} if
} if
} if
cleartomark
}
{ pop
} ifelse
} bd
/knownColorants? {
pop false
} bd
/getrampcolor {
cvi
/indx exch def
0 1 NumComp 1 sub {
dup
Samples exch get
dup type /stringtype eq { indx get } if
exch
Scaling exch get aload pop
3 1 roll
mul add
} for
setcolor
} bd
/sssetbackground { aload pop setcolor } bd
%%EndResource
%%BeginResource: procset pdftext 6.0 1
%%Copyright: Copyright 1987-2001 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
%%Title: Text operators for PDF
PDF /PDFText 78 dict dup begin put
/docinitialize
{
/resourcestatus where {
pop
/CIDParams /ProcSet resourcestatus {
pop pop
false /CIDParams /ProcSet findresource /SetBuildCompatible get exec
} if
} if
PDF begin
PDFText /_pdfDefineIdentity-H known
{ PDFText /_pdfDefineIdentity-H get exec}
if
end
} bd
/initialize {
PDFText begin
} bd
/terminate { end } bd
Level2?
{
/_safeput
{
3 -1 roll load 3 1 roll put
}
bd
}
{
/_safeput
{
2 index load dup dup length exch maxlength ge
{ dup length 5 add dict copy
3 index xdd
}
{ pop }
ifelse
3 -1 roll load 3 1 roll put
}
bd
}
ifelse
/pdf_has_composefont? systemdict /composefont known def
/CopyFont {
{
1 index /FID ne 2 index /UniqueID ne and
{ def } { pop pop } ifelse
} forall
} bd
/Type0CopyFont
{
exch
dup length dict
begin
CopyFont
[
exch
FDepVector
{
dup /FontType get 0 eq
{
1 index Type0CopyFont
/_pdfType0 exch definefont
}
{
/_pdfBaseFont exch
2 index exec
}
ifelse
exch
}
forall
pop
]
/FDepVector exch def
currentdict
end
} bd
Level2? {currentglobal true setglobal} if
/cHexEncoding
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/c26/c27/c28/c29/c2A/c2B/c2C/c2D/c2E/c2F/c30/c31/c32/c33/c34/c35/c36/c37/c38
/c39/c3A/c3B/c3C/c3D/c3E/c3F/c40/c41/c42/c43/c44/c45/c46/c47/c48/c49/c4A/c4B
/c4C/c4D/c4E/c4F/c50/c51/c52/c53/c54/c55/c56/c57/c58/c59/c5A/c5B/c5C/c5D/c5E
/c5F/c60/c61/c62/c63/c64/c65/c66/c67/c68/c69/c6A/c6B/c6C/c6D/c6E/c6F/c70/c71
/c72/c73/c74/c75/c76/c77/c78/c79/c7A/c7B/c7C/c7D/c7E/c7F/c80/c81/c82/c83/c84
/c85/c86/c87/c88/c89/c8A/c8B/c8C/c8D/c8E/c8F/c90/c91/c92/c93/c94/c95/c96/c97
/c98/c99/c9A/c9B/c9C/c9D/c9E/c9F/cA0/cA1/cA2/cA3/cA4/cA5/cA6/cA7/cA8/cA9/cAA
/cAB/cAC/cAD/cAE/cAF/cB0/cB1/cB2/cB3/cB4/cB5/cB6/cB7/cB8/cB9/cBA/cBB/cBC/cBD
/cBE/cBF/cC0/cC1/cC2/cC3/cC4/cC5/cC6/cC7/cC8/cC9/cCA/cCB/cCC/cCD/cCE/cCF/cD0
/cD1/cD2/cD3/cD4/cD5/cD6/cD7/cD8/cD9/cDA/cDB/cDC/cDD/cDE/cDF/cE0/cE1/cE2/cE3
/cE4/cE5/cE6/cE7/cE8/cE9/cEA/cEB/cEC/cED/cEE/cEF/cF0/cF1/cF2/cF3/cF4/cF5/cF6
/cF7/cF8/cF9/cFA/cFB/cFC/cFD/cFE/cFF] def
Level2? {setglobal} if
/modEnc {
/_enc xdd
/_icode 0 dd
counttomark 1 sub -1 0
{
index
dup type /nametype eq
{
_enc _icode 3 -1 roll put
_icode 1 add
}
if
/_icode xdd
} for
cleartomark
_enc
} bd
/trEnc {
/_enc xdd
255 -1 0 {
exch dup -1 eq
{ pop /.notdef }
{ Encoding exch get }
ifelse
_enc 3 1 roll put
} for
pop
_enc
} bd
/TE {
/_i xdd
StandardEncoding 256 array copy modEnc
_pdfEncodings exch _i exch put
} bd
Level2?
{
/pdfPatchCStrings
{
currentdict /CharStrings known currentdict /FontType known and
{
FontType 1 eq CharStrings type /dicttype eq and
{
CharStrings /mu known CharStrings /mu1 known not and CharStrings wcheck and
{
CharStrings /mu get
type /stringtype eq
{
currentglobal
CharStrings /mu1
CharStrings /mu get
dup gcheck setglobal
dup length string copy
put
setglobal
} if
} if
} if
} if
} bd
}
{ /pdfPatchCStrings {} bd }
ifelse
/TZ
{
/_usePDFEncoding xdd
findfont
dup length 6 add dict
begin
{
1 index /FID ne { def } { pop pop } ifelse
} forall
pdfPatchCStrings
/pdf_origFontName FontName def
/FontName exch def
currentdict /PaintType known
{ PaintType 2 eq {/PaintType 0 def} if }
if
_usePDFEncoding 0 ge
{
/Encoding _pdfEncodings _usePDFEncoding get def
pop
}
{
_usePDFEncoding -1 eq
{
counttomark 0 eq
{ pop }
{
Encoding 256 array copy
modEnc /Encoding exch def
}
ifelse
}
{
256 array
trEnc /Encoding exch def
}
ifelse
}
ifelse
pdf_EuroProcSet pdf_origFontName known
{
pdf_origFontName pdf_AddEuroGlyphProc
} if
Level2?
{
currentdict /pdf_origFontName undef
} if
FontName currentdict
end
definefont pop
}
bd
Level2?
{
/TZG
{
currentglobal true setglobal
2 index _pdfFontStatus
{
2 index findfont
false setglobal
3 index findfont
true setglobal
ne
{
2 index findfont dup rcheck
{
dup length dict begin
{
1 index /FID ne { def } { pop pop } ifelse
} forall
pdfPatchCStrings
currentdict end
}
if
3 index exch definefont pop
}
if
} if
setglobal
TZ
} bd
}
{
/TZG {TZ} bd
} ifelse
Level2?
{
currentglobal false setglobal
userdict /pdftext_data 5 dict put
pdftext_data
begin
/saveStacks
{
pdftext_data
begin
/vmmode currentglobal def
false setglobal
count array astore /os exch def
end
countdictstack array dictstack pdftext_data exch /ds exch put
cleardictstack pdftext_data /dscount countdictstack put
pdftext_data /vmmode get setglobal
} bind def
/restoreStacks
{
pdftext_data /vmmode currentglobal put false setglobal
clear cleardictstack
pdftext_data /ds get dup
pdftext_data /dscount get 1 2 index length 1 sub
{ get begin dup } for
pop pop
pdftext_data /os get aload pop
pdftext_data /vmmode get setglobal
} bind def
/testForClonePrinterBug
{
currentglobal true setglobal
/undefinedCategory /Generic /Category findresource
dup length dict copy /Category defineresource pop
setglobal
pdftext_data /saveStacks get exec
pdftext_data /vmmode currentglobal put false setglobal
/undefined /undefinedCategory { resourcestatus } stopped
pdftext_data exch /bugFound exch put
pdftext_data /vmmode get setglobal
pdftext_data /restoreStacks get exec
pdftext_data /bugFound get
} bind def
end
setglobal
/pdf_resourcestatus
pdftext_data /testForClonePrinterBug get exec
{
{
pdftext_data /saveStacks get exec
pdftext_data /os get dup dup length 1 sub
dup 1 sub dup 0 lt { pop 0 } if
exch 1 exch { get exch dup } for
pop pop
{ resourcestatus }
stopped
{
clear cleardictstack pdftext_data /restoreStacks get exec
{ pop pop } stopped pop false
}
{
count array astore pdftext_data exch /results exch put
pdftext_data /restoreStacks get exec pop pop
pdftext_data /results get aload pop
}
ifelse
}
}
{ { resourcestatus } }
ifelse
bd
}
if
Level2?
{
/_pdfUndefineResource
{
currentglobal 3 1 roll
_pdf_FontDirectory 2 index 2 copy known
{undef}
{pop pop}
ifelse
1 index (pdf) exch _pdfConcatNames 1 index
1 index 1 _pdfConcatNames 1 index
5 index 1 _pdfConcatNames 1 index
4
{
2 copy pdf_resourcestatus
{
pop 2 lt
{2 copy findresource gcheck setglobal undefineresource}
{pop pop}
ifelse
}
{ pop pop}
ifelse
} repeat
setglobal
} bd
}
{
/_pdfUndefineResource { pop pop} bd
}
ifelse
Level2?
{
/_pdfFontStatus
{
currentglobal exch
/Font pdf_resourcestatus
{pop pop true}
{false}
ifelse
exch setglobal
} bd
}
{
/_pdfFontStatusString 50 string def
_pdfFontStatusString 0 (fonts/) putinterval
/_pdfFontStatus
{
FontDirectory 1 index known
{ pop true }
{
_pdfFontStatusString 6 42 getinterval
cvs length 6 add
_pdfFontStatusString exch 0 exch getinterval
{ status } stopped
{pop false}
{
{ pop pop pop pop true}
{ false }
ifelse
}
ifelse
}
ifelse
} bd
}
ifelse
Level2?
{
/_pdfCIDFontStatus
{
/CIDFont /Category pdf_resourcestatus
{
pop pop
/CIDFont pdf_resourcestatus
{pop pop true}
{false}
ifelse
}
{ pop false }
ifelse
} bd
}
if
/_pdfString100 100 string def
/_pdfComposeFontName
{
dup length 1 eq
{
0 get
1 index
type /nametype eq
{
_pdfString100 cvs
length dup dup _pdfString100 exch (-) putinterval
_pdfString100 exch 1 add dup _pdfString100 length exch sub getinterval
2 index exch cvs length
add 1 add _pdfString100 exch 0 exch getinterval
exch pop
true
}
{
pop pop
false
}
ifelse
}
{
false
}
ifelse
dup {exch cvn exch} if
} bd
/_pdfConcatNames
{
exch
_pdfString100 cvs
length dup dup _pdfString100 exch (-) putinterval
_pdfString100 exch 1 add dup _pdfString100 length exch sub getinterval
3 -1 roll exch cvs length
add 1 add _pdfString100 exch 0 exch getinterval
cvn
} bind def
/_pdfTextTempString 50 string def
/_pdfRegOrderingArray [(Adobe-Japan1) (Adobe-CNS1) (Adobe-Korea1) (Adobe-GB1)] def
/_pdf_CheckCIDSystemInfo
{
1 index _pdfTextTempString cvs
(Identity) anchorsearch
{
pop pop pop pop true
}
{
false
_pdfRegOrderingArray
{
2 index exch
anchorsearch
{ pop pop pop true exit}
{ pop }
ifelse
}
forall
exch pop
exch /CIDFont findresource
/CIDSystemInfo get
3 -1 roll /CMap findresource
/CIDSystemInfo get
exch
3 -1 roll
{
2 copy
/Supplement get
exch
dup type /dicttype eq
{/Supplement get}
{pop 0 }
ifelse
ge
}
{ true }
ifelse
{
dup /Registry get
2 index /Registry get eq
{
/Ordering get
exch /Ordering get
dup type /arraytype eq
{
1 index type /arraytype eq
{
true
1 index length 1 sub -1 0
{
dup 2 index exch get exch 3 index exch get ne
{ pop false exit}
if
} for
exch pop exch pop
}
{ pop pop false }
ifelse
}
{
eq
}
ifelse
}
{ pop pop false }
ifelse
}
{ pop pop false }
ifelse
}
ifelse
} bind def
pdf_has_composefont?
{
/_pdfComposeFont
{
2 copy _pdfComposeFontName not
{
2 index
}
if
(pdf) exch _pdfConcatNames
dup _pdfFontStatus
{ dup findfont 5 2 roll pop pop pop true}
{
4 1 roll
1 index /CMap pdf_resourcestatus
{
pop pop
true
}
{false}
ifelse
1 index true exch
{
_pdfCIDFontStatus not
{pop false exit}
if
}
forall
and
{
1 index 1 index 0 get _pdf_CheckCIDSystemInfo
{
3 -1 roll pop
2 index 3 1 roll
composefont true
}
{
pop pop exch pop false
}
ifelse
}
{
_pdfComposeFontName
{
dup _pdfFontStatus
{
exch pop
1 index exch
findfont definefont true
}
{
pop exch pop
false
}
ifelse
}
{
exch pop
false
}
ifelse
}
ifelse
{ true }
{
dup _pdfFontStatus
{ dup findfont true }
{ pop false }
ifelse
}
ifelse
}
ifelse
} bd
}
{
/_pdfComposeFont
{
_pdfComposeFontName not
{
dup
}
if
dup
_pdfFontStatus
{exch pop dup findfont true}
{
1 index
dup type /nametype eq
{pop}
{cvn}
ifelse
eq
{pop false}
{
dup _pdfFontStatus
{dup findfont true}
{pop false}
ifelse
}
ifelse
}
ifelse
} bd
}
ifelse
/_pdfStyleDicts 4 dict dup begin
/Adobe-Japan1 4 dict dup begin
Level2?
{
/Serif
/HeiseiMin-W3-83pv-RKSJ-H _pdfFontStatus
{/HeiseiMin-W3}
{
/HeiseiMin-W3 _pdfCIDFontStatus
{/HeiseiMin-W3}
{/Ryumin-Light}
ifelse
}
ifelse
def
/SansSerif
/HeiseiKakuGo-W5-83pv-RKSJ-H _pdfFontStatus
{/HeiseiKakuGo-W5}
{
/HeiseiKakuGo-W5 _pdfCIDFontStatus
{/HeiseiKakuGo-W5}
{/GothicBBB-Medium}
ifelse
}
ifelse
def
/HeiseiMaruGo-W4-83pv-RKSJ-H _pdfFontStatus
{/HeiseiMaruGo-W4}
{
/HeiseiMaruGo-W4 _pdfCIDFontStatus
{/HeiseiMaruGo-W4}
{
/Jun101-Light-RKSJ-H _pdfFontStatus
{ /Jun101-Light }
{ SansSerif }
ifelse
}
ifelse
}
ifelse
/RoundSansSerif exch def
/Default Serif def
}
{
/Serif /Ryumin-Light def
/SansSerif /GothicBBB-Medium def
{
(fonts/Jun101-Light-83pv-RKSJ-H) status
}stopped
{pop}{
{ pop pop pop pop /Jun101-Light }
{ SansSerif }
ifelse
/RoundSansSerif exch def
}ifelse
/Default Serif def
}
ifelse
end
def
/Adobe-Korea1 4 dict dup begin
/Serif /HYSMyeongJo-Medium def
/SansSerif /HYGoThic-Medium def
/RoundSansSerif SansSerif def
/Default Serif def
end
def
/Adobe-GB1 4 dict dup begin
/Serif /STSong-Light def
/SansSerif /STHeiti-Regular def
/RoundSansSerif SansSerif def
/Default Serif def
end
def
/Adobe-CNS1 4 dict dup begin
/Serif /MKai-Medium def
/SansSerif /MHei-Medium def
/RoundSansSerif SansSerif def
/Default Serif def
end
def
end
def
/TZzero
