One document matched: draft-ietf-pim-bidir-06.ps

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/F0 10/Courier-Bold@0 SF(Internet Engineering Task Force)72 85 Q(PIM WG)
210 E 246(INTERNET-DRAFT Mark)72 98 R(Handley/UCL)6 E 144
(draft-ietf-pim-bidir-06.ps Isidor)72 111 R(Kouvelas/Cisco)6 E
(Tony Speakman/Cisco)390 124 Q(Lorenzo Vicisano/Cisco)372 137 Q
(12 April 2004)426 150 Q(Expires: October 2004)378 163 Q/F1 14
/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bi-dir)107.82 188 Q(ectional Pr)-.252 E
(otocol Independent Multicast \(BIDIR-PIM\))-.252 E/F2 11/Times-Bold@0
SF(Status of this Document)72 220 Q/F3 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(This documen\
t is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all pro)72 236.6
Q(visions of Section 10 of)-.165 E(RFC2026.)72 249.6 Q
(Internet-Drafts are w)72 266.2 Q
(orking documents of the Internet Engineering T)-.11 E(ask F)-.88 E
(orce \(IETF\), its areas,)-.165 E(and its w)72 279.2 Q(orking groups.)
-.11 E(Note that other groups may also distrib)5.5 E(ute w)-.22 E
(orking documents as)-.11 E(Internet-Drafts.)72 292.2 Q
(Internet-Drafts are draft documents v)72 308.8 Q
(alid for a maximum of six months and may be updated,)-.275 E
(replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at an)72 321.8 Q 2.75(yt)
-.165 G 2.75(ime. It)-2.75 F(is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts)
2.75 E(as reference material or to cite them other than as "w)72 334.8 Q
(ork in progress.")-.11 E
(The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www)72
351.4 Q(.ietf.or)-.715 E(g/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt)-.198 E
(The list of Internet-Draft Shado)72 368 Q 2.75(wD)-.275 G
(irectories can be accessed at http://www)-2.75 E(.ietf.or)-.715 E
(g/shado)-.198 E -.715(w.)-.275 G(html.).715 E
(This document is a product of the IETF PIM WG.)72 384.6 Q
(Comments should be addressed to the authors,)5.5 E(or the WG')72 397.6
Q 2.75(sm)-.605 G(ailing list at pim@catarina.usc.edu.)-2.75 E F2
(Abstract)267.534 416.6 Q F3
(This document discusses Bi-directional PIM, a v)97 439.2 Q
(ariant of PIM Sparse-Mode [4] that)-.275 E -.22(bu)97 452.2 S(ilds bi-\
directional shared trees connecting multicast sources and recei).22 E
-.165(ve)-.275 G(rs. Bi-).165 E(directional trees are b)97 465.2 Q
(uilt using a f)-.22 E(ail-safe Designated F)-.11 E(orw)-.165 E
(arder \(DF\) election)-.11 E
(mechanism operating on each link of a multicast topology)97 478.2 Q 5.5
(.W)-.715 G(ith the assistance of the)-5.94 E(DF)97 491.2 Q 2.75(,m)-.88
G(ulticast data is nati)-2.75 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(ly forw).165 E
(arded from sources to the Rendezv)-.11 E(ous-Point and)-.22 E
(hence along the shared tree to recei)97 504.2 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G
(rs without requiring source-speci\214c state.).165 E(The)5.5 E
(DF election tak)97 517.2 Q(es place at RP disco)-.11 E -.165(ve)-.165 G
(ry time and pro).165 E(vides the route to the RP thus)-.165 E
(eliminating the requirement for data-dri)97 530.2 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G
2.75(np).165 G(rotocol e)-2.75 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(nts.).165 E(Handle)72
769 Q(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 220.91(icisano [P)
-.66 F(age 1])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E/F1 13/Times-Bold@0 SF -1.196
(Ta)239.126 85 S(ble of Contents)1.196 E/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
(1. Introduction)97 123 Q F0 11(......................)3.56 G F2(4)11.5
E(2. T)97 135 Q(erminology)-.7 E F0 11(......................)1.48 G F2
(4)11.5 E(2.1. De\214nitions)107 147 Q F0 11(.....................)4.8 G
F2(4)11.5 E(2.2. Pseudocode Notation)107 159 Q F0 11(..................)
5.23 G F2(6)11.5 E(3. Protocol Speci\214cation)97 171 Q F0 11
(...................)5.64 G F2(6)11.5 E(3.1. BIDIR-PIM Protocol State)
107 183 Q F0 11(................)10.78 G F2(6)11.5 E
(3.1.1. General Purpose State)117 195 Q F0 11(................)11.63 G
F2(7)11.5 E(3.1.2. RP)117 207 Q 2.5(AS)-.92 G(tate)-2.5 E F0 11
(....................)4.47 G F2(7)11.5 E(3.1.3. Group State)117 219 Q F0
11(...................)11.2 G F2(7)11.5 E
(3.1.4. State Summarization Macros)117 231 Q F0 11(..............)11.9 G
F2(8)11.5 E(3.2. PIM Neighbor Disco)107 243 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(ry).15 E F0
11(.................)2.9 G F2(9)11.5 E(3.3. Data P)107 255 Q(ack)-.15 E
(et F)-.1 E(orw)-.15 E(arding Rules)-.1 E F0 11(...............)9.77 G
F2(9)11.5 E(3.3.1. Upstream F)117 267 Q(orw)-.15 E(arding at RP)-.1 E F0
11(...............)2.01 G F2(10)6.5 E(3.3.2. Source-Only Branches)117
279 Q F0 11(................)9.69 G F2(10)6.5 E
(3.3.3. Directly Connected Sources)117 291 Q F0 11(...............)2.05
G F2(10)6.5 E(3.4. PIM Join/Prune Messages)107 303 Q F0 11
(................)13.56 G F2(10)6.5 E(3.4.1. Recei)117 315 Q
(ving \(*,G\) Join/Prune Messages)-.25 E F0 11(............)4.66 G F2
(11)6.5 E(3.4.2. Sending Join/Prune Messages)117 327 Q F0 11
(..............)8.56 G F2(13)6.5 E(3.5. Designated F)107 339 Q(orw)-.15
E(arder \(DF\) Election)-.1 E F0 11(.............)12.59 G F2(15)6.5 E
(3.5.1. DF Requirements)117 351 Q F0 11(..................)2.17 G F2(15)
6.5 E(3.5.2. DF Election description)117 363 Q F0 11(................)
4.95 G F2(15)6.5 E(3.5.2.1. Bootstrap Election)127 375 Q F0 11
(................)8.28 G F2(16)6.5 E(3.5.2.2. Loser Metric Changes)127
387 Q F0 11(...............)7.88 G F2(16)6.5 E(3.5.2.3. W)127 399 Q
(inner Metric Changes)-.4 E F0 11(...............)1.06 G F2(17)6.5 E
(3.5.2.4. W)127 411 Q(inner Loses P)-.4 E(ath)-.15 E F0 11
(................)7.45 G F2(17)6.5 E(3.5.2.5. Late Router Starting Up)
127 423 Q F0 11(...............).37 G F2(17)6.5 E(3.5.2.6. W)127 435 Q
(inner Dies)-.4 E F0 11(..................)5.08 G F2(17)6.5 E
(3.5.3. Election Protocol Speci\214cation)117 447 Q F0 11
(..............)3.56 G F2(18)6.5 E(3.5.3.1. Election State)127 459 Q F0
11(.................)13.42 G F2(18)6.5 E(3.5.3.2. Election Messages)127
471 Q F0 11(................)8.29 G F2(18)6.5 E(3.5.3.3. Election Ev)127
483 Q(ents)-.15 E F0 11(.................)6.35 G F2(19)6.5 E
(3.5.3.4. Election Actions)127 495 Q F0 11(.................)2.31 G F2
(20)6.5 E(3.5.3.5. Election State T)127 507 Q(ransitions)-.35 E F0 11
(..............)7.52 G F2(20)6.5 E
(3.5.4. Election Reliability Enhancements)117 519 Q F0 11(.............)
2.87 G F2(23)6.5 E(3.5.5. Missing P)117 531 Q(ass)-.15 E F0 11
(...................)6.89 G F2(24)6.5 E(3.5.6. Periodic W)117 543 Q
(inner Announcement)-.4 E F0 11(.............)12.73 G F2(24)6.5 E
(3.6. T)107 555 Q(imers Counters and Constants)-.35 E F0 11
(...............)6.27 G F2(24)6.5 E(3.7. BIDIR PIM P)107 567 Q(ack)-.15
E(et F)-.1 E(ormats)-.15 E F0 11(................)6.46 G F2(26)6.5 E
(3.7.1. DF Election P)117 579 Q(ack)-.15 E(et F)-.1 E(ormats)-.15 E F0
11(...............)1.6 G F2(26)6.5 E(3.7.2. Back)117 591 Q(of)-.1 E 2.5
(fM)-.25 G(essage)-2.5 E F0 11(..................)3.65 G F2(27)6.5 E
(3.7.3. P)117 603 Q(ass Message)-.15 E F0 11(...................)4.13 G
F2(28)6.5 E(3.7.4. Bidir Capable PIM-Hello Option)117 615 Q F0 11
(.............)9.81 G F2(28)6.5 E(4. RP Disco)97 627 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G
(ry).15 E F0 11(.....................)11.22 G F2(29)6.5 E
(5. Security Considerations)97 639 Q F0 11(..................)12.17 G F2
(29)6.5 E(5.1. Attacks Based on F)107 651 Q(or)-.15 E(ged Messages)-.18
E F0 11(..............)3.63 G F2(29)6.5 E
(5.1.1. Election of an Incorrect DF)117 663 Q F0 11(...............)4.28
G F2(29)6.5 E(5.1.2. Pre)117 675 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nting Election Con).15
E -.15(ve)-.4 G -.18(rg).15 G(ence).18 E F0 11(.............)8.46 G F2
(30)6.5 E(5.2. Non-cryptographic Authentication Mechanisms)107 687 Q F0
11(..........)9.42 G F2(30)6.5 E(5.2.1. Basic Access Control)117 699 Q
F0 11(.................).65 G F2(30)6.5 E
(5.3. Authentication Using IPsec)107 711 Q F0 11(................)8.01 G
F2(30)6.5 E(5.4. Denial of Service Attacks)107 723 Q F0 11
(.................)1.22 G F2(30)6.5 E F0(Handle)72 769 Q(y/K)-.165 E
(ouv)-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 220.91(icisano [P)-.66 F(age 2])
-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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(6. Change history)97 84 Q F0 11(.....................)5.92 G F1(30)6.5
E(7. Ackno)97 96 Q(wledgments)-.25 E F0 11(....................)5.76 G
F1(31)6.5 E(8. Authors' Addresses)97 108 Q F0 11(....................)