{
/_wmode xdd
/_styleArr xdd
/_regOrdering xdd
3 copy
_pdfComposeFont
{
5 2 roll pop pop pop
}
{
[
0 1 _styleArr length 1 sub
{
_styleArr exch get
_pdfStyleDicts _regOrdering 2 copy known
{
get
exch 2 copy known not
{ pop /Default }
if
get
}
{
pop pop pop /Unknown
}
ifelse
}
for
]
exch pop
2 index 3 1 roll
_pdfComposeFont
{3 -1 roll pop}
{
findfont dup /FontName get exch
}
ifelse
}
ifelse
dup /WMode 2 copy known
{ get _wmode ne }
{ pop pop _wmode 1 eq}
ifelse
{
exch _wmode _pdfConcatNames
dup _pdfFontStatus
{ exch pop dup findfont false}
{ exch true }
ifelse
}
{
dup /FontType get 0 ne
}
ifelse
{
dup /FontType get 3 eq _wmode 1 eq and
{
_pdfVerticalRomanT3Font dup length 10 add dict copy
begin
/_basefont exch
dup length 3 add dict
begin
{1 index /FID ne {def}{pop pop} ifelse }
forall
/Encoding Encoding dup length array copy
dup 16#27 /quotesingle put
dup 16#60 /grave put
_regOrdering /Adobe-Japan1 eq
{dup 16#5c /yen put dup 16#a5 /yen put dup 16#b4 /yen put}
if
def
FontName
currentdict
end
definefont
def
/Encoding _basefont /Encoding get def
/_fauxfont true def
}
{
dup length 3 add dict
begin
{1 index /FID ne {def}{pop pop} ifelse }
forall
FontType 0 ne
{
/Encoding Encoding dup length array copy
dup 16#27 /quotesingle put
dup 16#60 /grave put
_regOrdering /Adobe-Japan1 eq
{dup 16#5c /yen put}
if
def
/_fauxfont true def
} if
} ifelse
/WMode _wmode def
dup dup /FontName exch def
currentdict
end
definefont pop
}
{
pop
}
ifelse
/_pdf_FontDirectory 3 1 roll _safeput
}
bd
Level2?
{
/Tf {
_pdf_FontDirectory 2 index 2 copy known
{get exch 3 -1 roll pop}
{pop pop}
ifelse
selectfont
} bd
}
{
/Tf {
_pdf_FontDirectory 2 index 2 copy known
{get exch 3 -1 roll pop}
{pop pop}
ifelse
exch findfont exch
dup type /arraytype eq
{makefont}
{scalefont}
ifelse
setfont
} bd
}
ifelse
/cshow where
{
pop /pdf_cshow /cshow load dd
/pdf_remove2 {pop pop} dd
}
{
/pdf_cshow {exch forall} dd
/pdf_remove2 {} dd
} ifelse
/pdf_xshow
{
/_pdf_na xdd
/_pdf_i 0 dd
currentpoint
/_pdf_y xdd
/_pdf_x xdd
{
pdf_remove2
_pdf_str1 exch 0 exch put
_pdf_str1 /_pdf_showproc load exec
{_pdf_na _pdf_i get} stopped
{ pop pop }
{
_pdf_x _pdf_y moveto
0
rmoveto
}
ifelse
_pdf_i 1 add /_pdf_i xdd
currentpoint
/_pdf_y xdd
/_pdf_x xdd
}
exch
pdf_cshow
} bd
/pdf_yshow
{
/_pdf_na xdd
/_pdf_i 0 dd
currentpoint
/_pdf_y xdd
/_pdf_x xdd
{
pdf_remove2
_pdf_str1 exch 0 exch put
_pdf_str1 /_pdf_showproc load exec
{_pdf_na _pdf_i get} stopped
{ pop pop }
{
_pdf_x _pdf_y moveto
0 exch
rmoveto
}
ifelse
_pdf_i 1 add /_pdf_i xdd
currentpoint
/_pdf_y xdd
/_pdf_x xdd
}
exch
pdf_cshow
} bd
/pdf_xyshow
{
/_pdf_na xdd
/_pdf_i 0 dd
currentpoint
/_pdf_y xdd
/_pdf_x xdd
{
pdf_remove2
_pdf_str1 exch 0 exch put
_pdf_str1 /_pdf_showproc load exec
{_pdf_na _pdf_i get} stopped
{ pop pop }
{
{_pdf_na _pdf_i 1 add get} stopped
{ pop pop pop}
{
_pdf_x _pdf_y moveto
rmoveto
}
ifelse
}
ifelse
_pdf_i 2 add /_pdf_i xdd
currentpoint
/_pdf_y xdd
/_pdf_x xdd
}
exch
pdf_cshow
} bd
/pdfl1xs {/_pdf_showproc /show load dd pdf_xshow} bd
/pdfl1ys {/_pdf_showproc /show load dd pdf_yshow} bd
/pdfl1xys {/_pdf_showproc /show load dd pdf_xyshow} bd
Level2? _ColorSep5044? not and
{
/pdfxs {{xshow} stopped {pdfl1xs} if} bd
/pdfys {{yshow} stopped {pdfl1ys} if} bd
/pdfxys {{xyshow} stopped {pdfl1xys} if} bd
}
{
/pdfxs /pdfl1xs load dd
/pdfys /pdfl1ys load dd
/pdfxys /pdfl1xys load dd
} ifelse
/pdf_charpath {false charpath} bd
/pdf_xcharpath {/_pdf_showproc /pdf_charpath load dd pdf_xshow} bd
/pdf_ycharpath {/_pdf_showproc /pdf_charpath load dd pdf_yshow} bd
/pdf_xycharpath {/_pdf_showproc /pdf_charpath load dd pdf_xyshow} bd
/pdf_strokepath
{
{
pdf_remove2
_pdf_str1 exch 0 exch put
_pdf_str1 false charpath
currentpoint S moveto
} bind
exch pdf_cshow
} bd
/pdf_xstrokepath {/_pdf_showproc {pdf_charpath S} dd pdf_xshow} bd
/pdf_ystrokepath {/_pdf_showproc {pdf_charpath S} dd pdf_yshow} bd
/pdf_xystrokepath {/_pdf_showproc {pdf_charpath S} dd pdf_xyshow} bd
Level2? {currentglobal true setglobal} if
/d0/setcharwidth ld
/nND {{/.notdef} repeat} bd
/T3Defs {
/BuildChar
{
1 index /Encoding get exch get
1 index /BuildGlyph get exec
}
def
/BuildGlyph {
exch begin
GlyphProcs exch get exec
end
} def
/_pdfT3Font true def
} bd
/_pdfBoldRomanWidthProc
{
stringwidth 1 index 0 ne { exch .03 add exch }if setcharwidth
0 0
} bd
/_pdfType0WidthProc
{
dup stringwidth 0 0 moveto
2 index true charpath pathbbox
0 -1
7 index 2 div .88
setcachedevice2
pop
0 0
} bd
/_pdfType0WMode1WidthProc
{
dup stringwidth
pop 2 div neg -0.88
2 copy
moveto
0 -1
5 -1 roll true charpath pathbbox
setcachedevice
} bd
/_pdfBoldBaseFont
11 dict begin
/FontType 3 def
/FontMatrix[1 0 0 1 0 0]def
/FontBBox[0 0 1 1]def
/Encoding cHexEncoding def
/_setwidthProc /_pdfBoldRomanWidthProc load def
/_bcstr1 1 string def
/BuildChar
{
exch begin
_basefont setfont
_bcstr1 dup 0 4 -1 roll put
dup
_setwidthProc
3 copy
moveto
show
_basefonto setfont
moveto
show
end
}bd
currentdict
end
def
pdf_has_composefont?
{
/_pdfBoldBaseCIDFont
11 dict begin
/CIDFontType 1 def
/CIDFontName /_pdfBoldBaseCIDFont def
/FontMatrix[1 0 0 1 0 0]def
/FontBBox[0 0 1 1]def
/_setwidthProc /_pdfType0WidthProc load def
/_bcstr2 2 string def
/BuildGlyph
{
exch begin
_basefont setfont
_bcstr2 1 2 index 256 mod put
_bcstr2 0 3 -1 roll 256 idiv put
_bcstr2 dup _setwidthProc
3 copy
moveto
show
_basefonto setfont
moveto
show
end
}bd
currentdict
end
def
/_pdfDefineIdentity-H
{
/Identity-H /CMap PDFText /pdf_resourcestatus get exec
{
pop pop
}
{
/CIDInit/ProcSet findresource begin 12 dict begin
begincmap
/CIDSystemInfo
3 dict begin
/Registry (Adobe) def
/Ordering (Identity) def
/Supplement 0 def
currentdict
end
def
/CMapName /Identity-H def
/CMapVersion 1 def
/CMapType 1 def
1 begincodespacerange
<0000> <ffff>
endcodespacerange
1 begincidrange
<0000> <ffff> 0
endcidrange
endcmap
CMapName currentdict/CMap defineresource pop
end
end
} ifelse
} def
} if
/_pdfVerticalRomanT3Font
10 dict begin
/FontType 3 def
/FontMatrix[1 0 0 1 0 0]def
/FontBBox[0 0 1 1]def
/_bcstr1 1 string def
/BuildChar
{
exch begin
_basefont setfont
_bcstr1 dup 0 4 -1 roll put
dup
_pdfType0WidthProc
moveto
show
end
}bd
currentdict
end
def
Level2? {setglobal} if
/MakeBoldFont
{
dup /ct_SyntheticBold known
{
dup length 3 add dict begin
CopyFont
/ct_StrokeWidth .03 0 FontMatrix idtransform pop def
/ct_SyntheticBold true def
currentdict
end
definefont
}
{
dup dup length 3 add dict
begin
CopyFont
/PaintType 2 def
/StrokeWidth .03 0 FontMatrix idtransform pop def
/dummybold currentdict
end
definefont
dup /FontType get dup 9 ge exch 11 le and
{
_pdfBoldBaseCIDFont
dup length 3 add dict copy begin
dup /CIDSystemInfo get /CIDSystemInfo exch def
/_Type0Identity /Identity-H 3 -1 roll [ exch ] composefont
/_basefont exch def
/_Type0Identity /Identity-H 3 -1 roll [ exch ] composefont
/_basefonto exch def
currentdict
end
/CIDFont defineresource
}
{
_pdfBoldBaseFont
dup length 3 add dict copy begin
/_basefont exch def
/_basefonto exch def
currentdict
end
definefont
}
ifelse
}
ifelse
} bd
/MakeBold {
1 index
_pdf_FontDirectory 2 index 2 copy known
{get}
{exch pop}
ifelse
findfont
dup
/FontType get 0 eq
{
dup /WMode known {dup /WMode get 1 eq }{false} ifelse
version length 4 ge
and
{version 0 4 getinterval cvi 2015 ge }
{true}
ifelse
{/_pdfType0WidthProc}
{/_pdfType0WMode1WidthProc}
ifelse
_pdfBoldBaseFont /_setwidthProc 3 -1 roll load put
{MakeBoldFont} Type0CopyFont definefont
}
{
dup /_fauxfont known not 1 index /SubstMaster known not and
{
_pdfBoldBaseFont /_setwidthProc /_pdfBoldRomanWidthProc load put
MakeBoldFont
}
{
2 index 2 index eq
{ exch pop }
{
dup length dict begin
CopyFont
currentdict
end
definefont
}
ifelse
}
ifelse
}
ifelse
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059265 m
(                                                            3 March 2006\
)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 658.318848 m
(                                                 Expires: September 2006\
)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 626.098511 m
(           TCP-Friendly Multicast Congestion Control \(TFMCC\):)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.358093 m
(                         Protocol Specification)
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90.0 572.398376 m
(Status of this Document)
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 550.918518 m
(By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
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] pdfxs
90.0 540.178101 m
(applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have)
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90.0 529.437683 m
(been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will\
)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 518.697266 m
(be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79.)
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90.0 497.217407 m
(Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 486.476959 m
(Force \(IETF\), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that other grou\
ps)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 475.736511 m
(may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts.)
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5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 454.256653 m
(Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 443.516205 m
(and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 432.775757 m
(time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts as reference material\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 422.035309 m
(or to cite them other than as "work in progress.")
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.55545 m
(The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 389.815002 m
(http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 368.335144 m
(The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 357.594696 m
(http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 336.114838 m
(This document is a product of the IETF RMT WG.  Comments should be)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 325.37439 m
(addressed to the authors, or the WG's mailing list at rmt@lbl.gov.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
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] pdfxs
90.0 293.154083 m
(                                Abstract)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.933777 m
(     This document specifies TCP-Friendly Multicast Congestion)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 250.193344 m
(     Control \(TFMCC\).  TFMCC is a congestion control mechanism for)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 239.452911 m
(     multicast transmissions in a best-effort Internet environment.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 196.493164 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                  [Page 1]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
showpage
PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
grestore