1.35 G F1(31)6.5 E(9. Normati)97 120 Q .3 -.15(ve R)-.25 H(eferences).15
E F0 11(...................)4.96 G F1(31)6.5 E(10. Informati)97 132 Q .3
-.15(ve R)-.25 H(eferences).15 E F0 11(..................)9.27 G F1(32)
6.5 E(11. Inde)97 144 Q(x)-.15 E F0 11(.......................)11.63 G
F1(33)6.5 E F0(Handle)72 769 Q(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)
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(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(1.)72 85
Q/F2 14/Times-Bold@0 SF(Intr)5.5 E(oduction)-.252 E F0
(This document speci\214es Bi-directional PIM \(BIDIR-PIM\), a v)72
101.6 Q(ariant of PIM Sparse-Mode \(PIM-)-.275 E(SM\) [4] that b)72
114.6 Q(uilds bi-directional shared trees connecting multicast sources \
and recei)-.22 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(rs.).165 E
(PIM-SM constructs uni-directional shared trees that are used to forw)72
131.2 Q(ard data from senders to)-.11 E(recei)72 144.2 Q -.165(ve)-.275
G(rs of a multicast group.).165 E(PIM-SM also allo)5.5 E
(ws the construction of source speci\214c trees, b)-.275 E(ut)-.22 E(th\
is capability is not related to the protocol described in this document\
.)72 157.2 Q(The shared tree for each multicast group is rooted at a mu\
lticast router called the Rendezv)72 173.8 Q(ous)-.22 E
(Point \(RP\). Dif)72 186.8 Q
(ferent multicast groups can use separate RPs within a PIM domain.)-.275
E(In unidirectional PIM-SM, there are tw)72 203.4 Q 2.75(op)-.11 G
(ossible methods for distrib)-2.75 E(uting data pack)-.22 E(ets on the)
-.11 E(shared tree. These dif)72 216.4 Q(fer in the w)-.275 E(ay pack)
-.11 E(ets are forw)-.11 E(arded from a source to the RP:)-.11 E 7.15
<8349>72 233 S(nitially when a source starts transmitting, its \214rst \
hop router encapsulates data pack)-7.15 E(ets in)-.11 E
(special control messages \(Re)83 246 Q
(gisters\) which are unicast to the RP)-.165 E 2.75(.A)-1.221 G
(fter reaching the RP the)-2.75 E(pack)83 259 Q
(ets are decapsulated and distrib)-.11 E(uted on the shared tree.)-.22 E
7.15<8341>72 275.6 S(transition from the abo)-4.4 E .33 -.165(ve d)-.165
H(istrib).165 E(ution mode can be made at a later stage.)-.22 E
(This is achie)5.5 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(db).165 G(y)-2.75 E -.22(bu)
83 288.6 S(ilding source speci\214c state on all routers along the path\
 between the source and the RP).22 E 5.5(.T)-1.221 G(his)-5.5 E
(state is then used to nati)83 301.6 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G(ly forw).165 E
(ard pack)-.11 E(ets from that source.)-.11 E(Both these mechanisms suf)
72 318.2 Q
(fer from problems. Encapsulation results in signi\214cant processing,)
-.275 E(bandwidth and delay o)72 331.2 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G(rheads. F).165
E(orw)-.165 E
(arding using source speci\214c state has additional protocol)-.11 E
(and memory requirements.)72 344.2 Q(Bi-directional PIM dispenses with \
both encapsulation and source state by allo)72 360.8 Q(wing pack)-.275 E
(ets to be)-.11 E(nati)72 373.8 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G(ly forw).165 E(arded\
 from a source to the RP using shared tree state. In contrast to PIM-SM\
 this)-.11 E(mode of forw)72 386.8 Q(arding does not require an)-.11 E
2.75(yd)-.165 G(ata-dri)-2.75 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(ne).165 G -.165
(ve)-3.025 G(nts.).165 E
(The protocol speci\214cation in this document assumes f)72 403.4 Q
(amiliarity with the PIM-SM speci\214cation in)-.11 E([4]. Portions of \
the BIDIR-PIM protocol operation that are identical to that of PIM-SM a\
re only)72 416.4 Q(de\214ned by reference.)72 429.4 Q F1(2.)72 459 Q F2
-1.288(Te)5.5 G(rminology)1.288 E F0(In this document, the k)72 475.6 Q
.33 -.165(ey w)-.11 H(ords "MUST", "MUST NO).055 E(T", "REQ)-.44 E
(UIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL)-.11 E(NO)72 488.6 Q(T", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NO)
-.44 E(T", "RECOMMENDED", "MA)-.44 E(Y", and "OPTION)-1.155 E
(AL" are to)-.385 E
(be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 and indicate requirement le)72
501.6 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G(ls for compliant BIDIR-).165 E
(PIM implementations.)72 514.6 Q F1(2.1.)72 540.6 Q/F3 13/Times-Bold@0
SF(De\214nitions)5.5 E F0(This speci\214cation uses a number of terms t\
o refer to the roles of routers participating in BIDIR-)72 557.2 Q 2.75
(PIM. The)72 570.2 R(follo)2.75 E(wing terms ha)-.275 E .33 -.165(ve s)
-.22 H(pecial signi\214cance for BIDIR-PIM:).165 E(MRIB)72 586.8 Q
(Multicast Routing Information Base.)105 599.8 Q
(This is the multicast topology table, which is)5.5 E(typically deri)105
612.8 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(df).165 G
(rom the unicast routing table, or routing protocols such as MBGP that)
-2.75 E(carry multicast-speci\214c topology information. It is used by \
PIM for establishing the RPF)105 625.8 Q(interf)105 638.8 Q
(ace \(used in the forw)-.11 E
(arding rules\). In PIM-SM the MRIB is also used to mak)-.11 E(e)-.11 E
(decisions re)105 651.8 Q -.055(ga)-.165 G(rding where to forw).055 E
(ard Join/Prune messages whereas in BIDIR-PIM it is)-.11 E
(used as a source for routing metrics for the DF election process.)105
664.8 Q(Rendezv)72 681.4 Q(ous Point Address \(RP)-.22 E(A\):)-1.012 E
(An RP)105 694.4 Q 2.75(Ai)-1.012 G 2.75(sa)-2.75 G 2.75(na)-2.75 G(ddr\
ess that has been con\214gured to be used as the root of the distrib)
-2.75 E(ution)-.22 E(tree for a range of multicast groups. The RP)105
707.4 Q 2.75(Am)-1.012 G(ust be routable from all routers in the PIM)
-2.75 E(domain. The RP)105 720.4 Q 2.75(Ad)-1.012 G
(oes not need to correspond to an address for an interf)-2.75 E
(ace of a real)-.11 E(Handle)72 769 Q(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E
(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 163.16(icisano Section)-.66 F 2.75(2.1. [P)2.75
F(age 4])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 49 Q 70.976(-DRAFT Expires:)-1.012 F
(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E(router)105 85 Q 2.75(.I)-.605
G 2.75(nt)-2.75 G(his respect BIDIR-PIM dif)-2.75 E
(fers from PIM-SM that requires an actual router to)-.275 E
(be con\214gured as the Rendezv)105 98 Q
(ous Point \(RP\). Join messages from recei)-.22 E -.165(ve)-.275 G
(rs for a BIDIR-).165 E(PIM group propag)105 111 Q(ate hop-by-hop to)
-.055 E -.11(wa)-.275 G(rds the RP).11 E(A.)-1.012 E(Rendezv)72 127.6 Q
(ous Point Link \(RPL\):)-.22 E(An RPL for a particular RP)105 140.6 Q
2.75(Ai)-1.012 G 2.75(st)-2.75 G(he ph)-2.75 E
(ysical link to which the RP)-.055 E 2.75(Ab)-1.012 G(elongs. In BIDIR-)
-2.75 E(PIM all multicast traf)105 153.6 Q
(\214c to groups mapping to a speci\214c RP)-.275 E 2.75(Ai)-1.012 G
2.75(sf)-2.75 G(orw)-2.75 E(arded on the RPL of)-.11 E(that RP)105 166.6
Q(A. The RPL is special within a BIDIR-PIM domain as it is the only lin\
k on which a)-1.012 E(Designated F)105 179.6 Q(orw)-.165 E
(arder election does not tak)-.11 E 2.75(ep)-.11 G
(lace \(see DF de\214nition belo)-2.75 E(w\).)-.275 E(Upstream)72 196.2
Q -1.265 -.88(To w)105 209.2 T(ards the root \(RP).77 E
(A\) of the tree. The direction used by pack)-1.012 E(ets tra)-.11 E
-.165(ve)-.22 G(ling from sources).165 E(to the RPL.)105 222.2 Q(Do)72
238.8 Q(wnstream)-.275 E -.836 -1.012(Aw a)105 251.8 T 2.75(yf)1.012 G
(rom the root of the tree. The direction on which pack)-2.75 E(ets tra)
-.11 E -.165(ve)-.22 G 2.75(lf).165 G(rom the RPL to)-2.75 E(recei)105
264.8 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G(rs.).165 E(Designated F)72 281.4 Q(orw)-.165 E
(arder \(DF\):)-.11 E(The protocol presented in this document is lar)105
294.4 Q(gely based on the concept of a Designated)-.198 E -.165(Fo)105
307.4 S(rw).165 E(arder \(DF\). A single DF e)-.11 E(xists for each RP)
-.165 E 2.75(Ao)-1.012 G 2.75(ne)-2.75 G -.165(ve)-3.025 G
(ry link within a BIDIR-PIM).165 E(domain \(this includes both multi-ac\
cess and point-to-point links\). The only e)105 320.4 Q(xception is)
-.165 E(the RPL on which no DF e)105 333.4 Q
(xists. The DF is the router on the link with the best route to the)