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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
f
0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(     It is a single-rate congestion control scheme, where the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 658.319214 m
(     sending rate is adapted to the receiver experiencing the worst)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 647.578796 m
(     network conditions.  TFMCC is reasonably fair when competing)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.838379 m
(     for bandwidth with TCP flows and has a relatively low)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 626.097961 m
(     variation of throughput over time, making it suitable for)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.357544 m
(     applications such as streaming media where a relatively smooth)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.617126 m
(     sending rate is of importance.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.317505 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                  [Page 2]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
showpage
PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
grestore

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0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0 re
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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
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0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(                           Table of Contents)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 636.839294 m
(     1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 626.098877 m
(      1.1. Terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.358459 m
(      1.2. Related Documents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.618042 m
(      1.3. Environmental Requirements and Considerations. . . .   5)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 593.877625 m
(     2. Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 583.137207 m
(      2.1. TCP Throughput Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
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90.0 572.39679 m
(      2.2. Packet Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8)
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90.0 561.656372 m
(       2.2.1. Sender Packets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8)
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90.0 550.915955 m
(       2.2.2. Feedback Packets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10)
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90.0 540.175537 m
(     3. Data Sender Protocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10)
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90.0 529.43512 m
(      3.1. Sender Initialization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11)
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 518.694702 m
(      3.2. Determining the Maximum RTT. . . . . . . . . . . . .  11)
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.954254 m
(      3.3. Adjusting the Sending Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12)
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 497.213806 m
(      3.4. Controlling Receiver Feedback. . . . . . . . . . . .  13)
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 486.473358 m
(      3.5. Assisting Receiver-Side RTT Measurements . . . . . .  14)
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 475.73291 m
(      3.6. Slowstart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15)
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90.0 464.992462 m
(      3.7. Scheduling of Packet Transmissions . . . . . . . . .  16)
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 454.252014 m
(     4. Data Receiver Protocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16)
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 443.511566 m
(      4.1. Receiver Initialization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17)
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 432.771118 m
(      4.2. Receiver Leave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17)
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 422.03067 m
(      4.3. Measurement of the Network Conditions. . . . . . . .  17)
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 411.290222 m
(       4.3.1. Updating the Loss Event Rate. . . . . . . . . . .  17)
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.549774 m
(       4.3.2. Basic Round-Trip Time Measurement . . . . . . . .  17)
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 389.809326 m
(       4.3.3. One-Way Delay Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . .  18)
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 379.068878 m
(       4.3.4. Receive Rate Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . .  19)
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 368.32843 m
(      4.4. Setting the Desired Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19)
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 357.587982 m
(      4.5. Feedback and Feedback Suppression. . . . . . . . . .  20)
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90.0 346.847534 m
(     5. Calculation of the Loss Event Rate. . . . . . . . . . .  21)
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90.0 336.107086 m
(      5.1. Detection of Lost or Marked Packets. . . . . . . . .  22)
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90.0 325.366638 m
(      5.2. Translation from Loss History to Loss Events . . . .  22)
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90.0 314.62619 m
(      5.3. Inter-Loss Event Interval. . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23)
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90.0 303.885742 m
(      5.4. Average Loss Interval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24)
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90.0 293.145294 m
(      5.5. History Discounting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25)
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90.0 282.404846 m
(      5.6. Initializing the Loss History after the First)
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90.0 271.664398 m
(      Loss Event. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27)
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90.0 260.92395 m
(     6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28)
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90.0 250.183517 m
(     7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29)
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90.0 239.443085 m
(     8. Authors' Addresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29)
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 228.702652 m
(     9. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29)
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90.0 217.962219 m
(     10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30)
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90.0 207.221786 m
(     11. Copyright Notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31)
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90.0 121.3013 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                  [Page 3]\
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(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
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90.0 669.059631 m
(1.  Introduction)
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90.0 647.579773 m
(This document specifies TCP-Friendly Multicast Congestion Control)
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90.0 636.839355 m
(\(TFMCC\) [10]. TFMCC is a source-based, single-rate congestion control)
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90.0 626.098938 m
(scheme that builds upon the unicast TCP-Friendly Rate Control mechanism)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.358521 m
(\(TFRC\) [2]. TFMCC is stable and responsive under a wide range of netwo\
rk)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.618103 m
(conditions and scales to receiver sets on the order of several thousand)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 593.877686 m
(receivers.  To support scalability, as much congestion control)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 583.137268 m
(functionality as possible is located at the receivers.  Each receiver)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 572.396851 m
(continuously determines a desired receive rate that is TCP-friendly for)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 561.656433 m
(the path from the sender to this receiver.  Selected receivers then)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 550.916016 m
(report the rate to the sender in feedback packets.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.436157 m
(TFMCC is a building block as defined in RFC 3048.  Instead of specifying\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 518.69574 m
(a complete protocol, this document simply specifies a congestion control\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.955292 m
(mechanism that could be used in a transport protocol such as RTP [7], in\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 497.214844 m
(an application incorporating end-to-end congestion control at the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 486.474396 m
(application level. This document does not discuss packet formats,)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 475.733948 m
(reliability, or implementation-related issues.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 454.254089 m
(TFMCC is designed to be reasonably fair when competing for bandwidth)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 443.513641 m
(with TCP flows.  A multicast flow is ``reasonably fair'' if its sending)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 432.773193 m
(rate is generally within a factor of two of the sending rate of a TCP)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 422.032745 m
(flow from the sender to the slowest receiver of the multicast group)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 411.292297 m
(under the same network conditions.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 389.812439 m
(In general, TFMCC has a low variation of throughput, which makes it)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 379.071991 m
(suitable for applications such as streaming media where a relatively)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 368.331543 m
(smooth sending rate is of importance.  The penalty of having smooth)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 357.591095 m
(throughput while competing fairly for bandwidth is a reduced)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 346.850647 m
(responsiveness to changes in available bandwidth.  Thus TFMCC should be)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 336.110199 m
(used when the application has a requirement for smooth throughput, in)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 325.369751 m
(particular, avoiding halving of the sending rate in response to a single\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 314.629303 m
(packet drop.  For applications that simply need to multicast as much)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 303.888855 m
(data as possible in as short a time as possible, PGMCC [6] may be more)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 293.148407 m
(suitable.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.928101 m
(1.1.  Terminology)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 239.448227 m
(In this document, the key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL",\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 228.707794 m
("SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 217.967361 m
("OPTIONAL" are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 and indicate)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 207.226929 m
(requirement levels for compliant TFMCC implementations.)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 121.306442 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                  [Page 4]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
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0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(1.2.  Related Documents)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 647.579773 m
(As described in RFC 3048, TFMCC is a building block that is intended to)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.839355 m
(be used, in conjunction with other building blocks, to help specify a)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 626.098938 m
(protocol instantiation.  In particular, TFMCC is a suitable congestion)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.358521 m
(control building block for NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast \(NORM\) [1]\
.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 583.138184 m
(1.3.  Environmental Requirements and Considerations)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 561.658325 m
(TFMCC is intended to be a congestion control scheme that can be used in)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 550.917908 m
(a complete protocol instantiation that delivers objects and streams)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 540.17749 m
(\(both reliable content delivery and streaming of multimedia)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.437073 m
(information\).)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.957214 m
(TFMCC is most applicable for sessions that deliver a substantial amount)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 497.216766 m
(of data, i.e., in length from hundreds of kilobytes to many gigabytes,)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 486.476318 m
(and whose duration is in the order of tens of seconds or more.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 464.99646 m
(TFMCC is intended for multicast delivery.  There are currently two)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 454.256012 m
(models of multicast delivery, the Any-Source Multicast \(ASM\) model as)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 443.515564 m
(defined in RFC 1112 and the Source-Specific Multicast \(SSM\) model as)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 432.775116 m
(defined in [3]. TFMCC works with both multicast models, but in a)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 422.034668 m
(slightly different way.  When using ASM, feedback from the receivers is)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 411.29422 m
(multicast to the sender as well as to all other receivers.  Feedback can\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.553772 m
(be either multicast on the same group address used for sending data or)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 389.813324 m
(on a separate multicast feedback group address.  For SSM, the receivers)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 379.072876 m
(must unicast the feedback directly to the sender.  Hence, feedback from)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 368.332428 m
(a receiver will not be received by other receivers.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 346.85257 m
(TFMCC inherently works with all types of networks, including LANs, WANs,\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 336.112122 m
(Intranets, the Internet, asymmetric networks, wireless networks, and)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 325.371674 m
(satellite networks.  However, in some network environments varying the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 314.631226 m
(sending rate to the receivers may not be advantageous \(e.g., for a)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 303.890778 m
(satellite or wireless network, there may be no mechanism for receivers)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 293.15033 m
(to effectively reduce their reception rate since there may be a fixed)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 282.409882 m
(transmission rate allocated to the session\).)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 260.930023 m
(The difference in responsiveness of TFMCC and TCP may result in)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 250.18959 m
(significant throughput differences in case of a very low bitrate.  TFMCC\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 239.449158 m
(requires an estimate of the loss event rate to calculate a fair sending)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 228.708725 m
(rate.  This estimate may be inaccurate in case TFMCC receives only very)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 217.968292 m
(few packets per RTT.  TFMCC should not be used together with TCP if the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 207.227859 m
(capacity of the bottleneck link is less than 30KBit/s \(e.g., a very slo\
w)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 196.487427 m
(modem connection\).  TFMCC may also achieve a rate that is very differen\
t)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 185.746994 m
(from the average TCP rate in case buffer space at the bottleneck is)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 175.006561 m
(severely underprovisioned. In particular, TFMCC is less susceptible to)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 164.266129 m
(small buffer sizes since TFMCC spaces out packets in time, while TCP)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.306381 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                  [Page 5]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
showpage
PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
grestore