-.165 E(RP)105 346.4 Q 2.75(A\()-1.012 G
(determined by comparing MRIB pro)-2.75 E
(vided metrics\). A DF for a gi)-.165 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(nR).165 G
2.024 -1.012(PA i)-2.75 H 2.75(si)1.012 G(n)-2.75 E(char)105 359.4 Q
(ge of forw)-.198 E(arding do)-.11 E(wnstream traf)-.275 E
(\214c onto its link, and forw)-.275 E(arding upstream traf)-.11 E<8c63>
-.275 E(from its link to)105 372.4 Q -.11(wa)-.275 G(rds the RPL.).11 E
(It does this for all the bi-directional groups that map to the)5.5 E
(RP)105 385.4 Q 2.75(A. The)-1.012 F
(DF on a link is also responsible for processing Join messages from do)
2.75 E(wnstream)-.275 E
(routers on the link as well as ensuring that pack)105 398.4 Q
(ets are forw)-.11 E(arded to local recei)-.11 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(rs)
.165 E(\(disco)105 411.4 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G(red through a local members\
hip mechanism such as MLD [3] or IGMP [2]\).).165 E(RPF Interf)72 428 Q
(ace)-.11 E(RPF stands for "Re)105 441 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G(rse P).165 E
(ath F)-.165 E(orw)-.165 E 2.75(arding". The)-.11 F(RPF Interf)2.75 E
(ace of a router with respect to)-.11 E(an address is the interf)105 454
Q(ace that the MRIB indicates should be used to reach that address.)-.11
E(In the case of a BIDIR-PIM multicast group, the RPF interf)105 467 Q
(ace is determined by looking)-.11 E(up the RP)105 480 Q 2.75(Ai)-1.012
G 2.75(nt)-2.75 G(he MRIB. The RPF information determines the interf)
-2.75 E(ace of the router that)-.11 E -.11(wo)105 493 S
(uld be used to send pack).11 E(ets to)-.11 E -.11(wa)-.275 G
(rds the RPL for the group.).11 E(RPF Neighbor)72 509.6 Q(The RPF Neigh\
bor of a router with respect to an address is the neighbor that the MRI\
B)105 522.6 Q(indicates should be used to reach that address. Note that\
 in BIDIR-PIM, the RPF neighbor)105 535.6 Q
(for a group is not necessarily the router on the RPF interf)105 548.6 Q
(ace that Join messages for that)-.11 E(group w)105 561.6 Q(ould be dir\
ected to \(Join messages are only directed to the DF on the RPF)-.11 E
(interf)105 574.6 Q(ace for the group\).)-.11 E 12.529(TIB T)72 591.2 R
(ree Information Base.)-.385 E
(This is the collection of state at a PIM router that has been created)
5.5 E(by recei)105 604.2 Q
(ving PIM Join/Prune messages, PIM DF election messages and IGMP or MLD)
-.275 E(information from local hosts.)105 617.2 Q
(It essentially stores the state of all multicast distrib)5.5 E(ution)
-.22 E(trees at that router)105 630.2 Q(.)-.605 E 3.355(MFIB Multicast)
72 646.8 R -.165(Fo)2.75 G(rw).165 E(arding Information Base.)-.11 E
(The TIB holds all the state that is necessary to)5.5 E(forw)105 659.8 Q
(ard multicast pack)-.11 E(ets at a router)-.11 E 5.5(.H)-.605 G -.275
(ow)-5.5 G -2.365 -.275(ev e).275 H .88 -.44(r, a).275 H
(lthough this speci\214cation de\214nes).44 E(forw)105 672.8 Q
(arding in terms of the TIB, to actually forw)-.11 E(ard pack)-.11 E
(ets using the TIB is v)-.11 E(ery)-.165 E(inef)105 685.8 Q 2.75
(\214cient. Instead)-.275 F 2.75(ar)2.75 G
(eal router implementation will normally b)-2.75 E(uild an ef)-.22 E
(\214cient MFIB)-.275 E(from the TIB state to perform forw)105 698.8 Q
2.75(arding. Ho)-.11 F 2.75(wt)-.275 G
(his is done is implementation-speci\214c,)-2.75 E
(and is not discussed in this document.)105 711.8 Q(Handle)72 769 Q(y/K)
-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 163.16(icisano Section)-.66
F 2.75(2.1. [P)2.75 F(age 5])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 49 Q 70.976(-DRAFT Expires:)-1.012 F
(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(2.2.)72
85 Q/F2 13/Times-Bold@0 SF(Pseudocode Notation)5.5 E F0 1.76 -.88(We u)
72 101.6 T(se set notation in se).88 E -.165(ve)-.275 G
(ral places in this speci\214cation.).165 E/F3 11/Courier@0 SF 6.6(A\()
72 118.2 S(+\) B)-6.6 E F0(is the union of tw)94 131.2 Q 2.75(os)-.11 G
(ets A and B.)-2.75 E F3 6.6(A\()72 147.8 S(-\) B)-6.6 E F0
(is the elements of set A that are not in set B.)94 160.8 Q F3(NULL)72
177.4 Q F0(is the empty set or list.)94 190.4 Q
(In addition we use C-lik)72 207 Q 2.75(es)-.11 G(yntax:)-2.75 E 15.796
(=d)72 223.6 S(enotes assignment of a v)-15.796 E(ariable.)-.275 E 6.842
(== denotes)72 240.2 R 2.75(ac)2.75 G(omparison for equality)-2.75 E(.)
-.715 E 9.383(!= denotes)72 256.8 R 2.75(ac)2.75 G
(omparison for inequality)-2.75 E(.)-.715 E
(Braces { and } are used for grouping.)72 273.4 Q F1(3.)72 299.4 Q/F4 14
/Times-Bold@0 SF(Pr)5.5 E(otocol Speci\214cation)-.252 E F0
(The speci\214cation of BIDIR-PIM is brok)72 316 Q(en into se)-.11 E
-.165(ve)-.275 G(ral parts:).165 E 7.15<8353>72 332.6 S
(ection 3.1 details the protocol state stored.)-7.15 E 7.15<8353>72
349.2 S(ection 3.2 de\214nes the BIDIR-PIM e)-7.15 E
(xtensions to the PIM-SM [4] neighbour disco)-.165 E -.165(ve)-.165 G
(ry).165 E(mechanism.)83 362.2 Q 7.15<8353>72 378.8 S
(ection 3.3 speci\214es the data pack)-7.15 E(et forw)-.11 E
(arding rules.)-.11 E 7.15<8353>72 395.4 S(ection 3.4 speci\214es the B\
IDIR-PIM Join/Prune generation and processing rules.)-7.15 E 7.15<8344>
72 412 S(esignated F)-7.15 E(orw)-.165 E
(arder \(DF\) election is speci\214ed in Section 3.5.)-.11 E 7.15<8350>
72 428.6 S(IM pack)-7.15 E(et formats are speci\214ed in Section 3.7.)
-.11 E 7.15<8341>72 445.2 S(summary of BIDIR-PIM timers and their def)
-4.4 E(ault v)-.11 E(alues is gi)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(ni).165 G
2.75(nS)-2.75 G(ection 3.6.)-2.75 E F1(3.1.)72 474.8 Q F2(BIDIR-PIM Pr)
5.5 E(otocol State)-.234 E F0(This section speci\214es all the protocol\
 state that a BIDIR-PIM implementation should maintain in)72 491.4 Q
(order to function correctly)72 504.4 Q 5.5(.W)-.715 G 2.75(et)-6.38 G
(erm this state the)-2.75 E/F5 11/Times-Italic@0 SF -1.947 -.605(Tr e)
2.75 H 2.75(eI).605 G(nformation Base)-2.75 E F0
(or TIB, as it holds the)2.75 E(state of all the multicast distrib)72
517.4 Q(ution trees at this router)-.22 E 5.5(.I)-.605 G 2.75(nt)-5.5 G
(his speci\214cation we de\214ne PIM)-2.75 E
(mechanisms in terms of the TIB.)72 530.4 Q(Ho)5.5 E(we)-.275 E -.165
(ve)-.275 G .88 -.44(r, o).165 H(nly a v).44 E
(ery simple implementation w)-.165 E(ould actually)-.11 E
(implement pack)72 543.4 Q(et forw)-.11 E
(arding operations in terms of this state.)-.11 E
(Most implementations will use)5.5 E(this state to b)72 556.4 Q
(uild a multicast forw)-.22 E(arding table, which w)-.11 E
(ould then be updated when the rele)-.11 E -.275(va)-.275 G(nt).275 E
(state in the TIB changes.)72 569.4 Q
(Although we specify precisely the state to be k)72 586 Q
(ept, this does not mean that an implementation of)-.11 E
(BIDIR-PIM needs to hold the state in this form.)72 599 Q
(This is actually an abstract state de\214nition,)5.5 E
(which is needed in order to specify the router')72 612 Q 2.75(sb)-.605
G(eha)-2.75 E(vior)-.22 E 5.5(.A)-.605 G
(BIDIR-PIM implementation is free)-2.75 E(to hold whate)72 625 Q -.165
(ve)-.275 G 2.75(ri).165 G(nternal state it requires, and will still be\
 conformant with this speci\214cation so)-2.75 E
(long as it results in the same e)72 638 Q
(xternally visible protocol beha)-.165 E
(vior as an abstract router that holds)-.22 E(the follo)72 651 Q
(wing state.)-.275 E 1.76 -.88(We d)72 667.6 T -.275(iv).88 G
(ide TIB state into tw).275 E 2.75(os)-.11 G(ections:)-2.75 E(RP)72
684.2 Q 2.75(As)-1.012 G(tate)-2.75 E
(State that maintains the DF election information for each RP)97 697.2 Q
(A.)-1.012 E(Handle)72 769 Q(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)
-.165 E 163.16(icisano Section)-.66 F 2.75(3.1. [P)2.75 F(age 6])-.165 E
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 49 Q 70.976(-DRAFT Expires:)-1.012 F
(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E(Group state)72 85 Q(State tha\
t maintains a group-speci\214c tree for groups that map to a gi)97 98 Q
-.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(nR).165 G -1.012(PA)-2.75 G(.)1.012 E
(The state that should be k)72 114.6 Q(ept is described belo)-.11 E 4.18
-.715(w. O)-.275 H 2.75(fc).715 G
(ourse, implementations will only maintain)-2.75 E