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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
f
0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(sends them back-to-back. Thus TCP is much more likely to see a packet)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 658.319214 m
(loss if buffer space is scarce.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.839355 m
(TFMCC is designed for applications that use a fixed packet size, and)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 626.098938 m
(vary their sending rate in packets per second in response to congestion.\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.358521 m
(Some audio applications require a fixed interval of time between packets\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.618103 m
(and vary their packet size instead of their packet rate in response to)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 593.877686 m
(congestion.  The congestion control mechanism in this document cannot be\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 583.137268 m
(used by those applications.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 550.916931 m
(2.  Protocol Overview)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.437073 m
(TFMCC extends the basic mechanisms of TFRC into the multicast domain.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 518.696655 m
(In order to compete fairly with TCP, TFMCC receivers individually)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.956207 m
(measure the prevalent network conditions and calculate a rate that is)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 497.215759 m
(TCP-friendly on the path from the sender to themselves.  The rate is)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 486.475311 m
(determined using an equation for TCP throughput, which roughly describes\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 475.734863 m
(TCP's sending rate as a function of the loss event rate, round-trip time\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 464.994415 m
(\(RTT\), and packet size.  We define a loss event as one or more lost or\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 454.253967 m
(marked packets from the packets received during one RTT, where a marked)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 443.513519 m
(packet refers to a congestion indication from Explicit Congestion)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 432.773071 m
(Notification \(ECN\) [5]. The sending rate of the multicast transmission\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 422.032623 m
(is adapted to the receiver experiencing the worst network conditions.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.552765 m
(Basically, TFMCC's congestion control mechanism works as follows:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 379.072906 m
(o Each receiver measures the loss event rate and its RTT to the sender.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 357.593048 m
(o Each receiver then uses this information, together with an equation)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 346.8526 m
(  for TCP throughput, to derive a TCP-friendly sending rate.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 325.372742 m
(o Through a distributed feedback suppression mechanism, only a subset of\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 314.632294 m
(  the receivers are allowed to give feedback to prevent a feedback)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 303.891846 m
(  implosion at the sender.  The feedback mechanism ensures that)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 293.151398 m
(  receivers reporting a low desired transmission rate have a high)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 282.41095 m
(  probability of sending feedback.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.931091 m
(o Receivers whose feedback is not suppressed report the calculated)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 250.190659 m
(  transmission rate back to the sender in so-called receiver reports.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 239.450226 m
(  The receiver reports serve two purposes: they inform the sender about)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 228.709793 m
(  the appropriate transmit rate, and they allow the receivers to measure\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 217.96936 m
(  their RTT.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 196.489487 m
(o The sender selects the receiver that reports the lowest rate as)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 185.749054 m
(  current limiting receiver \(CLR\).  Whenever feedback with an even low\
er)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 175.008621 m
(  rate reaches the sender, the corresponding receiver becomes CLR and)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 164.268188 m
(  the sending rate is reduced to match that receiver's calculated rate.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.308441 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                  [Page 6]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
showpage
PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
grestore

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90.0 97.079994 432.0 622.920006 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
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0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(  The sending rate increases when the CLR reports a calculated rate)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 658.319214 m
(  higher than the current sending rate.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.839355 m
(The dynamics of TFMCC are sensitive to how the measurements are)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 626.098938 m
(performed and applied and what feedback suppression mechanism is chosen.\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.358521 m
(We recommend specific mechanisms below to perform and apply these)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.618103 m
(measurements.  Other mechanisms are possible, but it is important to)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 593.877686 m
(understand how the interactions between mechanisms affect the dynamics)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 583.137268 m
(of TFMCC.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 550.916931 m
(2.1.  TCP Throughput Equation)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.437073 m
(Any realistic equation giving TCP throughput as a function of loss event\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 518.696655 m
(rate and RTT should be suitable for use in TFMCC.  However, we note that\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.956207 m
(the TCP throughput equation used must reflect TCP's retransmit timeout)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 497.215759 m
(behavior, as this dominates TCP throughput at higher loss rates.  We)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 486.475311 m
(also note that the assumptions implicit in the throughput equation about\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 475.734863 m
(the loss event rate parameter have to be a reasonable match to how the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 464.994415 m
(loss rate or loss event rate is actually measured.  While this match is)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 454.253967 m
(not perfect for the throughput equation and loss rate measurement)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 443.513519 m
(mechanisms given below, in practice the assumptions turn out to be close\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 432.773071 m
(enough.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 411.293213 m
(The throughput equation we currently recommend for TFMCC is a slightly)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.552765 m
(simplified version of the throughput equation for Reno TCP from [4]:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 357.593018 m
(                                    8 s)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 346.85257 m
(     X =  ---------------------------------------------------------)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 336.112122 m
(\(1\))
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 325.371674 m
(           R * \(sqrt\(2*p/3\) + \(12*sqrt\(3*p/8\) * p * \(1+32*p^2\)\)\
\))
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 282.411926 m
(where)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.932068 m
(     X is the transmit rate in bits/second.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 239.452194 m
(     s is the packet size in bytes.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 217.972321 m
(     R is the round-trip time in seconds.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 196.492447 m
(     p is the loss event rate, between 0.0 and 1.0, of the number of)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 185.752014 m
(     loss events as a fraction of the number of packets transmitted.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 164.272141 m
(In future, different TCP equations may be substituted for this equation.\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 153.531708 m
(The requirement is that the throughput equation be a reasonable)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 110.57196 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                  [Page 7]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
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0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(approximation of the sending rate of TCP for conformant TCP congestion)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 658.319214 m
(control.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.839355 m
(The parameters s \(packet size\), p \(loss event rate\) and R \(RTT\) ne\
ed to)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 626.098938 m
(be measured or calculated by a TFMCC implementation.  The measurement of\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.358521 m
(R is specified in Section 4.3.2, and the measurement of p is specified)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.618103 m
(in Section 5. The parameter s \(packet size\) is normally known to an)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 593.877686 m
(application.  This may not be so in two cases:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 572.397827 m
(o The packet size naturally varies depending on the data.  In this case,\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 561.65741 m
(  although the packet size varies, that variation is not coupled to the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 550.916992 m
(  transmit rate.  It should normally be safe to use an estimate of the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 540.176575 m
(  mean packet size for s.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 518.696716 m
(o The application needs to change the packet size rather than the number\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.956268 m
(  of packets per second to perform congestion control.  This would)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 497.21582 m
(  normally be the case with packet audio applications where a fixed)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 486.475372 m
(  interval of time needs to be represented by each packet.  Such)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 475.734924 m
(  applications need to have a different way of measuring parameters.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 454.255066 m
(Currently, TFMCC cannot be used for the second class of applications.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 422.03476 m
(2.2.  Packet Contents)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.554901 m
(Before specifying the sender and receiver functionality, we describe the\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 389.814453 m
(congestion control information contained in packets sent by the sender)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 379.074005 m
(and feedback packets from the receivers.  Information from the sender)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 368.333557 m
(can either be sent in separate congestion control messages or)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 357.593109 m
(piggybacked onto data packets.  If separate congestion control messages)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 346.852661 m
(are sent at time intervals larger than the time interval between data)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 336.112213 m
(packets \(e.g., once per feedback round\), it is necessary to be able to\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 325.371765 m
(include timestamp information destined for more than one receiver to)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 314.631317 m
(allow a sufficient number of receivers to measure their RTT.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 293.151459 m
(As TFMCC will be used along with a transport protocol, we do not specify\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 282.411011 m
(packet formats, since these depend on the details of the transport)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 271.670563 m
(protocol used.  The recommended representation of the header fields is)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.930115 m
(given below.  Alternatively, if the computational overhead of a floating\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 250.189682 m
(point representation is prohibitive, fixed point arithmetic can be used)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 239.449249 m
(at the expense of larger packet headers.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 207.228943 m
(2.2.1.  Sender Packets)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 185.749069 m
(Each packet sent by the data sender contains the following information:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.309448 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                  [Page 8]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
showpage
PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
grestore

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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
f
0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(o A sequence number i.  This number is incremented by one for each data)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 658.319214 m
(  packet transmitted.  The field must be sufficiently large that it does\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 647.578796 m
(  not wrap causing two different packets with the same sequence number)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.838379 m
(  to be in the receiver's recent packet history at the same time.  In)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 626.097961 m
(  most cases the sequence number will be supplied by the transport)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 615.357544 m
(  protocol used along with TFMCC.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 593.877686 m
(o A suppression rate X_supp in bits/s.  Only receivers with a calculated\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 583.137268 m
(  rate lower than the suppression rate are eligible to give feedback,)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 572.396851 m
(  unless their RTT is higher than the maximum RTT described below in)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 561.656433 m
(  which case they are also eligible to give feedback.  The suppression)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 550.916016 m
(  rate should be represented as a 12 bit floating point value with 5)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 540.175598 m
(  bits for the unsigned exponent and 7 bits for the unsigned mantissa)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.435181 m
(  \(to represent rates from 100 bit/s to 400 Gbit/s with an error of les\
s)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 518.694763 m
(  than 1%\).)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 497.214905 m
(o A timestamp ts_i indicating when the packet is sent.  The resolution)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 486.474457 m
(  of the timestamp should typically be milliseconds and the timestamp)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 475.734009 m
(  should be an unsigned integer value no less than 16 bits wide.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 454.25415 m
(o A receiver ID r and a copy of the timestamp ts_r of that receiver's)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 443.513702 m
(  last report, which allows the receiver to measure its RTT.  The)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 432.773254 m
(  receiver ID is described in the next section.  The resolution of the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 422.032806 m
(  timestamp echo should be milliseconds and the timestamp should be an)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 411.292358 m
(  unsigned integer value no less than 16 bits wide.  If separate instead\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.55191 m
(  of piggybacked congestion control messages are used, the packet needs)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 389.811462 m
(  to contain a list of receiver IDs with corresponding timestamps to)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 379.071014 m
(  allow a sufficient number of receivers to simultaneously measure their\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 368.330566 m
(  RTT.  For the default values used for the feedback process this)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 357.590118 m
(  corresponds to a list size on the order of 10 to 20 entries.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 336.11026 m
(o A flag is_CLR indicating whether the receiver with ID r is the CLR.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 314.630402 m
(o A feedback round counter fb_nr.  This counter is incremented by the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 303.889954 m
(  sender at the beginning of a new feedback round to notify the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 293.149506 m
(  receivers than all feedback for older rounds should be suppressed.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 282.409058 m
(  The feedback round counter should be at least 4 bits wide.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.929199 m
(o A maximum RTT value R_max, representing the maximum of the RTTs of all\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 250.188766 m
(  receivers.  The RTT should be measured in milliseconds.  An 8 bit)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 239.448334 m
(  floating point value with 4 bits for the unsigned exponent and 4 bits)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 228.707901 m
(  for the unsigned mantissa \(to represent RTTs from 1 millisecond to 64\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 217.967468 m
(  seconds with an error of ca. 6%\) should be used for the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 207.227036 m
(  representation.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.306549 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                  [Page 9]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
showpage
PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
grestore

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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
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0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(2.2.2.  Feedback Packets)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 647.579773 m
(Each feedback packet sent by a data receiver contains the following)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.839355 m
(information:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.359497 m
(o A unique receiver ID r.  In most cases the receiver ID will be)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.61908 m
(  supplied by the transport protocol, but it may simply be the IP)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 593.878662 m
(  address of the receiver.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 572.398804 m
(o A flag have_RTT indicating whether the receiver has made at least one)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 561.658386 m
(  RTT measurement since it joined the session.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 540.178528 m
(o A flag have_loss indicating whether the receiver experienced at least)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.43811 m
(  one loss event since it joined the session.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.958252 m
(o A flag receiver_leave indicating that the receiver will leave the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 497.217804 m
(  session \(and should therefore not be CLR\).)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 475.737946 m
(o A timestamp ts_r indicating when the feedback packet is sent.  The)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 464.997498 m
(  representation of the timestamp should be the same as that of the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 454.25705 m
(  timestamp echo in the data packets.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 432.777191 m
(o An echo of the timestamp of the last data packet received.  If the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 422.036743 m
(  last packet received at the receiver has sequence number i, then ts_i)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 411.296295 m
(  is included in the feedback.  If there is a delay t_d between)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.555847 m
(  receiving that last data packet and sending feedback, then ts_i' =)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 389.815399 m
(  ts_i + t_d is included in the feedback instead of ts_i. The)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 379.074951 m
(  representation of the timestamp echo should be the same as that of the\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 368.334503 m
(  timestamp in the data packets.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 346.854645 m
(o A feedback round echo fb_nr, reflecting the highest feedback round)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 336.114197 m
(  counter value received so far.  The representation of the feedback)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 325.373749 m
(  round echo should be the same as the one used for the feedback round)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 314.633301 m
(  counter in the data packets.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 293.153442 m
(o The desired sending rate X_r.  This is the rate calculated by the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 282.412994 m
(  receiver to be TCP-friendly on the path from the sender to this)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 271.672546 m
(  receiver.  The representation of the desired sending rate should be)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.932098 m
(  the same as that of the suppression rate in the data packets.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 228.711792 m
(3.  Data Sender Protocol)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 207.231918 m
(The data sender multicasts a stream of data packets to the data)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 196.491486 m
(receivers at a controlled rate.  Whenever feedback is received, the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 185.751053 m
(sender checks if it is necessary to switch CLRs and to readjust the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 175.01062 m
(sending rate.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.31044 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 10]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
showpage
PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
grestore

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0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0 re
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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
f
0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(The main tasks that have to be provided by a TFMCC sender are:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 647.579773 m
(o adjusting the sending rate,)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 626.099915 m
(o controlling receiver feedback, and)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.620056 m
(o assisting receiver-side RTT measurements.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 572.399719 m
(3.1.  Sender Initialization)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 550.919861 m
(At initialization of the sender, the maximum RTT is set to a value that)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 540.179443 m
(should be larger than the highest RTT to any of the receivers.  It)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 529.439026 m
(should not be smaller than 500 milliseconds for operation in the public)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 518.698608 m
(Internet.  The sending rate X is initialized to 1 packet per maximum)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.95816 m
(RTT.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 475.737854 m
(3.2.  Determining the Maximum RTT)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 454.257996 m
(For each feedback packet that arrives at the sender, the sender computes\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 443.517548 m
(the instantaneous RTT to the receiver as)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 422.037689 m
(     R_r = t_now - ts_i)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.557831 m
(where t_now is the time the feedback packet arrived.  Receivers will)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 389.817383 m
(have adjusted ts_i for the time interval between receiving the last data\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 379.076935 m
(packet and sending the corresponding report so that this interval will)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 368.336487 m
(not be included in R_r.  If the actual RTT is smaller than the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 357.596039 m
(resolution of the timestamps and t_now equals ts_i, then R_r is set to)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 346.855591 m
(the smallest positive RTT value larger than 0 \(i.e., 1 millisecond in)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 336.115143 m
(our case\).  If the instantaneous RTT is larger than the current maximum\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 325.374695 m
(RTT, the maximum RTT is increased to that value)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 303.894836 m
(     R_max = R_r)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 282.414978 m
(Otherwise, if no feedback with a higher instantaneous RTT than the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 271.67453 m
(maximum RTT is received during a feedback round \(see Section 3.4\), the\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.934082 m
(maximum RTT is reduced to)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 239.454208 m
(     R_max = MAX\(R_max * 0.9, R_peak\))
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 217.974335 m
(where R_peak is the peak receiver RTT measured during the feedback)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 207.233902 m
(round.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 185.754028 m
(The maximum RTT is mainly used for feedback suppression among receivers)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 175.013596 m
(with heterogeneous RTTs. Feedback suppression is closely coupled to the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 164.273163 m
(sending of data packets and for this reason, the maximum RTT must not)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.313416 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 11]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
f
0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(decrease below the maximum time interval between consecutive data)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 658.319214 m
(packets:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.839355 m
(     R_max = max\(R_max, s/X + t_gran\))
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.359497 m
(where t_gran is the granularity of the sender's system clock \(see)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.61908 m
(Section 3.7\).)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 572.398743 m
(3.3.  Adjusting the Sending Rate)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 550.918884 m
(When a feedback packet from receiver r arrives at the sender, the sender\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 540.178467 m
(has to check whether it is necessary to adjust the transmission rate and\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.438049 m
(to switch to a new CLR.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.958191 m
(How the rate is adjusted depends on the desired rate X_r of the receiver\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 497.217743 m
(report.  We distinguish four cases:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 475.737885 m
(1    If no CLR is present, receiver r becomes the current limiting)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 464.997437 m
(     receiver.  The sending rate X is directly set to X_r, so long as)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 454.256989 m
(     this would result in a rate increase of less than 8s/R_max bits/s)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 443.516541 m
(     \(i.e., 1 packet per R_max\).  Otherwise X is gradually increased t\
o)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 432.776093 m
(     X_r at an increase rate of no more than 8s/R_max bits/s every R_max\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 422.035645 m
(     seconds.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.555786 m
(2    If receiver r is not the CLR but a CLR is present, then receiver r)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 389.815338 m
(     becomes the current limiting receiver if X_r is less than the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 379.07489 m
(     current sending rate X and the receiver_leave flag of that)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 368.334442 m
(     receiver's report is not set.  Furthermore, the sending rate is)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 357.593994 m
(     reduced to X_r.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 336.114136 m
(3    If receiver r is not the CLR but a CLR is present and the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 325.373688 m
(     receiver_leave flag of the CLR's last report was set, then receiver\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 314.63324 m
(     r becomes the current limiting receiver.  However, if X_r > X, the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 303.892792 m
(     sending rate is not increased to X_r for the duration of a feedback\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 293.152344 m
(     round to allow other \(lower rate\) receivers to give feedback and \
be)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 282.411896 m
(     selected as CLR.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.932037 m
(4    If receiver r is the CLR, the sending rate is set to the minimum of\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 250.191605 m
(     X_r and X + 8s/R_max bits/s.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 228.711731 m
(If the receiver has not yet measured its RTT but already experienced)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 217.971298 m
(packet loss \(indicated by the corresponding flags in the receiver)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 207.230865 m
(report\), the receiver report will include a desired rate that is based)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 196.490433 m
(on the maximum RTT rather than the actual RTT to that receiver.  In this\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 185.75 m
(case, the sender adjusts the desired rate using its measurement of the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 175.009567 m
(instantaneous RTT R_r to that receiver:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.309387 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 12]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
showpage
PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
grestore

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0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0 re
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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
f
0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(     X_r' = X_r * R_max / R_r)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 647.579773 m
(X_r' is then used instead of X_r to detect whether to switch to a new)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.839355 m
(CLR.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.359497 m
(If the TFMCC sender receives no reports from the CLR for 4 RTTs, the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.61908 m
(sending rate is cut in half unless the CLR was selected less than 10)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 593.878662 m
(RTTs ago.  In addition, if the sender receives no reports from the CLR)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 583.138245 m
(for at least 10 RTTs, it assumes that the CLR crashed or left the group.\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 572.397827 m
(A new CLR is selected from the feedback that subsequently arrives at the\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 561.65741 m
(sender, and we increase as in case 3 above.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 540.177551 m
(If no new CLR can be selected \(i.e., in the absence of any feedback fro\
m)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.437134 m
(any of the receivers\) it is necessary to further reduce the sending)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 518.696716 m
(rate.  For every 10 consecutive RTTs without feedback, the sending rate)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.956268 m
(is cut in half.  The rate is at most reduced to one packet every 8)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 497.21582 m
(seconds.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 475.735962 m
(Note that when receivers stop receiving data packets, they will stop)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 464.995514 m
(sending feedback.  This eventually causes the sending rate to be reduced\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 454.255066 m
(in the case of network failure.  If the network subsequently recovers, a\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 443.514618 m
(linear increase to the calculated rate of the CLR will occur at 8s/R_max\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 432.77417 m
(bits/s every R_max.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.553864 m
(3.4.  Controlling Receiver Feedback)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 379.074005 m
(The receivers allowed to send a receiver report are determined in so-)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 368.333557 m
(called feedback rounds.  Feedback rounds have a duration T of six times)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 357.593109 m
(the maximum RTT.  In case the multicast model is ASM, i.e., receiver)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 346.852661 m
(feedback is multicast to the whole group, the duration of a feedback)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 336.112213 m
(round may be reduced to four times the maximum RTT.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 314.632355 m
(Only receivers wishing to report a rate that is lower than the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 303.891907 m
(suppression rate X_supp, or those with a higher RTT than R_max may send)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 293.151459 m
(feedback.  At the beginning of each feedback round, X_supp is set to the\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 282.411011 m
(highest possible value that can be represented.  When feedback arrives)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 271.670563 m
(at the sender over the course of a feedback round, X_supp is decreased)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.930115 m
(such that more and more feedback is suppressed towards the end of the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 250.189682 m
(round.  How receiver feedback is spread out over the feedback round is)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 239.449249 m
(discussed in Section 4.5.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 217.969376 m
(Whenever non-CLR feedback for the current round arrives at the sender,)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 207.228943 m
(X_supp is reduced to)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 185.749069 m
(     X_supp = \(1-g\) * X_r)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 164.269196 m
(if X_supp > X_r.  Feedback that causes the corresponding receiver to be)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.309448 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 13]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
showpage
PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
grestore

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0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0 re
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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
f
0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(selected as CLR, but was from a non-CLR receiver at the time of sending)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 658.319214 m
(also contributes to the feedback suppression.  Note that X_r must not be\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 647.578796 m
(adjusted by the sender to reflect the receiver's real RTT in case X_r)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.838379 m
(was calculated using the maximum RTT, as is done for setting the sending\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 626.097961 m
(rate \(Section 3.3\), otherwise a feedback implosion is possible.  The)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.357544 m
(parameter g determines to what extent higher rate feedback can suppress)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.617126 m
(lower rate feedback.  This mechanism guarantees, that the lowest)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 593.876709 m
(calculated rate reported lies within a factor of g of the actual lowest)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 583.136292 m
(calculated rate of the receiver set \(see [9]\). A value of g of 0.1 is)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 572.395874 m
(recommended.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 550.916016 m
(To allow receivers to suppress their feedback, the sender's suppression)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 540.175598 m
(rate needs to be updated whenever feedback is received.  This)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.435181 m
(suppression rate has to be communicated to the receivers in a timely)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 518.694763 m
(manner, either by including it in the data packet header or, if separate\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.954315 m
(congestion control messages are used, by sending a message with the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 497.213867 m
(suppression rate whenever the rate changes significantly \(i.e., when it\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 486.473419 m
(is reduced to less than \(1-g\) times the previously advertised)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 475.732971 m
(suppression rate\).)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 454.253113 m
(After a time span of T, the feedback round ends if non-CLR feedback was)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 443.512665 m
(received during that time.  Otherwise, the feedback round ends as soon)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 432.772217 m
(as the first non-CLR feedback message arrives at the sender but at most)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 422.031769 m
(after 2T.  The feedback round counter is incremented by one and the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 411.291321 m
(suppression rate X_supp is reset to the highest representable value.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.550873 m
(The feedback round counter restarts with round 0 after a wrap-around.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 368.330566 m
(3.5.  Assisting Receiver-Side RTT Measurements)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 346.850708 m
(Receivers measure their RTT by sending a timestamp with a receiver)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 336.11026 m
(report, which is echoed by the sender.  If congestion control)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 325.369812 m
(information is piggybacked onto data packets, usually only one receiver)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 314.629364 m
(ID and timestamp can be included.  If multiple feedback messages from)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 303.888916 m
(different receivers arrive at the sender during the time interval)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 293.148468 m
(between two data packets, the sender has to decide which receiver to)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 282.40802 m
(allow to measure RTT.  The same applies if separate congestion control)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 271.667572 m
(messages allow to echo multiple receiver timestamps simultaneously but)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.927124 m
(the number of receivers that gave feedback since the last congestion)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 250.186691 m
(control message exceeds the list size.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 228.706818 m
(The sender's timestamp echoes are prioritized in the following order:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 207.226944 m
(1.   a new CLR \(after a change of CLR's\) or a CLR without any previous\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 196.486511 m
(     RTT measurements)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 175.006638 m
(2.   receivers without any previous RTT measurements in the order of the\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 164.266205 m
(     feedback round echo of the corresponding receiver report \(i.e.,)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.306458 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 14]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
showpage
PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
grestore