(state when it is rele)72 127.6 Q -.275(va)-.275 G(nt to forw).275 E
(arding operations - for e)-.11 E(xample, the "NoInfo" state might be)
-.165 E(assumed from the lack of other state information, rather than b\
eing held e)72 140.6 Q(xplicitly)-.165 E(.)-.715 E/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF
2.75(3.1.1. General)72 166.6 R(Pur)2.75 E(pose State)-.11 E F0 2.75(Ar)
72 183.2 S(outer holds the follo)-2.75 E
(wing state that is not speci\214c to a RP)-.275 E 2.75(Ao)-1.012 G 2.75
(rg)-2.75 G(roup:)-2.75 E F1(Neighbor State:)97 199.8 Q F0 -.165(Fo)122
216.4 S 2.75(re).165 G(ach neighbor:)-2.75 E 7.15<834e>147 233 S
(eighbor')-7.15 E 2.75(sG)-.605 G(en ID.)-2.75 E 7.15<834e>147 249.6 S
(eighbor li)-7.15 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(ness timer \(NL).165 E(T\))-1.012 E
7.15<834f>147 266.2 S(ther information from neighbor')-7.15 E 2.75(sH)
-.605 G(ello)-2.75 E -.165(Fo)72 282.8 S 2.75(rm).165 G(ore information\
 on Hello information look at section 3.2 as well as the PIM-SM)-2.75 E
(speci\214cation in [4].)72 295.8 Q F1 2.75(3.1.2. RP)72 321.8 R 2.75
(AS)-.814 G(tate)-2.75 E F0 2.75(Ar)72 338.4 S
(outer maintains a multicast-group to RP)-2.75 E 2.75(Am)-1.012 G
(apping which is b)-2.75 E(uilt through static con\214guration)-.22 E
(or by using an automatic RP disco)72 351.4 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G
(ry mechanism lik).165 E 2.75(eB)-.11 G(SR or A)-2.75 E(UT)-.605 E
(O-RP \(see section 4\). F)-.198 E(or)-.165 E(each BIDIR-PIM RP)72 364.4
Q 2.75(Aar)-1.012 G(outer holds the follo)-2.75 E(wing state:)-.275 E
7.15<8352>97 381 S 2.024 -1.012(PA \()-7.15 H(actual address\))1.012 E
F1(Designated F)97 397.6 Q(orwarder \(DF\) State:)-.275 E F0 -.165(Fo)
133 414.2 S 2.75(re).165 G(ach router interf)-2.75 E(ace:)-.11 E F1
(Acting DF inf)133 430.8 Q(ormation:)-.275 E F0 7.15<8344>158 447.4 S
2.75(FI)-7.15 G 2.75(PA)-2.75 G(ddress)-2.75 E 7.15<8344>158 464 S 2.75
(Fm)-7.15 G(etric)-2.75 E F1(Election inf)133 480.6 Q(ormation:)-.275 E
F0 7.15<8345>158 497.2 S(lection State)-7.15 E 7.15<8344>158 513.8 S
2.75(Fe)-7.15 G(lection-T)-2.75 E(imer \(DFT\))-.385 E 7.15<834d>158
530.4 S(essage-Count \(MC\))-7.15 E(Current best of)169 547 Q(fer:)-.275
E 7.15<8349>169 563.6 S 2.75(Pa)-7.15 G(ddress of best of)-2.75 E
(fering router)-.275 E 7.15<8342>169 580.2 S(est of)-7.15 E
(fering router metric)-.275 E(Designated F)72 596.8 Q(orw)-.165 E
(arder state is described in section 3.5.)-.11 E F1 2.75(3.1.3. Gr)72
626.4 R(oup State)-.198 E F0 -.165(Fo)72 643 S 2.75(re).165 G -.165(ve)
-3.025 G(ry group G a router k).165 E(eeps the follo)-.11 E(wing state:)
-.275 E(Group state:)122 659.6 Q -.165(Fo)147 676.2 S 2.75(re).165 G
(ach interf)-2.75 E(ace:)-.11 E F1(Local Membership:)147 692.8 Q F0 7.15
<8353>172 709.4 S(tate: One of {"NoInfo", "Include"})-7.15 E(Handle)72
769 Q(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 154.91
(icisano Section)-.66 F 2.75(3.1.3. [P)2.75 F(age 7])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 49 Q 70.976(-DRAFT Expires:)-1.012 F
(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(PIM J)
147 85 Q(oin/Prune State:)-.165 E F0 7.15<8353>172 101.6 S
(tate: One of {"NoInfo" \(NI\), "Join" \(J\), "PrunePending" \(PP\)})
-7.15 E 7.15<8350>172 118.2 S(rune Pending T)-7.15 E(imer \(PPT\))-.385
E 7.15<834a>172 134.8 S(oin/Prune Expiry T)-7.15 E(imer \(ET\))-.385 E
(Not interf)122 151.4 Q(ace speci\214c:)-.11 E 7.15<8355>147 168 S
(pstream Join/Prune T)-7.15 E(imer \(JT\))-.385 E 7.15<834c>147 184.6 S
(ast RP)-7.15 E 2.75(AU)-1.012 G(sed)-2.75 E(Local membership is the re\
sult of the local membership mechanism \(such as IGMP [2]\) running)72
201.2 Q(on that interf)72 214.2 Q(ace. This information is used by the)
-.11 E/F2 11/Courier@0 SF(pim_include\(*,G\))2.75 E F0
(macro described in)2.75 E(section 3.1.4.)72 227.2 Q
(PIM Join/Prune state is the result of recei)72 243.8 Q
(ving PIM \(*,G\) Join/Prune messages on this interf)-.275 E(ace,)-.11 E
(and is speci\214ed in section 3.4.1. The state is used by the macros t\
hat calculate the outgoing)72 256.8 Q(interf)72 269.8 Q
(ace list in section 3.1.4, and in the)-.11 E F2(JoinDesired\(G\))2.75 E
F0(macro \(de\214ned in section 3.4.2\) that)2.75 E
(is used in deciding whether a Join\(*,G\) should be sent upstream.)72
282.8 Q(The upstream Join/Prune timer is used to send out periodic Join\
\(*,G\) messages, and to o)72 299.4 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G(rride).165 E
(Prune\(*,G\) messages from peers on an upstream LAN interf)72 312.4 Q
(ace.)-.11 E(The last RP)72 329 Q 2.75(Au)-1.012 G
(sed must be stored because if the group to RP)-2.75 E 2.75(Am)-1.012 G
(apping changes \(see RP Set)-2.75 E
(changes in [4]\) then state must be torn do)72 342 Q(wn and reb)-.275 E
(uilt for groups whose RP)-.22 E 2.75(Ac)-1.012 G(hanges.)-2.75 E F1
2.75(3.1.4. State)72 384.6 R(Summarization Macr)2.75 E(os)-.198 E F0
(Using this state, we de\214ne the follo)72 401.2 Q
(wing "macro" de\214nitions which we will use in the descriptions)-.275
E(of the state machines and pseudocode in the follo)72 414.2 Q
(wing sections.)-.275 E F2(olist\(G\) =)72 443.8 Q
(RPF_interface\(RPA\(G\)\) \(+\) joins\(G\) \(+\) pim_include\(G\))98.4
456.8 Q(RPF_interface\(RPA\))72 486.4 Q F0(is the interf)2.75 E
(ace the MRIB indicates w)-.11 E(ould be used to route pack)-.11 E
(ets to)-.11 E(RP)72 499.4 Q(A. The olist\(G\) is the list of interf)
-1.012 E(aces on which pack)-.11 E(ets to group G must be forw)-.11 E
(arded.)-.11 E(The macro pim_include\(G\) indicates the interf)72 516 Q
(aces to which traf)-.11 E(\214c might be forw)-.275 E(arded because)
-.11 E(of hosts that are local members on that interf)72 529 Q(ace.)-.11
E F2(pim_include\(G\) =)72 558.6 Q 6.6({a)98.4 571.6 S
(ll interfaces I such that:)-6.6 E(I_am_DF\(RPA\(G\),I\) AND)111.6 584.6
Q(local_receiver_include\(G,I\) })13.2 E F0(The clause "I_am_DF\(RP)72
614.2 Q(A,I\)" is TR)-1.012 E(UE if the router is in the)-.44 E F2(Win)
2.75 E F0(or)2.75 E F2(Backoff)2.75 E F0(states in the DF)2.75 E
(election state machine \(described in section 3.5\) for the gi)72 627.2
Q -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(nR).165 G 2.024 -1.012(PA o)-2.75 H 2.75(ni)
1.012 G(nterf)-2.75 E(ace I. Otherwise it is)-.11 E -.814(FA)72 640.2 S
(LSE.).814 E(The clause "local_recei)72 656.8 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G(r_incl\
ude\(G,I\)" is true if the IGMP module, MLD module or other local).165 E
(membership mechanism has determined that there are local members on in\
terf)72 669.8 Q(ace I that desire to)-.11 E(recei)72 682.8 Q .33 -.165
(ve t)-.275 H(raf).165 E(\214c sent to group G.)-.275 E
(The set "joins\(G\)" is the set of all interf)72 699.4 Q
(aces on which the router has recei)-.11 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(d\()
.165 G(*,G\) Joins:)-2.75 E(Handle)72 769 Q(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E
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(joins\(G\) =)72 85 Q 6.6({a)98.4 98 S(ll interfaces I such that)-6.6 E
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(DownstreamJPState\(G,I\) is either Joined or PrunePending })111.6 124 Q
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(ry).13 E F0(PIM routers e)72 225.8 Q(xchange PIM-Hello messages with t\
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(are used to update the)72 238.8 Q F1(Neighbor State)2.75 E F0
(described in section 3.1. The procedures for)2.75 E
(generating and processing Hello messages as well as maintaining)72
251.8 Q F1(Neighbor State)2.75 E F0(are)2.75 E
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oduces the Bidir_Capable PIM-Hello option that MUST be included in all \
Hello)72 281.4 Q(messages from a Bidir)72 294.4 Q(-PIM capable router)
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(ability to participate in the Bidir)72 307.4 Q
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(described in section 3.7.)72 320.4 Q(If a Bidir PIM router recei)72 337
Q -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(saP).165 G
(IM-Hello message that does not contain the Bidir_Capable)-2.75 E(optio\
n from one of its neighbours, the error must be logged to the router ad\
ministrator in a rate-)72 350 Q(limited manner)72 363 Q(.)-.605 E F2
(3.3.)72 389 Q F3(Data P)5.5 E(ack)-.13 E(et F)-.13 E(orwarding Rules)
-.325 E F0 -.165(Fo)72 405.6 S 2.75(rg).165 G(roups mapping to a gi)
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G(he follo)-2.75 E(wing responsibilities are uniquely assigned to the)
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(ach link:)-2.75 E 7.15<8354>72 435.2 S
(he DF is the only router that forw)-7.15 E(ards pack)-.11 E(ets tra)
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7.15<8354>72 451.8 S
(he DF is the only router that picks-up upstream tra)-7.15 E -.165(ve)
-.22 G(ling pack).165 E(ets of)-.11 E 2.75(ft)-.275 G(he link to forw)
-2.75 E(ard)-.11 E(to)83 464.8 Q -.11(wa)-.275 G(rds the RPL.).11 E
(Non-DF routers on a link, that use that link as their RPF interf)72
481.4 Q(ace to reach the RP)-.11 E(A, may perform)-1.012 E(the follo)72
494.4 Q(wing forw)-.275 E(arding actions for bidirectional groups:)-.11
E 7.15<8346>72 511 S(orw)-7.315 E(ard pack)-.11 E(ets from the link to)
-.11 E -.11(wa)-.275 G(rds do).11 E(wnstream recei)-.275 E -.165(ve)
-.275 G(rs.).165 E 7.15<8346>72 527.6 S(orw)-7.315 E(ard pack)-.11 E
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(vided the)-.165 E 2.75(ya)-.165 G(re the DF for the)-2.75 E(do)83 540.6
Q(wnstream link from which the pack)-.275 E(et w)-.11 E(as pick)-.11 E
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(arding rules are de\214ned belo)-.11 E 2.75(wi)-.275 G 2.75(np)-2.75 G
(seudocode.)-2.75 E F1(iif)97 573.8 Q F0(is the incoming interf)2.75 E
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-.11 E F1(RPA)97 599.8 Q F0(is the Rendezv)2.75 E
(ous Point Address for this group.)-.22 E
(First we check to see whether the pack)72 616.4 Q
(et should be accepted based on TIB state and the interf)-.11 E(ace)-.11
E(that the pack)72 629.4 Q(et arri)-.11 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(do).165
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E(et arri)-.11 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(s).165 E(\(upstream tra)72 655.4 Q
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-.55 H(reated, and if).165 E(the resulting outgoing interf)72 701.6 Q
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(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E
(On receipt on a data to G on interf)72 85 Q(ace iif:)-.11 E/F1 11
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78.6 111 Q(oiflist = olist\(G\) \(-\) iif)98.4 124 Q
(forward packet on all interfaces in oiflist)98.4 137 Q(})78.6 150 Q/F2
11/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.75(3.3.1. Upstr)72 198.6 R(eam F)-.198 E
(orwarding at RP)-.275 E F0(When con\214guring a BIDIR-PIM domain it is\
 possible to assign the Rendezv)72 215.2 Q(ous Point Address)-.22 E
(\(RP)72 228.2 Q(A\) such that it does not belong to a ph)-1.012 E
(ysical box b)-.055 E(ut instead is simply a routable address.)-.22 E
(Routers that ha)72 241.2 Q .33 -.165(ve i)-.22 H(nterf).165 E
(aces on the RPL that the RP)-.11 E 2.75(Ab)-1.012 G
(elongs to will upstream forw)-2.75 E(ard traf)-.11 E<8c63>-.275 E
(onto the link. Joins from recei)72 254.2 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G
(rs in the domain will propag).165 E(ate hop-by-hop till the)-.055 E
2.75(yr)-.165 G(each one of)-2.75 E
(the routers connected to the RPL where the)72 267.2 Q 2.75(yw)-.165 G
(ill terminate \(as there will be no DF elected on the)-2.75 E(RPL\).)72
280.2 Q(If instead the administrator chooses to con\214gure the RP)72
296.8 Q 2.75(At)-1.012 G 2.75(ob)-2.75 G 2.75(et)-2.75 G
(he address of an interf)-2.75 E(ace of a)-.11 E(speci\214c router then\
 nothing changes. That router must still upstream forw)72 309.8 Q
(ard traf)-.11 E(\214c on to the RPL)-.275 E(and beha)72 322.8 Q .33
-.165(ve n)-.22 H 2.75(od).165 G(if)-2.75 E(ferently than an)-.275 E
2.75(yo)-.165 G(ther router with an interf)-2.75 E(ace on the RPL.)-.11
E 1.76 -.88(To c)72 339.4 T(on\214gure a BIDIR-PIM netw).88 E
(ork to operate in a mode similar to that of PIM-SM where a)-.11 E
(single router \(the RP\) is acting as the root of the distrib)72 352.4
Q(ution tree, the RP)-.22 E 2.75(Aa)-1.012 G(ddress can be)-2.75 E
(con\214gured to be the loopback interf)72 365.4 Q(ace of a router)-.11
E(.)-.605 E F2 2.75(3.3.2. Sour)72 395 R(ce-Only Branches)-.198 E F0
(Source-only branches of the distrib)72 411.6 Q
(ution tree for a group G are branches which do not lead to an)-.22 E(y)
-.165 E(recei)72 424.6 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G(rs, b).165 E
(ut which are used to forw)-.22 E(ard pack)-.11 E(ets tra)-.11 E -.165
(ve)-.22 G(ling upstream from sources to).165 E -.11(wa)-.275 G(rds the)
.11 E 2.75(RPL. Routers)72 437.6 R(along source-only branches only ha)
2.75 E .33 -.165(ve t)-.22 H(he RPF_interf).165 E(ace to the RP)-.11 E
2.75(Ai)-1.012 G 2.75(nt)-2.75 G(heir olist)-2.75 E
(for G and hence do not need to maintain an)72 450.6 Q 2.75(yg)-.165 G
(roup speci\214c state. Upstream forw)-2.75 E(arding can be)-.11 E
(performed using only RP)72 463.6 Q 2.75(As)-1.012 G
(peci\214c state. An implementation may decide to maintain group state)
-2.75 E(for source-only branches for accounting or performance reasons.)
72 476.6 Q(Ho)5.5 E(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G .88 -.44(r, d).165 H
(oing so requires).44 E(data-dri)72 489.6 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(ne)
.165 G -.165(ve)-3.025 G
(nts thus sacri\214cing one of tha main bene\214ts of Bidir PIM.).165 E
F2 2.75(3.3.3. Dir)72 519.2 R(ectly Connected Sour)-.198 E(ces)-.198 E
F0 2.75(Am)74.75 535.8 S(ajor adv)-2.75 E
(antage of using a Designated F)-.275 E(orw)-.165 E
(arder in BIDIR-PIM compared to PIM-SM is that)-.11 E(special treatment\
 is no longer required for sources that are directly connected to a rou\
ter)72 548.8 Q 2.75(.D)-.605 G(ata)-2.75 E
(from such sources does not need to be dif)72 561.8 Q
(ferentiated from other multicast traf)-.275 E(\214c and will)-.275 E
(automatically be pick)72 574.8 Q(ed up by the DF and forw)-.11 E
(arded upstream. This remo)-.11 E -.165(ve)-.165 G 2.75(st).165 G
(he need for)-2.75 E(performing a directly-connected-source check for d\
ata to groups that do not ha)72 587.8 Q .33 -.165(ve ex)-.22 H
(isting state.).165 E F2(3.4.)72 613.8 Q/F3 13/Times-Bold@0 SF(PIM J)5.5
E(oin/Prune Messages)-.195 E F0(BIDIR-PIM Join/Prune messages are used \
to construct group speci\214c distrib)72 630.4 Q(ution trees between)
-.22 E(recei)72 643.4 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G(rs and the RPL. Joins are orig\
inated by last-hop routers that are elected as the DF on an).165 E
(interf)72 656.4 Q(ace with directly connected recei)-.11 E -.165(ve)
-.275 G(rs. The Joins propag).165 E(ate hop-by-hop to)-.055 E -.11(wa)
-.275 G(rds the RP).11 E 2.75(At)-1.012 G(ill)-2.75 E(the)72 669.4 Q
2.75(yr)-.165 G(each a router connected to the RPL.)-2.75 E 2.75(AB)72
686 S(IDIR-PIM Join/Prune message consists of a list of Joined and Prun\
ed Groups. When)-2.75 E(processing a recei)72 699 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G
2.75(dJ).165 G(oin/Prune message, each Joined or Pruned Group is ef)
-2.75 E(fecti)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(ly considered).165 E(indi)72 712
Q(vidually by applying the follo)-.275 E(wing state machines.)-.275 E
(When considering a Join/Prune message)5.5 E
(whose PIM Destination \214eld addresses this router)72 725 Q 2.75(,\()
-.44 G(*,G\) Joins and Prunes can af)-2.75 E(fect the)-.275 E(Handle)72
769 Q(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 157.66
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(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E(do)72 85 Q
(wnstream state machine.)-.275 E
(When considering a Join/Prune message whose PIM Destination \214eld)5.5
E(addresses another router)72 98 Q 2.75(,m)-.44 G
(ost Join or Prune entries could af)-2.75 E
(fect the upstream state machine.)-.275 E/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.75
(3.4.1. Recei)72 137 R(ving \(*,G\) J)-.11 E(oin/Prune Messages)-.165 E