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0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0 re
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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
f
0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(     older feedback first\))
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 647.579773 m
(3.   non-CLR receivers with previous RTT measurements, again in)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.839355 m
(     ascending order of the feedback round echo of the report)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.359497 m
(4.   the CLR)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 593.879639 m
(Ties are broken in favor of the receiver with the lowest reported rate.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 572.39978 m
(It is necessary to account for the time that elapses between receiving a\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 561.659363 m
(report and sending the next data packet.  This time needs to be deducted\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 550.918945 m
(from the RTT and thus has to be added to the receiver's timestamp value.\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.439087 m
(Whenever no feedback packets arrive in the interval between two data)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 518.698669 m
(packets, the CLR's last timestamp, adjusted by the appropriate offset,)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.958221 m
(is echoed.  When the number of packets per RTT is so low that all)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 497.217773 m
(packets carry a non-CLR receiver's timestamp, the CLR's timestamp and ID\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 486.477325 m
(are included in a data packet at least once per feedback round.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 454.257019 m
(3.6.  Slowstart)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 432.777161 m
(TFMCC uses a slowstart mechanism to quickly approach its fair bandwidth)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 422.036713 m
(share at the start of a session.  During slowstart, the sending rate)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 411.296265 m
(increases exponentially.  The rate increase is limited to the minimum of\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.555817 m
(the rates included in the receiver reports and receivers report twice)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 389.815369 m
(the rate at which they currently receive data.  As in normal congestion)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 379.074921 m
(control mode, the receiver with the smallest reported rate becomes CLR.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 368.334473 m
(Since a receiver can never receive data at a rate higher than its link)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 357.594025 m
(bandwidth, this effectively limits the overshoot to twice this)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 346.853577 m
(bandwidth.  In case the resulting increase over R_max is less than)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 336.113129 m
(8s/R_max bits/s, the sender may choose to increase the rate by up to)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 325.372681 m
(8s/R_max bits/s every R_max.  The current sending rate is gradually)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 314.632233 m
(adjusted to the target rate reported in the receiver reports over the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 303.891785 m
(course of a RTT.  Slowstart is terminated as soon as any one of the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 293.151337 m
(receivers experiences its first packet loss.  Since that receiver's)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 282.410889 m
(calculated rate will be lower than the current sending rate, the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 271.670441 m
(receiver will be selected as CLR.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 250.190567 m
(During slowstart, the upper bound on the rate increase of 8s/R_max)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 239.450134 m
(bits/s every RTT does not apply.  Only after the TFMCC sender receives)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 228.709702 m
(the first report with the have_loss flag set is the rate increase)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 217.969269 m
(limited in this way.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.309341 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 15]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
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PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
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90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(3.7.  Scheduling of Packet Transmissions)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 647.579773 m
(As TFMCC is rate-based, and as operating systems typically cannot)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.839355 m
(schedule events precisely, it is necessary to be opportunistic about)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 626.098938 m
(sending data packets so that the correct average rate is maintained)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.358521 m
(despite the coarse-grain or irregular scheduling of the operating)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.618103 m
(system.  Thus a typical sending loop will calculate the correct inter-)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 593.877686 m
(packet interval, t_ipi, as follows:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 572.397827 m
(     t_ipi = s/X)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 550.917969 m
(When a sender first starts sending at time t_0, it calculates t_ipi, and\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 540.177551 m
(calculates a nominal send time t_1 = t_0 + t_ipi for packet 1.  When the\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.437134 m
(application becomes idle, it checks the current time, t_now, and then)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 518.696716 m
(requests re-scheduling after \(t_ipi - \(t_now - t_0\)\) seconds.  When \
the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.956268 m
(application is re-scheduled, it checks the current time, t_now, again.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 497.21582 m
(If \(t_now > t_1 - delta\) then packet 1 is sent \(see below for delta\)\
.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 475.735962 m
(Now a new t_ipi may be calculated, and used to calculate a nominal send)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 464.995514 m
(time t_2 for packet 2: t2 = t_1 + t_ipi.  The process then repeats, with\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 454.255066 m
(each successive packet's send time being calculated from the nominal)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 443.514618 m
(send time of the previous packet.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 422.03476 m
(In some cases, when the nominal send time, t_i, of the next packet is)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 411.294312 m
(calculated, it may already be the case that t_now > t_i - delta.  In)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.553864 m
(such a case the packet should be sent immediately.  Thus if the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 389.813416 m
(operating system has coarse timer granularity and the transmit rate is)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 379.072968 m
(high, then TFMCC may send short bursts of several packets separated by)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 368.33252 m
(intervals of the OS timer granularity.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 346.852661 m
(The parameter delta is to allow a degree of flexibility in the send time\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 336.112213 m
(of a packet.  If the operating system has a scheduling timer granularity\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 325.371765 m
(of t_gran seconds, then delta would typically be set to:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 303.891907 m
(     delta = min\(t_ipi/2, t_gran/2\))
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 282.412048 m
(t_gran is 10 milliseconds on many Unix systems.  If t_gran is not known,\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 271.6716 m
(a value of 10 milliseconds can be safely assumed.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 239.451294 m
(4.  Data Receiver Protocol)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 217.97142 m
(Receivers measure the current network conditions, namely RTT and loss)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 207.230988 m
(event rate, and use this information to calculate a rate that is fair to\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 196.490555 m
(competing traffic.  The rate is then communicated to the sender in)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 185.750122 m
(receiver reports.  Due to the potentially large number of receivers, it)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 175.009689 m
(is undesirable that all receivers send reports, especially not at the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 164.269257 m
(same time.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.309509 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 16]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
showpage
PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
grestore

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0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0 re
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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
f
0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(In the description of the receiver functionality, we will first address)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 658.319214 m
(how the receivers measure the network parameters and then discuss the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 647.578796 m
(feedback process.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.358459 m
(4.1.  Receiver Initialization)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 593.878601 m
(The receiver is initialized when it receives the first data packet.  The\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 583.138184 m
(RTT is set to the maximum RTT value contained in the data packet.  This)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 572.397766 m
(initial value is used as the receiver's RTT until the first real RTT)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 561.657349 m
(measurement is made.  The loss event rate is initialized to 0.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.437012 m
(4.2.  Receiver Leave)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.957153 m
(A receiver that sends feedback but wishes to leave the TFMCC session)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 497.216705 m
(within the next feedback round may indicate the pending leave by setting\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 486.476257 m
(the receiver_leave flag in its report.  If the leaving receiver is the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 475.735809 m
(CLR, the receiver_leave flag should be set for all the reports within)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 464.995361 m
(the feedback round before the leave takes effect.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 432.775055 m
(4.3.  Measurement of the Network Conditions)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 411.295197 m
(Receivers have to update their estimate of the network parameters with)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.554749 m
(each new data packet they receive.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 368.334442 m
(4.3.1.  Updating the Loss Event Rate)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 346.854584 m
(When a data packet is received, the receiver adds the packet to the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 336.114136 m
(packet history.  It then recalculates the new value of the loss event)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 325.373688 m
(rate p.  The loss event rate measurement mechanism is described)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 314.63324 m
(separately in Section 5.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 282.412933 m
(4.3.2.  Basic Round-Trip Time Measurement)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.933075 m
(When a receiver gets a data packet that carries the receiver's own ID in\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 250.192642 m
(the r field, the receiver updates its RTT estimate.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 228.712769 m
(1.   The current RTT is calculated as:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 207.232895 m
(          R_sample = t_now - ts_r)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 185.753021 m
(     where t_now is the time the data packet arrives at the receiver and\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 175.012589 m
(     ts_r is the receiver report timestamp echoed in the data packet. If\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 164.272156 m
(     the actual RTT is smaller than the resolution of the timestamps and\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.312408 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 17]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
showpage
PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
grestore

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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
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0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(     t_now equals ts_r, then R_sample is set to the smallest positive)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 658.319214 m
(     RTT value larger than 0 \(i.e., 1 millisecond in our case\).)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.839355 m
(2.   The smoothed RTT estimate R is updated:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 615.359497 m
(          If no feedback has been received before)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.61908 m
(              R = R_sample)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 593.878662 m
(          Else)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 583.138245 m
(              R = q*R + \(1-q\)*R_sample)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 561.658386 m
(     A filter parameter q of 0.5 is recommended for non-CLR receivers.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 550.917969 m
(     The CLR performs RTT measurements much more frequently and hence)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 540.177551 m
(     should use a higher filter value.  We recommend using q=0.9.  Note)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.437134 m
(     that TFMCC is not sensitive to the precise value for the filter)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 518.696716 m
(     constant.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 497.216858 m
(Optionally, sender-based instead of receiver-based RTT measurements may)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 486.47641 m
(be used.  The sender already determines the RTT to a receiver from the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 475.735962 m
(receiver's echo of the sender's own timestamp for the calculation of the\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 464.995514 m
(maximum RTT.  For sender-based RTT measurements, this RTT measurement)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 454.255066 m
(needs to be communicated to the receiver.  Instead of including an echo)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 443.514618 m
(of the receiver's timestamp, the sender includes the receiver's RTT in)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 432.77417 m
(the next data packet, using the prioritization rules described in)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 422.033722 m
(Section 3.5.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.553864 m
(To simplify sender operation, smoothing of RTT samples as described)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 389.813416 m
(above should still be done at the receiver.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 357.593109 m
(4.3.3.  One-Way Delay Adjustments)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 336.113251 m
(When a RTT measurement is performed, the receiver also determines the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 325.372803 m
(one-way delay D_r from itself to the sender:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 303.892944 m
(     D_r = ts_r - ts_i)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 282.413086 m
(where ts_i and ts_r are the timestamp and timestamp echo contained in)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 271.672638 m
(the data packet.  With each new data packet i', the receiver can now)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.93219 m
(calculate an updated RTT estimate as:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 239.452316 m
(     R' = max\(D_r + t_now - ts_i', 1 millisecond\))
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 217.972443 m
(In between RTT measurements, the updated R' is used instead of the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 207.23201 m
(smoothed RTT R. Like the RTT samples, R' must be strictly positive. When\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 196.491577 m
(a new measurement is made, all interim one-way delay measurements are)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 185.751144 m
(discarded \(i.e., the smoothed RTT is updated according to Section 4.3.2\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 175.010712 m
(without taking one-way delay adjustments into account\).)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 121.310532 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 18]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
showpage
PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
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0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(For the one-way delay measurements, the clocks of sender and receivers)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 658.319214 m
(need not be synchronized.  Clock skew will cancel itself out when both)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 647.578796 m
(one-way measurements are added to form a RTT estimate, as long as clock)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.838379 m
(drift between real RTT measurements is negligible.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.358521 m
(The same one-way delay adjustments should be applied to the RTT supplied\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.618103 m
(by the sender when using sender-based RTT measurements.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 572.397766 m
(4.3.4.  Receive Rate Measurements)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 550.917908 m
(When a receiver has not experienced any loss events, it cannot calculate\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 540.17749 m
(a TCP-friendly rate to include in the receiver reports.  Instead, the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.437073 m
(receiver measures the current receive rate and sets the desired rate X_r\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 518.696655 m
(to twice the receive rate.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 497.216797 m
(The receive rate in bits/s is measured as the number of bits received)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 486.476349 m
(over the last k RTTs, taking into account the IP and transport packet)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 475.735901 m
(headers, but excluding the link-layer packet headers. A value for k)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 464.995453 m
(between 2 and 4 is recommended.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 432.775146 m
(4.4.  Setting the Desired Rate)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 411.295288 m
(When a receiver measures a non-zero loss event rate, it calculates the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.55484 m
(desired rate using Equation \(1\).  In case no RTT measurement is)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 389.814392 m
(available yet, the maximum RTT is used instead of the receiver's RTT.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 379.073944 m
(The desired rate X_r is updated whenever the loss event rate or the RTT)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 368.333496 m
(changes.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 346.853638 m
(A receiver may decide to not report desired rates that are below 1)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 336.11319 m
(packet per 8 seconds, since a sender is very slow to recover from such)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 325.372742 m
(low sending rates. In this case, the receiver reports a desired rate of)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 314.632294 m
(1 packet per 8 seconds. However, it must leave the multicast group if)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 303.891846 m
(for more than 120 seconds the calculated rate falls below the reported)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 293.151398 m
(rate and the current sending rate is higher than the receiver's)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 282.41095 m
(calculated rate.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.931091 m
(As mentioned above, calculation of the desired rate is not possible)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 250.190659 m
(before the receiver experiences the first loss event and in that case)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 239.450226 m
(twice the rate at which data is received is included in the receiver)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 228.709793 m
(reports as X_r.  This mechanism allows the sender to slowstart as)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 217.96936 m
(described in Section 3.6.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.309433 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 19]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
showpage
PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
grestore

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0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0 re
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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
f
0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(4.5.  Feedback and Feedback Suppression)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 647.579773 m
(Let fb_nr be the highest feedback round counter value received by a)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.839355 m
(receiver.  When a new data packet arrives with a higher feedback round)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 626.098938 m
(counter than fb_nr, a new feedback round begins and fb_nr is updated.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.358521 m
(Outstanding feedback for the old round is canceled.  In case a feedback)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.618103 m
(number with a value that is more than half the feedback number space)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 593.877686 m
(lower than fb_nr is received, the receiver assumes that the feedback)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 583.137268 m
(round counter wrapped and also cancels the feedback timer and updates)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 572.396851 m
(fb_nr.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 550.916992 m
(The CLR sends its feedback independently from all the other receivers)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 540.176575 m
(once per RTT. Its feedback does not suppress other feedback and cannot)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.436157 m
(be suppressed by other receiver's feedback.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.956299 m
(Non-CLR receivers set a feedback timer at the beginning of a feedback)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 497.215851 m
(round.  Using an exponentially weighted random timer mechanism, the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 486.475403 m
(feedback timer is set to expire after)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 464.995544 m
(     t = max\(T * \(1 + log\(x\)/log\(N\)\), 0\))
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 443.515686 m
(where)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 422.035828 m
(     x is a random variable uniformly distributed in \(0,1],)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.555969 m
(     T is the duration of a feedback round \(i.e., 6 * R_max\),)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 379.076111 m
(     N is an estimated upper bound on the number of receivers.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 357.596252 m
(N is a constant specific to the TFMCC protocol.  Since TFMCC scales to)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 346.855804 m
(up to thousands of receivers, setting N to 10,000 for all receivers \(an\
d)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 336.115356 m
(limiting the TFMCC session to at most 10,000 receivers\) is recommended.\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 314.635498 m
(A feedback packet is sent when the feedback timer expires, unless the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 303.89505 m
(timer is canceled beforehand.  When the multicast model is ASM, feedback\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 293.154602 m
(is multicast to the whole group, otherwise the feedback is unicast to)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 282.414154 m
(the sender.  The feedback packet includes the calculated rate valid at)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 271.673706 m
(the time the feedback packet is sent \(not the rate at the point of time\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.933258 m
(when the feedback timer is set\).  The copy of the timestamp ts_i of the\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 250.192825 m
(last data packet received, which is included in the feedback packet,)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 239.452393 m
(needs to be adjusted by the time interval between receiving the data)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 228.71196 m
(packet and sending the report to allow the sender to correctly infer the\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 217.971527 m
(instantaneous RTT \(i.e., that time interval has to be added to the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 207.231094 m
(timestamp value\).)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 185.751221 m
(The timer is canceled if a data packet with a lower suppression rate)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 175.010788 m
(than the receiver's calculated rate and a higher or equal maximum RTT)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 164.270355 m
(than the receiver's RTT is received.  Likewise, a data packet indicating\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.310608 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 20]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
showpage
PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
grestore