F0(When a router recei)72 153.6 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(saJ).165 G
(oin\(*,G\) or Prune\(*,G\) it must \214rst check to see whether the RP)
-2.75 E(address in the message matches RP)72 166.6 Q
(A\(G\) \(the router')-1.012 E 2.75(si)-.605 G(dea of what the Rendezv)
-2.75 E(ous Point Address)-.22 E
(is\). If the RP address in the message does not match RP)72 179.6 Q
(A\(G\) the Join or Prune MUST be silently)-1.012 E(dropped.)72 192.6 Q
(The per)72 209.2 Q(-interf)-.22 E(ace state-machine for recei)-.11 E
(ving \(*,G\) Join/Prune Messages is gi)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75
(nb).165 G(elo)-2.75 E 1.43 -.715(w. T)-.275 H(here).715 E
(are three states:)72 222.2 Q F1(NoInf)97 238.8 Q 2.75(o\()-.275 G(NI\))
-2.75 E F0(The interf)122 251.8 Q
(ace has no \(*,G\) Join state and no timers running.)-.11 E F1 -.165
(Jo)97 268.4 S(in \(J\)).165 E F0(The interf)122 281.4 Q
(ace has \(*,G\) Join state. If the router is the DF on this interf)-.11
E(ace)-.11 E(\(I_am_DF\(RP)122 294.4 Q(A\(G\),I\) is TR)-1.012 E
(UE\), the Join state will cause us to forw)-.44 E(ard pack)-.11 E(ets)
-.11 E(destined for G on this interf)122 307.4 Q(ace.)-.11 E F1(PruneP)
97 324 Q(ending \(PP\))-.22 E F0(The router has recei)122 337 Q -.165
(ve)-.275 G 2.75(daP).165 G(rune\(*,G\) on this interf)-2.75 E
(ace from a do)-.11 E(wnstream neighbor)-.275 E(and is w)122 350 Q
(aiting to see whether the prune will be o)-.11 E -.165(ve)-.165 G
(rridden by another do).165 E(wnstream)-.275 E(router)122 363 Q 5.5(.F)
-.605 G(or forw)-5.665 E
(arding purposes, the PrunePending state functions e)-.11 E(xactly lik)
-.165 E 2.75(et)-.11 G(he)-2.75 E(Join state.)122 376 Q
(In addition the state-machine uses tw)72 392.6 Q 2.75(ot)-.11 G(imers:)
-2.75 E F1(ExpiryT)97 409.2 Q(imer \(ET\))-.198 E F0
(This timer is restarted when a v)122 422.2 Q(alid Join\(*,G\) is recei)
-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(d. Expiry).165 F(of the ExpiryT)2.75 E
(imer)-.385 E(causes the interf)122 435.2 Q(ace state to re)-.11 E -.165
(ve)-.275 G(rt to NoInfo for this group.).165 E F1(PruneP)97 451.8 Q
(endingT)-.22 E(imer \(PPT\))-.198 E F0(This timer is set when a v)122
464.8 Q(alid Prune\(*,G\) is recei)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75
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(imer causes the interf)-.385 E(ace state to re)-.11 E -.165(ve)-.275 G
(rt to NoInfo for this group.).165 E(Handle)72 769 Q(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)
-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 149.41(icisano Section)-.66 F 2.75
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showpage


end
%%EndDocument
end PEND/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(Figur)172.295 319 Q 2.75(e1)-.198 G 2.75
(:D)-2.75 G -.11(ow)-2.75 G(nstr).11 E(eam gr)-.198 E(oup per)-.198 E
(-interface state-machine)-.407 E F0(In tab)72 341.6 Q
(ular form, the group per)-.22 E(-interf)-.22 E(ace state-machine is:)
-.11 E .44 LW 503.999 352.35 72 352.35 DL F1(Ev)276.295 362.6 Q(ent)-.11
E 503.999 367.35 142.447 367.35 DL(Pr)78.57 389.6 Q .33 -.165(ev S)-.198
H(tate).165 E(Recei)153.302 377.6 Q -.11(ve)-.11 G -.165(Jo)153.302
390.6 S(in\(*,G\)).165 E(Recei)233.193 377.6 Q -.11(ve)-.11 G
(Prune\(*,G\))233.193 390.6 Q(Prune)305.758 377.6 Q -.22(Pe)305.758
390.6 S(nding).22 E -.198(Ti)305.758 403.6 S(mer).198 E(Expir)305.758
416.6 Q(es)-.198 E(Expiry)379.544 377.6 Q -.198(Ti)379.544 390.6 S(mer)
.198 E(Expir)379.544 403.6 Q(es)-.198 E(Stop Being)446.389 377.6 Q
(DF on I)446.389 390.6 Q 503.999 421.35 72 421.35 DL 503.999 423.35 72
423.35 DL F0(-> J state)153.302 433.6 Q -70.431 68.902(-- -)40.082 H(-)
-5.72 E F1(NoInf)78.57 446.6 Q 2.75(o\()-.275 G(NI\))-2.75 E F0
(start Expiry)153.302 446.6 Q -.385(Ti)153.302 459.6 S(mer).385 E
503.999 464.35 72 464.35 DL(-> J state)153.302 474.6 Q(-> PP state)
40.082 E 70.123(--)24.803 G 2.75(>N)-70.123 G 2.75(Is)-2.75 G 16.96
(tate ->)-2.75 F(NI state)2.75 E F1 -.165(Jo)78.57 494.1 S(in \(J\)).165
E F0(restart Expiry)153.302 487.6 Q -.385(Ti)153.302 500.6 S(mer).385 E
(start Prune)233.193 487.6 Q(Pending)233.193 500.6 Q -.385(Ti)233.193
513.6 S(mer).385 E 503.999 518.35 72 518.35 DL(-> J state)153.302 528.6
Q(-> PP state)40.082 E(-> NI state)24.803 E(-> NI state)26.651 E
(-> NI state)19.71 E F1(Prune)78.57 548.1 Q -.22(Pe)78.57 561.1 S(nding)
.22 E(\(PP\))78.57 574.1 Q F0(restart Expiry)153.302 541.6 Q -.385(Ti)
153.302 554.6 S(mer; stop).385 E(Prune)153.302 567.6 Q(Pending)153.302
580.6 Q -.385(Ti)153.302 593.6 S(mer).385 E(Send Prune-)305.758 541.6 Q
(Echo\(*,G\))305.758 554.6 Q 503.999 598.35 72 598.35 DL 436.534 367.35
436.534 598.35 DL 369.689 367.35 369.689 598.35 DL 295.903 367.35
295.903 598.35 DL 223.338 367.35 223.338 598.35 DL 142.447 352.35
142.447 598.35 DL 144.447 352.35 144.447 598.35 DL 503.999 352.35
503.999 598.35 DL 72 352.35 72 598.35 DL(The transition e)72 616.2 Q
-.165(ve)-.275 G(nts "Recei).165 E .33 -.165(ve J)-.275 H
(oin\(*,G\)" and "Recei).165 E .33 -.165(ve P)-.275 H
(rune\(*,G\)" imply recei).165 E(ving a Join or)-.275 E(Prune tar)72
629.2 Q(geted to this router')-.198 E 2.75(sa)-.605 G
(ddress on the recei)-2.75 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(di).165 G(nterf)-2.75
E 2.75(ace. If)-.11 F(the destination address is not)2.75 E
(correct, these state transitions in this state machine must not occur)
72 642.2 Q 2.75(,a)-.44 G(lthough seeing such a pack)-2.75 E(et)-.11 E
(may cause state transitions in other state machines.)72 655.2 Q
(On unnumbered interf)72 671.8 Q
(aces on point-to-point links, the router')-.11 E 2.75(sa)-.605 G
(ddress should be the same as the)-2.75 E
(source address it chose for the hello pack)72 684.8 Q(et it sent o)-.11
E -.165(ve)-.165 G 2.75(rt).165 G(hat interf)-2.75 E 2.75(ace. Ho)-.11 F
(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(ro).165 G 2.75(np)-2.75 G
(oint-to-point)-2.75 E(links we also recommend that PIM messages with a\
 destination address of all zeros are also)72 697.8 Q(accepted.)72 710.8
Q(Handle)72 769 Q(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 149.41
(icisano Section)-.66 F 2.75(3.4.1. [P)2.75 F(age 12])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 13 13
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
%%EndPageSetup
/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 49 Q 70.976(-DRAFT Expires:)-1.012 F
(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E(The transition e)72 85 Q -.165
(ve)-.275 G(nt "Stop being DF" implies a DF re-election taking place on\
 this router interf).165 E(ace)-.11 E(for RP)72 98 Q
(A\(G\) and the router changing status from being the acti)-1.012 E .33
-.165(ve D)-.275 H 2.75(Ft).165 G 2.75(ob)-2.75 G
(eing a non-DF router \(the)-2.75 E -.275(va)72 111 S(lue of the).275 E
/F1 11/Courier@0 SF(I_am_DF)2.75 E F0(macro changing to F)2.75 E
(ALSE\).)-.814 E(When ExpiryT)72 127.6 Q
(imer is started or restarted, it is set to the HoldT)-.385 E
(ime from the triggering recei)-.385 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(d).165 E
(Join/Prune message.)72 140.6 Q(When PrunePendingT)72 157.2 Q
(imer is started, it is set to the J/P_Ov)-.385 E(erride_Interv)-.165 E
(al if the router has more)-.275 E(than one neighbor on that interf)72
170.2 Q(ace; otherwise it is set to zero causing it to e)-.11 E
(xpire immediately)-.165 E(.)-.715 E(The action "Send PruneEcho\(*,G\)"\
 is triggered when the router stops forw)72 186.8 Q(arding on an interf)
-.11 E(ace)-.11 E(as a result of a prune.)72 199.8 Q 2.75(AP)5.5 G
(runeEcho\(*,G\) is simply a Prune\(*,G\) message sent by the upstream)
-2.75 E(router to itself on a LAN.)72 212.8 Q(Its purpose is to add add\
itional reliability so that if a Prune that should)5.5 E(ha)72 225.8 Q
.33 -.165(ve b)-.22 H(een o).165 E -.165(ve)-.165 G(rridden by another \
router is lost locally on the LAN, then the PruneEcho may be).165 E
(recei)72 238.8 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(da).165 G(nd cause the o)-2.75 E
-.165(ve)-.165 G(rride to happen.).165 E 2.75(AP)5.5 G
(runeEcho\(*,G\) need not be sent when the router)-2.75 E
(has only one neighbour on the link.)72 251.8 Q/F2 11/Times-Bold@0 SF