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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
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0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(the beginning of a new feedback round cancels all feedback for older)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 658.319214 m
(rounds.  In case of ASM, the timer is also canceled if a feedback packet\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 647.578796 m
(from another non-CLR receiver reporting a lower rate is received.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 626.098938 m
(The feedback suppression process is complicated by the fact that the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.358521 m
(calculated rates of the receivers will change during a feedback round.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.618103 m
(If the calculated rates decrease rapidly for all receivers, feedback)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 593.877686 m
(suppression can no longer prevent a feedback implosion since earlier)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 583.137268 m
(feedback will always report a higher rate than current feedback. To make\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 572.396851 m
(the feedback suppression mechanism robust in the face of changing rates,\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 561.656433 m
(it is necessary to introduce X_fbr, the calculated rate of a receiver at\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 550.916016 m
(the beginning of a feedback round. A receiver needs to suppress its)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 540.175598 m
(feedback not only when the suppression rate is less than the receiver's)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.435181 m
(current calculated rate but also in the case that the suppression rate)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 518.694763 m
(falls below X_fbr.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 497.214905 m
(When the maximum RTT changes significantly during one feedback round, it\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 486.474457 m
(is necessary to reschedule the feedback timer in proportion to the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 475.734009 m
(change.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 454.25415 m
(     t = t * R_max / R_max')
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 432.774292 m
(where R_max is the new maximum RTT and R_max' is the previous maximum)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 422.033844 m
(RTT.  The same considerations hold, when the last data packets were)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 411.293396 m
(received more than a time interval of R_max ago.  In this case, it is)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.552948 m
(necessary to add the difference of the inter-packet gap and the maximum)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 389.8125 m
(RTT to the feedback time to prevent a feedback implosion \(e.g., in case\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 379.072052 m
(the sender crashed\).)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 357.592194 m
(     t = t + max\(t_now - tr_i - R_max, 0\))
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 336.112335 m
(where tr_i is the time when the last data packet arrived at the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 325.371887 m
(receiver.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 303.892029 m
(More details on the characteristics of the feedback suppression)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 293.151581 m
(mechanism can be found in [9] and [10].)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.931274 m
(5.  Calculation of the Loss Event Rate)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 239.451401 m
(Obtaining an accurate and stable measurement of the loss event rate is)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 228.710968 m
(of primary importance for TFMCC.  Loss rate measurement is performed at)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 217.970535 m
(the receiver, based on the detection of lost or marked packets from the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 207.230103 m
(sequence numbers of arriving packets.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.309616 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 21]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
showpage
PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
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0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(5.1.  Detection of Lost or Marked Packets)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 647.579773 m
(TFMCC assumes that all packets contain a sequence number that is)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.839355 m
(incremented by one for each packet that is sent.  For the purposes of)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 626.098938 m
(this specification, we require that if a lost packet is retransmitted,)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.358521 m
(the retransmission is given a new sequence number that is the latest in)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.618103 m
(the transmission sequence, and not the same sequence number as the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 593.877686 m
(packet that was lost.  If a transport protocol has the requirement that)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 583.137268 m
(it must retransmit with the original sequence number, then the transport\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 572.396851 m
(protocol designer must figure out how to distinguish delayed from)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 561.656433 m
(retransmitted packets and how to detect lost retransmissions.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 540.176575 m
(The receivers each maintain a data structure that keeps track of which)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.436157 m
(packets have arrived and which are missing.  For the purposes of)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 518.69574 m
(specification, we assume that the data structure consists of a list of)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.955292 m
(packets that have arrived along with the timestamp when each packet was)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 497.214844 m
(received.  In practice this data structure will normally be stored in a)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 486.474396 m
(more compact representation, but this is implementation-specific.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 464.994537 m
(The loss of a packet is detected by the arrival of at least three)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 454.254089 m
(packets with a higher sequence number than the lost packet.  The)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 443.513641 m
(requirement for three subsequent packets is the same as with TCP, and is\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 432.773193 m
(to make TFMCC more robust in the presence of reordering.  In contrast to\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 422.032745 m
(TCP, if a packet arrives late \(after 3 subsequent packets arrived\) at \
a)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 411.292297 m
(receiver, the late packet can fill the hole in the reception record, and\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.551849 m
(the receiver can recalculate the loss event rate.  Future versions of)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 389.811401 m
(TFMCC might make the requirement for three subsequent packets adaptive)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 379.070953 m
(based on experienced packet reordering, but we do not specify such a)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 368.330505 m
(mechanism here.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 346.850647 m
(For an ECN-capable connection, a marked packet is detected as a)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 336.110199 m
(congestion event as soon as it arrives, without having to wait for the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 325.369751 m
(arrival of subsequent packets.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 293.149445 m
(5.2.  Translation from Loss History to Loss Events)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 271.669586 m
(TFMCC requires that the loss event rate be robust to several consecutive\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.929138 m
(packets lost where those packets are part of the same loss event.  This)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 250.188705 m
(is similar to TCP, which \(typically\) only performs one halving of the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 239.448273 m
(congestion window during any single RTT.  Thus the receivers needs to)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 228.70784 m
(map the packet loss history into a loss event record, where a loss event\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 217.967407 m
(is one or more packets lost in a RTT.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 196.487534 m
(To determine whether a lost or marked packet should start a new loss)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 185.747101 m
(event, or be counted as part of an existing loss event, we need to)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 175.006668 m
(compare the sequence numbers and timestamps of the packets that arrived)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 164.266235 m
(at the receiver.  For a marked packet S_new, its reception time T_new)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.306488 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 22]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
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0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(can be noted directly.  For a lost packet, we can interpolate to infer)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 658.319214 m
(the nominal "arrival time".  Assume:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.839355 m
(     S_loss is the sequence number of a lost packet.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.359497 m
(     S_before is the sequence number of the last packet to arrive with)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.61908 m
(     sequence number before S_loss.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 583.139221 m
(     S_after is the sequence number of the first packet to arrive with)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 572.398804 m
(     sequence number after S_loss.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 550.918945 m
(     T_before is the reception time of S_before.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.439087 m
(     T_after is the reception time of S_after.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.959229 m
(Note that T_before can either be before or after T_after due to)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 497.218781 m
(reordering.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 475.738922 m
(For a lost packet S_loss, we can interpolate its nominal "arrival time")
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 464.998474 m
(at the receiver from the arrival times of S_before and S_after. Thus)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 443.518616 m
(     T_loss = T_before + \( \(T_after - T_before\))
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 432.778168 m
(                 * \(S_loss - S_before\)/\(S_after - S_before\) \);)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.557861 m
(Note that if the sequence space wrapped between S_before and S_after,)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 389.817413 m
(then the sequence numbers must be modified to take this into account)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 379.076965 m
(before performing the calculation.  If the largest possible sequence)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 368.336517 m
(number is S_max, and S_before > S_after, then modifying each sequence)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 357.596069 m
(number S by S' = \(S + \(S_max + 1\)/2\) mod \(S_max + 1\) would normall\
y be)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 346.855621 m
(sufficient.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 325.375763 m
(If the lost packet S_old was determined to have started the previous)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 314.635315 m
(loss event, and we have just determined that S_new has been lost, then)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 303.894867 m
(we interpolate the nominal arrival times of S_old and S_new, called)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 293.154419 m
(T_old and T_new respectively.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 271.674561 m
(If T_old + R >= T_new, then S_new is part of the existing loss event.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.934113 m
(Otherwise S_new is the first packet of a new loss event.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 228.713806 m
(5.3.  Inter-Loss Event Interval)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 207.233932 m
(If a loss interval, A, is determined to have started with packet)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 196.4935 m
(sequence number S_A and the next loss interval, B, started with packet)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 185.753067 m
(sequence number S_B, then the number of packets in loss interval A is)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 175.012634 m
(given by \(S_B - S_A\).)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.312454 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 23]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
showpage
PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
grestore

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0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0 re
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n
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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
f
0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(5.4.  Average Loss Interval)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 647.579773 m
(To calculate the loss event rate p, we first calculate the average loss)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.839355 m
(interval.  This is done using a filter that weights the n most recent)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 626.098938 m
(loss event intervals in such a way that the measured loss event rate)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.358521 m
(changes smoothly.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 593.878662 m
(Weights w_0 to w_\(n-1\) are calculated as:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 572.398804 m
(     If \(i < n/2\))
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 561.658386 m
(        w_i = 1;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 550.917969 m
(     Else)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 540.177551 m
(        w_i = 1 - \(i - \(n/2 - 1\)\)/\(n/2 + 1\);)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 507.957245 m
(Thus if n=8, the values of w_0 to w_7 are:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 486.477386 m
(     1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 464.997528 m
(The value n for the number of loss intervals used in calculating the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 454.25708 m
(loss event rate determines TFMCC's speed in responding to changes in the\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 443.516632 m
(level of congestion.  As currently specified, TFMCC should not be used)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 432.776184 m
(for values of n significantly greater than 8, for traffic that might)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 422.035736 m
(compete in the global Internet with TCP.  At the very least, safe)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 411.295288 m
(operation with values of n greater than 8 would require a slight change)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.55484 m
(to TFMCC's mechanisms to include a more severe response to two or more)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 389.814392 m
(round-trip times with heavy packet loss.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 368.334534 m
(When calculating the average loss interval we need to decide whether to)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 357.594086 m
(include the interval since the most recent packet loss event.  We only)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 346.853638 m
(do this if it is sufficiently large to increase the average loss)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 336.11319 m
(interval.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 314.633331 m
(Thus if the most recent loss intervals are I_0 to I_n, with I_0 being)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 303.892883 m
(the interval since the most recent loss event, then we calculate the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 293.152435 m
(average loss interval I_mean as:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.312454 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 24]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
showpage
PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
grestore

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0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0 re
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n
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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
f
0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(     I_tot0 = 0;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 658.319214 m
(     I_tot1 = 0;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 647.578796 m
(     W_tot = 0;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.838379 m
(     for \(i = 0 to n-1\) {)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 626.097961 m
(       I_tot0 = I_tot0 + \(I_i * w_i\);)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.357544 m
(       W_tot = W_tot + w_i;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.617126 m
(     })
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 593.876709 m
(     for \(i = 1 to n\) {)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 583.136292 m
(       I_tot1 = I_tot1 + \(I_i * w_\(i-1\)\);)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 572.395874 m
(     })
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 561.655457 m
(     I_tot = max\(I_tot0, I_tot1\);)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 550.915039 m
(     I_mean = I_tot/W_tot;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.435181 m
(The loss event rate, p is simply:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 507.955322 m
(     p = 1 / I_mean;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 464.995575 m
(5.5.  History Discounting)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 443.515717 m
(As described in Section 5.4, the most recent loss interval is only)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 432.775269 m
(assigned 4/\(3*n\) of the total weight in calculating the average loss)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 422.034821 m
(interval, regardless of the size of the most recent loss interval.  This\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 411.294373 m
(section describes an optional history discounting mechanism that allows)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.553925 m
(the TFMCC receivers to adjust the weights, concentrating more of the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 389.813477 m
(relative weight on the most recent loss interval, when the most recent)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 379.073029 m
(loss interval is more than twice as large as the computed average loss)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 368.332581 m
(interval.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 346.852722 m
(To carry out history discounting, we associate a discount factor DF_i)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 336.112274 m
(with each loss interval L_i, where each discount factor is a floating)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 325.371826 m
(point number.  The discount array maintains the cumulative history of)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 314.631378 m
(discounting for each loss interval.  At the beginning, the values of)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 303.89093 m
(DF_i in the discount array are initialized to 1:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 282.411072 m
(     for \(i = 0 to n\) {)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 271.670624 m
(       DF_i = 1;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.930176 m
(     })
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 239.450302 m
(History discounting also uses a general discount factor DF, also a)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 228.709869 m
(floating point number, that is also initialized to 1.  First we show how\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 217.969437 m
(the discount factors are used in calculating the average loss interval,)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 207.229004 m
(and then we describe later in this section how the discount factors are)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 196.488571 m
(modified over time.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 175.008698 m
(As described in Section 5.4 the average loss interval is calculated)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 164.268265 m
(using the n previous loss intervals I_1, ..., I_n, and the interval I_0)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.308517 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 25]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
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90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(that represents the number of packets received since the last loss)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 658.319214 m
(event.  The computation of the average loss interval using the discount)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 647.578796 m
(factors is a simple modification of the procedure in Section 5.4, as)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.838379 m
(follows:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.358521 m
(     I_tot0 = I_0 * w_0)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.618103 m
(     I_tot1 = 0;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 593.877686 m
(     W_tot0 = w_0)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 583.137268 m
(     W_tot1 = 0;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 572.396851 m
(     for \(i = 1 to n-1\) {)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 561.656433 m
(       I_tot0 = I_tot0 + \(I_i * w_i * DF_i * DF\);)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 550.916016 m
(       W_tot0 = W_tot0 + w_i * DF_i * DF;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 540.175598 m
(     })
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.435181 m
(     for \(i = 1 to n\) {)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 518.694763 m
(       I_tot1 = I_tot1 + \(I_i * w_\(i-1\) * DF_i\);)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.954315 m
(       W_tot1 = W_tot1 + w_\(i-1\) * DF_i;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 497.213867 m
(     })
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 486.473419 m
(     p = min\(W_tot0/I_tot0, W_tot1/I_tot1\);)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 464.993561 m
(The general discounting factor, DF is updated on every packet arrival as\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 454.253113 m
(follows. First, a receiver computes the weighted average I_mean of the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 443.512665 m
(loss intervals I_1, ..., I_n:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 422.032806 m
(     I_tot = 0;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 411.292358 m
(     W_tot = 0;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.55191 m
(     for \(i = 1 to n\) {)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 389.811462 m
(       W_tot = w_\(i-1\) * DF_i;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 379.071014 m
(       I_tot = I_tot + \(I_i * w_\(i-1\) * DF_i\);)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 368.330566 m
(     })
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 357.590118 m
(     I_mean = I_tot / W_tot;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 336.11026 m
(This weighted average I_mean is compared to I_0, the number of packets)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 325.369812 m
(received since the last loss event.  If I_0 is greater than twice)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 314.629364 m
(I_mean, then the new loss interval is considerably larger than the old)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 303.888916 m
(ones, and the general discount factor DF is updated to decrease the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 293.148468 m
(relative weight on the older intervals, as follows:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 271.66861 m
(     if \(I_0 > 2 * I_mean\) {)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.928162 m
(       DF = 2 * I_mean/I_0;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 250.187729 m
(       if \(DF < THRESHOLD\))
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 239.447296 m
(         DF = THRESHOLD;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 228.706863 m
(     } else)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 217.966431 m
(       DF = 1;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 196.486557 m
(A nonzero value for THRESHOLD ensures that older loss intervals from an)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 185.746124 m
(earlier time of high congestion are not discounted entirely.  We)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 175.005692 m
(recommend a THRESHOLD of 0.5.  Note that with each new packet arrival,)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 164.265259 m
(I_0 will increase further, and the discount factor DF will be updated.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.305511 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 26]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
showpage
PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
grestore

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0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0 re
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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
f
0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(When a new loss event occurs, the current interval shifts from I_0 to)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 658.319214 m
(I_1, loss interval I_i shifts to interval I_\(i+1\), and the loss interv\
al)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 647.578796 m
(I_n is forgotten.  The previous discount factor DF has to be)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.838379 m
(incorporated into the discount array.  Because DF_i carries the discount\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 626.097961 m
(factor associated with loss interval I_i, the DF_i array has to be)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 615.357544 m
(shifted as well. This is done as follows:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 593.877686 m
(     for \(i = 1 to n\) {)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 583.137268 m
(       DF_i = DF * DF_i;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 572.396851 m
(     })
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 561.656433 m
(     for \(i = n-1 to 0 step -1\) {)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 550.916016 m
(       DF_\(i+1\) = DF_i;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 540.175598 m
(     })
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.435181 m
(     I_0 = 1;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 518.694763 m
(     DF_0 = 1;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.954315 m
(     DF = 1;)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 475.734009 m
(This completes the description of the optional history discounting)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 464.993561 m
(mechanism. We emphasize that this is an optional mechanism whose sole)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 454.253113 m
(purpose is to allow TFMCC to response somewhat more quickly to the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 443.512665 m
(sudden absence of congestion, as represented by a long current loss)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 432.772217 m
(interval.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.55191 m
(5.6.  Initializing the Loss History after the First Loss Event)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 379.072052 m
(The number of packets received before the first loss event usually does)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 368.331604 m
(not reflect the current loss event rate.  When the first loss event)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 357.591156 m
(occurs, a TFMCC receiver assumes that the correct data rate is the rate)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 346.850708 m
(at which data was received during the last RTT when the loss occurred.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 336.11026 m
(Instead of initializing the first loss interval to the number of packets\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 325.369812 m
(sent until the first loss event, the TFMCC receiver calculates the loss)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 314.629364 m
(interval that would be required to produce the receive rate X_recv, and)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 303.888916 m
(uses this synthetic loss interval l_0 to seed the loss history)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 293.148468 m
(mechanism.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 271.66861 m
(The initial loss interval is calculated by inverting a simplified)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.928162 m
(version of the TCP Equation \(1\).)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.308502 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 27]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
showpage
PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
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0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(                                  s)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 658.319214 m
(     X_recv = sqrt\(3/2\) * -----------------)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 647.578796 m
(                           R * sqrt\(1/l_0\))
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 626.098938 m
(                  X_recv * R)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.358521 m
(     ==> l_0 = \(---------------\)^2)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.618103 m
(                 sqrt\(3/2\) * s)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 561.658386 m
(The resulting initial loss interval is too small at higher loss rates)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 550.917969 m
(compared to using the more accurate Equation \(1\), which leads to a mor\
e)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 540.177551 m
(conservative initial loss event rate.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 518.697693 m
(If a receiver still uses the initial RTT R_max instead of its real RTT,)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.957245 m
(the initial loss interval is too large in case the initial RTT is higher\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 497.216797 m
(than the actual RTT.  As a consequence, the receiver will calculate a)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 486.476349 m
(too high desired rate when the first RTT measurement R is made and the)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 475.735901 m
(initial loss interval is still in the loss history.  The receiver has to\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 464.995453 m
(adjust l_0 as follows:)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 432.775146 m
(     l_0 = l_0 * \(R/R_max\)^2)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 389.815399 m
(No action needs to be taken when the first RTT measurement is made after\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 379.074951 m
(the initial loss interval left the loss history.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 346.854645 m
(6.  Security Considerations)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 325.374786 m
(TFMCC is not a transport protocol in its own right, but a congestion)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 314.634338 m
(control mechanism that is intended to be used in conjunction with a)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 303.89389 m
(transport protocol.  Therefore security primarily needs to be considered\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 293.153442 m
(in the context of a specific transport protocol and its authentication)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 282.412994 m
(mechanisms.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 260.933136 m
(Congestion control mechanisms can potentially be exploited to create)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 250.192703 m
(denial of service.  This may occur through spoofed feedback.  Thus any)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 239.452271 m
(transport protocol that uses TFMCC should take care to ensure that)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 228.711838 m
(feedback is only accepted from valid receivers of the data.  The precise\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 217.971405 m
(mechanism to achieve this will however depend on the transport protocol)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 207.230972 m
(itself.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 185.751099 m
(Congestion control mechanisms may potentially be manipulated by a greedy\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 175.010666 m
(receiver that wishes to receive more than its fair share of network)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 164.270233 m
(bandwidth.  However, in TFMCC a receiver can only influence the sending)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.310486 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 28]\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
n
userdict /pgsave get restore
showpage
PDFVars/TermAll get exec end end
grestore

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0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0 re
W
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90.0 107.82 432.0 612.18 re
[/DeviceGray] cs 1.0 sc
f
0.0 sc
90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(rate if it is the CLR and thus has the lowest calculated rate of all)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 658.319214 m
(receivers.  If the calculated rate is then manipulated such that it)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 647.578796 m
(exceeds the calculated rate of the second to lowest receiver, it will)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 636.838379 m
(cease to be CLR.  A greedy receiver can only significantly increase then\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 626.097961 m
(transmission rate if it is the only participant in the session.  If such\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.357544 m
(scenarios are of concern, possible defenses against such a receiver)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 604.617126 m
(would normally include some form of nonce that the receiver must feed)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 593.876709 m
(back to the sender to prove receipt.  However, the details of such a)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 583.136292 m
(nonce would depend on the transport protocol, and in particular on)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
] pdfxs
90.0 572.395874 m
(whether the transport protocol is reliable or unreliable.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 550.916016 m
(It is possible that a receiver sends feedback claiming it has a very low\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 540.175598 m
(calculated rate.  This will reduce the rate of the multicast session and\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 529.435181 m
(might render it useless but obviously cannot hurt the network itself.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.955322 m
(We expect that protocols incorporating ECN with TFMCC will also want to)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 497.214874 m
(incorporate feedback from the receiver to the sender using the ECN nonce\
)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 486.474426 m
([8]. The ECN nonce is a modification to ECN that protects the sender)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 475.733978 m
(from the accidental or malicious concealment of marked packets.  Again,)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 464.99353 m
(the details of such a nonce would depend on the transport protocol, and)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 454.253082 m
(are not addressed in this document.)
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90.0 422.032776 m
(7.  IANA Considerations)
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90.0 400.552917 m
(There are no IANA actions required for this document.)
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90.0 368.332611 m
(8.  Authors' Addresses)
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90.0 346.852753 m
(     Joerg Widmer)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 336.112305 m
(     DoCoMo Euro-Labs)
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90.0 325.371857 m
(     Landsberger Str. 312, Munich, Germany)
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90.0 314.631409 m
(     widmer@acm.org)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 282.411102 m
(     Mark Handley)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 271.670654 m
(     UCL \(University College London\))
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.930206 m
(     Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 250.189774 m
(     m.handley@cs.ucl.ac.uk)
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90.0 207.230026 m
(9.  Acknowledgments)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 185.750153 m
(We would like to acknowledge feedback and discussions on equation-based)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 175.00972 m
(congestion control with a wide range of people, including members of the\
)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 164.269287 m
(Reliable Multicast Research Group, the Reliable Multicast Transport)
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 121.30954 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 29]\
)
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90.0 701.279968 m
/N105 10.020004 Tf
(                         Expires: September 2006              March 2006\
)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 669.059631 m
(Working Group, and the End-to-End Research Group.  We would particularly\
)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 658.319214 m
(like to thank Brian Adamson, Mark Pullen, and Fei Zhao for feedback on)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 647.578796 m
(earlier versions of this document.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 615.358459 m
(10.  References)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 583.138123 m
([1] B. Adamson, C. Bormann, M. Handley, and J. Macker, "NACK-Oriented)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 572.397705 m
(     Reliable Multicast \(NORM\) Protocol Building Blocks", Internet Dra\
ft)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 561.657288 m
(     draft-ietf-rmt-norm-bb-09.txt, July 2004, work in progress.)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 550.91687 m
(     Citation for informational purposes only.)
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90.0 529.437012 m
([2] S. Floyd, M. Handley, J. Padhye, and J. Widmer, "Equation-Based)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 518.696594 m
(     Congestion Control for Unicast Applications", Proc ACM SIGCOMM)
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 507.956146 m
(     2000, Stockholm, August 2000)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
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] pdfxs
90.0 486.476288 m
([3] H. W. Holbrook, "A Channel Model for Multicast," Ph.D.)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 475.73584 m
(     Dissertation, Stanford University, Department of Computer Science,)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 464.995392 m
(     Stanford, California, August 2001.)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 443.515533 m
([4] J. Padhye, V. Firoiu, D. Towsley, and J. Kurose, "Modeling TCP)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
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] pdfxs
90.0 432.775085 m
(     Throughput: A Simple Model and its Empirical Validation", Proc ACM)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 422.034637 m
(     SIGCOMM 1998.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 400.554779 m
([5] K. Ramakrishnan and S. Floyd, "A Proposal to add Explicit Congestion\
)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 389.814331 m
(     Notification \(ECN\) to IP", RFC 2481, January 1999.)
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90.0 368.334473 m
([6] L. Rizzo, "pgmcc: a TCP-friendly single-rate multicast congestion)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 357.594025 m
(     control scheme", Proc ACM SIGCOMM 2000, Stockholm, August 2000)
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5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 336.114166 m
([7] H. Schulzrinne, S. Casner, R. Frederick, and V. Jacobson, "RTP: A)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 325.373718 m
(     Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", RFC 1889, January)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 314.63327 m
(     1996.)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 293.153412 m
([8] N. Spring, D. Wetherall, and D. Ely, "Robust Explicit Congestion)
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5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 282.412964 m
(     Notification \(ECN\) Signaling with Nonces", RFC 3540, June 2003.)
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5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 260.933105 m
([9] J. Widmer and T. Fuhrmann, "Extremum Feedback for Very Large)
[5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 
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90.0 250.192673 m
(     Multicast Groups", Proc NGC 2001, London, November 2001.)
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5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 5.999038 ] pdfxs
90.0 228.712799 m
([10] J. Widmer and M. Handley, "Extending Equation-Based Congestion)
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90.0 217.972366 m
(     Control to Multicast Applications", Proc ACM SIGCOMM 2001, San)
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90.0 207.231934 m
(     Diego, August 2001)
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90.0 121.311447 m
(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 30]\
)
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(Widmer/Handley                                                 [Page 31]\
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