2.75(3.4.2. Sending)72 290.8 R -.165(Jo)2.75 G(in/Prune Messages).165 E
F0(The do)72 307.4 Q(wnstream per)-.275 E(-interf)-.22 E
(ace state-machines described abo)-.11 E .33 -.165(ve h)-.165 H
(old join state from do).165 E(wnstream)-.275 E(PIM routers. This state\
 then determines whether a router needs to propag)72 320.4 Q
(ate a Join\(*,G\) upstream)-.055 E(to)72 333.4 Q -.11(wa)-.275 G
(rds the RP).11 E 2.75(A. Such)-1.012 F
(Join\(*,G\) messages are sent on the RPF_interf)2.75 E(ace to)-.11 E
-.11(wa)-.275 G(rds the RP).11 E 2.75(Aa)-1.012 G(nd)-2.75 E(are tar)72
346.4 Q(geted at the DF on that interf)-.198 E(ace.)-.11 E
(If a router wishes to propag)72 363 Q
(ate a Join\(*,G\) upstream, it must also w)-.055 E
(atch for messages on its)-.11 E(upstream interf)72 376 Q
(ace from other routers on that subnet, and these may modify its beha)
-.11 E(vior)-.22 E 5.5(.I)-.605 G 2.75(fi)-5.5 G 2.75(ts)-2.75 G(ees)
-2.75 E 2.75(aJ)72 389 S(oin\(*,G\) to the correct upstream neighbor)
-2.75 E 2.75(,i)-.44 G 2.75(ts)-2.75 G(hould suppress its o)-2.75 E
(wn Join\(*,G\).)-.275 E(If it sees a)5.5 E
(Prune\(*,G\) to the correct upstream neighbor)72 402 Q 2.75(,i)-.44 G
2.75(ts)-2.75 G(hould be prepared to o)-2.75 E -.165(ve)-.165 G
(rride that prune by).165 E(sending a Join\(*,G\) almost immediately)72
415 Q 5.5(.F)-.715 G(inally)-5.5 E 2.75(,i)-.715 G 2.75(fi)-2.75 G 2.75
(ts)-2.75 G(ees the Generation ID \(see PIM-SM)-2.75 E
(speci\214cation [4]\) of the correct upstream neighbor change, it kno)
72 428 Q(ws that the upstream neighbor)-.275 E(has lost state, and it s\
hould be prepared to refresh the state by sending a Join\(*,G\) almost)
72 441 Q(immediately)72 454 Q(.)-.715 E(In addition changes in the ne)72
470.6 Q(xt hop to)-.165 E -.11(wa)-.275 G(rds the RP).11 E 2.75(At)
-1.012 G(rigger a prune of)-2.75 E 2.75(ff)-.275 G(rom the old ne)-2.75
E(xt hop,)-.165 E(and join to)72 483.6 Q -.11(wa)-.275 G(rds the ne).11
E 2.75(wn)-.275 G -.165(ex)-2.75 G 2.75(th).165 G
(op. Such a change can be caused by the follo)-2.75 E(wing tw)-.275 E
2.75(oe)-.11 G -.165(ve)-3.025 G(nts:).165 E 7.15<8354>97 500.2 S
(he MRIB indicates that the RPF Interf)-7.15 E(ace to)-.11 E -.11(wa)
-.275 G(rds the RP).11 E 2.75(Ah)-1.012 G(as changed.)-2.75 E
(In this case)5.5 E(the DF on the ne)108 513.2 Q 2.75(wR)-.275 G
(PF_interf)-2.75 E(ace becomes the ne)-.11 E 2.75(wR)-.275 G
(PF Neighbour)-2.75 E(.)-.605 E 7.15<8354>97 529.8 S
(here is a DF re-election on the RPF_interf)-7.15 E(ace and a ne)-.11 E
2.75(wr)-.275 G(outer emer)-2.75 E(ges as the DF)-.198 E(.)-.88 E
(The upstream \(*,G\) state-machine only contains tw)72 546.4 Q 2.75(os)
-.11 G(tates:)-2.75 E F2(Not J)72 563 Q(oined)-.165 E F0(The do)97 576 Q
(wnstream state-machines indicate that the router does not need to join\
 the RP)-.275 E 2.75(At)-1.012 G(ree)-2.75 E(for this group.)97 589 Q F2
-.165(Jo)72 605.6 S(ined).165 E F0(The do)97 618.6 Q
(wnstream state-machines indicate that the router w)-.275 E(ould lik)
-.11 E 2.75(et)-.11 G 2.75(oj)-2.75 G(oin the RP)-2.75 E 2.75(At)-1.012
G(ree for)-2.75 E(this group.)97 631.6 Q
(In addition, one timer JT\(G\) is k)72 648.2 Q
(ept which is used to trigger the sending of a Join\(*,G\) to the)-.11 E
(upstream ne)72 661.2 Q(xt hop to)-.165 E -.11(wa)-.275 G(rds the RP).11
E 2.75(A\()-1.012 G(the DF on the RPF_interf)-2.75 E(ace for RP)-.11 E
(A\(G\)\).)-1.012 E(Handle)72 769 Q(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E
(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 149.41(icisano Section)-.66 F 2.75(3.4.2. [P)
2.75 F(age 13])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 14 14
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([Send \(*,G\) Join to new DF])
([Send \(*,G\) Prune to old DF])
([Set timer to J/P periodic])
] Text
End

End %I eop

showpage


end
%%EndDocument
end PEND/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(Figur)210.674 279.578 Q 2.75(e2)-.198 G
2.75(:U)-2.75 G(pstr)-2.75 E(eam gr)-.198 E(oup state-machine)-.198 E F0
(In tab)72 302.178 Q(ular form, the state machine is:)-.22 E .44 LW
503.995 312.928 72 312.928 DL F1(Ev)343.793 323.178 Q(ent)-.11 E 503.995
327.928 198.757 327.928 DL(Pr)94.45 337.178 Q .33 -.165(ev S)-.198 H
(tate).165 E -.165(Jo)233.432 338.178 S(inDesir).165 E(ed\(G\) ->T)-.198
E(rue)-.814 E -.165(Jo)407.614 338.178 S(inDesir).165 E(ed\(G\))-.198 E
(->F)407.614 351.178 Q(alse)-.275 E 503.995 355.928 72 355.928 DL
503.995 357.928 72 357.928 DL F0(-)407.614 368.178 Q(-> J state)233.432
368.178 Q F1(NotJ)94.45 381.178 Q(oined \(NJ\))-.165 E F0
(Send Join\(*,G\); Set)233.432 381.178 Q -.385(Ti)233.432 394.178 S
(mer to t_periodic).385 E 503.995 398.928 72 398.928 DL(-)233.432
409.178 Q(-> NJ state)407.614 409.178 Q(Send Prune\(*,G\))407.614
422.178 Q F1 -.165(Jo)94.45 415.678 S(ined \(J\)).165 E 503.995 426.928
72 426.928 DL 373.939 327.928 373.939 426.928 DL 198.757 312.928 198.757
426.928 DL 200.757 312.928 200.757 426.928 DL 503.995 312.928 503.995
426.928 DL 72 312.928 72 426.928 DL F0(In addition, we ha)72 444.778 Q
.33 -.165(ve t)-.22 H(he follo).165 E
(wing transitions which occur within the Joined state:)-.275 E 503.992
455.528 72 455.528 DL F1(In J)244.843 465.778 Q(oined \(J\) State)-.165
E 503.992 470.528 72 470.528 DL 503.992 472.528 72 472.528 DL -.198(Ti)
81.335 482.778 S(mer Expir).198 E(es)-.198 E(See J)179.003 482.778 Q
(oin\(*,G\) to)-.165 E(RPF_DF\(RP)179.003 495.778 Q(A\(G\)\))-.814 E
(See Prune\(*,G\) to)293.556 482.778 Q(RPF_DF\(RP)293.556 495.778 Q
(A\(G\)\))-.814 E(RPF_DF\(RP)408.109 482.778 Q(A\(G\)\))-.814 E(changes)
408.109 495.778 Q 503.992 500.528 72 500.528 DL 503.992 502.528 72
502.528 DL F0(Send Join\(*,G\);)81.335 512.778 Q(Set T)81.335 525.778 Q
(imer to)-.385 E(t_periodic)81.335 538.778 Q(Increase T)179.003 512.778
Q(imer to)-.385 E(t_suppressed)179.003 525.778 Q(Decrease T)293.556
512.778 Q(imer to)-.385 E(t_o)293.556 525.778 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G(rride)
.165 E(Decrease T)408.109 512.778 Q(imer to)-.385 E(t_o)408.109 525.778
Q -.165(ve)-.165 G(rride).165 E 503.992 543.528 72 543.528 DL 394.106
472.528 394.106 543.528 DL 279.553 472.528 279.553 543.528 DL 165
472.528 165 543.528 DL 503.992 455.528 503.992 543.528 DL 72 455.528 72
543.528 DL 503.996 555.528 72 555.528 DL F1(In J)244.845 565.778 Q
(oined \(J\) State)-.165 E 503.996 570.528 72 570.528 DL 503.996 572.528
72 572.528 DL(Change of RPF_DF\(RP)104.035 582.778 Q(A\(G\)\))-.814 E
(RPF_DF\(RP)343.47 582.778 Q(A\(G\)\) GenID)-.814 E(changes)343.47
595.778 Q 503.996 600.528 72 600.528 DL 503.996 602.528 72 602.528 DL F0
(Send Join\(*,G\) to ne)104.035 612.778 Q 2.75(wD)-.275 G(F; Send)-2.75
E(Prune\(*,G\) to old DF; set T)104.035 625.778 Q(imer)-.385 E
(to t_periodic)104.035 638.778 Q(Decrease T)343.47 612.778 Q
(imer to t_o)-.385 E -.165(ve)-.165 G(rride).165 E 503.996 643.528 72
643.528 DL 295.417 572.528 295.417 643.528 DL 503.996 555.528 503.996
643.528 DL 72 555.528 72 643.528 DL(Handle)72 769 Q(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)
-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 149.41(icisano Section)-.66 F 2.75
(3.4.2. [P)2.75 F(age 14])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 49 Q 70.976(-DRAFT Expires:)-1.012 F
(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E
(This state machine uses the follo)72 85 Q(wing macro:)-.275 E/F1 11
/Courier@0 SF(bool JoinDesired\(G\) {)85.2 104 Q
(if \(olist\(G\) \(-\) RPF_interface\(RPA\(G\)\)\) != NULL)105 117 Q
(return TRUE)131.4 130 Q(else)105 143 Q(return FALSE)131.4 156 Q(})85.2
169 Q/F2 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(3.5.)72 201 Q/F3 13/Times-Bold@0 SF
(Designated F)5.5 E(orwarder \(DF\) Election)-.325 E F0
(This section presents a f)72 217.6 Q
(ail-safe mechanism for electing a per)-.11 E(-RP)-.22 E 2.75(Ad)-1.012
G(esignated router on each link)-2.75 E(in a BIDIR-PIM domain. W)72
230.6 Q 2.75(ec)-.88 G(all this router the Designated F)-2.75 E(orw)
-.165 E(arder \(DF\). The DF election)-.11 E(does not tak)72 243.6 Q
2.75(ep)-.11 G(lace on the RPL for a RP)-2.75 E(A.)-1.012 E F2 2.75
(3.5.1. DF)72 273.2 R(Requir)2.75 E(ements)-.198 E F0(The DF election c\
hooses the best router on a link to assume the responsibility of forw)72
289.8 Q(arding)-.11 E(traf)72 302.8 Q(\214c between the RPL and the lin\
k for the range of multicast groups serv)-.275 E(ed by the RP)-.165 E
(A.)-1.012 E(Dif)72 315.8 Q
(ferent multicast groups that share a common RP)-.275 E 2.75(As)-1.012 G
(hare the same upstream direction.)-2.75 E(Hence,)5.5 E
(the election of an upstream forw)72 328.8 Q
(arder on each link does not ha)-.11 E .33 -.165(ve t)-.22 H 2.75(ob)
.165 G 2.75(eag)-2.75 G(roup speci\214c decision)-2.75 E -.22(bu)72
341.8 S 2.75(ti).22 G(nstead can be RP)-2.75 E
(A-speci\214c. As the number of RP)-1.012 E
(As is typically small, the number of)-1.012 E(elections that ha)72
354.8 Q .33 -.165(ve t)-.22 H 2.75(ob).165 G 2.75(ep)-2.75 G
(erformed is signi\214cantly reduced by this observ)-2.75 E(ation.)-.275
E 1.76 -.88(To o)72 371.4 T(ptimise tree creation, it is desirable that\
 the winner of the election process should be the).88 E(router on the l\
ink with the "best" unicast routing metric \(as reported by the MRIB\) \
to reach the)72 384.4 Q(RP)72 397.4 Q 2.75(A. When)-1.012 F
(comparing metrics from dif)2.75 E
(ferent unicast routing protocols, we use the same)-.275 E
(comparison rules used by the PIM-SM assert process [4].)72 410.4 Q
(The election process needs to tak)72 427 Q 2.75(ep)-.11 G
(lace when information on a ne)-2.75 E 2.75(wR)-.275 G 2.024 -1.012
(PA i)-2.75 H(nitially becomes)1.012 E -.22(av)72 440 S
(ailable. The result can be re-used as ne)-.055 E 2.75(wb)-.275 G
(idir groups that map to the same RP)-2.75 E 2.75(Aa)-1.012 G(re)-2.75 E
(encountered. There are ho)72 453 Q(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(rs)
.165 G(ome conditions under which an update to the election is)-2.75 E
(required:)72 466 Q 7.15<8354>97 482.6 S
(here is a change in unicast metric to reach the RP)-7.15 E 2.75(Af)
-1.012 G(or an)-2.75 E 2.75(yo)-.165 G 2.75(ft)-2.75 G
(he routers on the link.)-2.75 E 7.15<8354>97 499.2 S(he interf)-7.15 E
(ace on which the RP)-.11 E 2.75(Ai)-1.012 G 2.75(sr)-2.75 G
(eachable \(RPF Interf)-2.75 E(ace\) changes to an interf)-.11 E
(ace for)-.11 E(which the router w)108 512.2 Q(as pre)-.11 E
(viously the DF)-.275 E(.)-.88 E 7.15<8341>97 528.8 S(ne)-4.4 E 2.75(wP)
-.275 G(IM neighbor starts up on a link that must participate in the el\
ections and be)-2.75 E(informed of current outcome.)108 541.8 Q 7.15
<8354>97 558.4 S(he elected DF f)-7.15 E
(ails \(detected through neighbor information timeout or MRIB RPF)-.11 E
(change at do)108 571.4 Q(wnstream router\).)-.275 E
(The election process has to be rob)72 588 Q
(ust enough to ensure with v)-.22 E
(ery high probability that all routers)-.165 E(on the link ha)72 601 Q
.33 -.165(ve a c)-.22 H(onsistent vie).165 E 2.75(wo)-.275 G 2.75(ft)
-2.75 G(he DF)-2.75 E 2.75(.T)-.88 G(his is because with the forw)-2.75
E(arding rules described)-.11 E
(in section 3.3 if multiple routers end-up thinking that the)72 614 Q
2.75(ys)-.165 G(hould be responsible for forw)-2.75 E(arding,)-.11 E
(loops may result. T)72 627 Q 2.75(or)-.88 G
(educe the possibility of this occurrence to a minimum, the election)
-2.75 E(algorithm has been biased to)72 640 Q -.11(wa)-.275 G
(rds discarding DF information and suspending forw).11 E(arding during)
-.11 E(periods of ambiguity)72 653 Q(.)-.715 E F2 2.75(3.5.2. DF)72
682.6 R(Election description)2.75 E F0(This section gi)72 699.2 Q -.165
(ve)-.275 G 2.75(sa).165 G 2.75(no)-2.75 G
(utline of the DF election process. It does not pro)-2.75 E
(vide the de\214niti)-.165 E -.165(ve)-.275 G
(speci\214cation for the DF election. If an)72 712.2 Q 2.75(yd)-.165 G
(iscrepanc)-2.75 E 2.75(ye)-.165 G
(xists between section 3.5.3 and this section,)-2.915 E
(the speci\214cation in section 3.5.3 is to be assumed correct.)72 725.2
Q(Handle)72 769 Q(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 149.41
(icisano Section)-.66 F 2.75(3.5.2. [P)2.75 F(age 15])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 49 Q 70.976(-DRAFT Expires:)-1.012 F
(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E 1.76 -.88(To p)72 85 T
(erform the election of the DF for a particular RP).88 E
(A, routers on a link need to e)-1.012 E(xchange their)-.165 E
(unicast routing metric information for reaching the RP)72 98 Q
(A. Routers adv)-1.012 E(ertise their o)-.165 E(wn metrics in)-.275 E
(Of)72 111 Q(fer)-.275 E 2.75(,W)-.44 G(inner)-3.19 E 2.75(,B)-.44 G
(ack)-2.75 E(of)-.11 E 2.75(fa)-.275 G(nd P)-2.75 E
(ass messages. The adv)-.165 E
(ertised metric is calculated using the RPF)-.165 E(Interf)72 124 Q
(ace and metric to reach the RP)-.11 E 2.75(Aa)-1.012 G -.275(va)-2.97 G
(ilable through the MRIB. When a router is participating).275 E
(in a DF election for an RP)72 137 Q 2.75(Ao)-1.012 G 2.75(nt)-2.75 G
(he interf)-2.75 E(ace that its MRIB indicates as the RPF Interf)-.11 E
(ace then that)-.11 E(router MUST al)72 150 Q -.11(wa)-.11 G(ys adv).11
E
(ertise an in\214nite metric in its election messages. When a router is)
-.165 E(participating in a DF election on an interf)72 163 Q
(ace other than the MRIB indicated RPF Interf)-.11 E(ace then it)-.11 E
(MUST adv)72 176 Q(ertise the MRIB pro)-.165 E
(vided metrics in its election messages.)-.165 E
(In the election protocol described belo)72 192.6 Q 1.43 -.715(w, m)
-.275 H(an).715 E 2.75(ym)-.165 G(essage e)-2.75 E
(xchanges are repeated)-.165 E/F1 11/Courier@0 SF(Election_Robustness)72
205.6 Q F0(times for reliability)2.75 E 2.75(.I)-.715 G 2.75(na)-2.75 G
(ll those cases the message retransmissions)-2.75 E
(are spaced in time by a small random interv)72 218.6 Q
(al. All of the follo)-.275 E(wing description is speci\214c to the)
-.275 E(election on a single link for a single RP)72 231.6 Q(A.)-1.012 E
/F2 11/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.75(3.5.2.1. Bootstrap)72 261.2 R(Election)2.75
E F0(Initially when no DF has been elected, routers \214nding out about\
 a ne)72 277.8 Q 2.75(wR)-.275 G 2.024 -1.012(PA s)-2.75 H
(tart participating in)1.012 E(the election by sending Of)72 290.8 Q
(fer messages.)-.275 E(Of)5.5 E(fer messages include the router')-.275 E
2.75(sm)-.605 G(etric to reach the)-2.75 E(RP)72 303.8 Q(A. Of)-1.012 E
(fers are periodically retransmitted with a period of)-.275 E F1
(Offer_Interval)2.75 E F0(.)A(If a router hears a better of)72 320.4 Q
(fer than its o)-.275 E(wn from a neighbor)-.275 E 2.75(,i)-.44 G 2.75
(ts)-2.75 G(tops participating in the election)-2.75 E(for a period of)
72 333.4 Q F1(Election_Robustness * Offer_Interval)2.75 E F0(thus gi)
2.75 E(ving a chance to the)-.275 E
(neighbour with the better metric to be elected DF)72 346.4 Q 2.75(.I)
-.88 G 2.75(fd)-2.75 G(uring this period no winner is elected, the)-2.75
E(router restarts the election from the be)72 359.4 Q(ginning. If at an)
-.165 E 2.75(yp)-.165 G(oint during the initial election a router)-2.75
E(recei)72 372.4 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(sa).165 G 2.75(no)-2.75 G
(ut of order of)-2.75 E(fer with w)-.275 E(orse metrics than its o)-.11
E(wn, then it restarts the election from the)-.275 E(be)72 385.4 Q
(ginning.)-.165 E(The result should be that all routers e)72 402 Q
(xcept the best candidate stop adv)-.165 E(ertising their of)-.165 E
(fers.)-.275 E 2.75(Ar)72 418.6 S
(outer assumes the role of the DF after ha)-2.75 E(ving adv)-.22 E
(ertised its metrics)-.165 E F1(Election_Robustness)72 431.6 Q F0
(times without recei)2.75 E(ving an)-.275 E 2.75(yo)-.165 G -.275(ff)
-2.75 G(er from an).275 E 2.75(yo)-.165 G(ther neighbor)-2.75 E 2.75(.A)
-.605 G 2.75(tt)-2.75 G(hat)-2.75 E(point it transmits a W)72 444.6 Q
(inner message which declares to e)-.44 E -.165(ve)-.275 G
(ry other router on the link the identity).165 E
(of the winner and the metrics it is using.)72 457.6 Q(Routers recei)72
474.2 Q(ving a winner message stop participating in the election and re\
cord the identity and)-.275 E(metrics of the winner)72 487.2 Q 2.75(.I)
-.605 G 2.75(ft)-2.75 G
(he local metrics are better than those of the winner then the router)
-2.75 E
(records the identity of the winner \(accepting it as the acting DF\) b)
72 500.2 Q(ut re-initiates the election to try)-.22 E(and tak)72 513.2 Q
2.75(eo)-.11 G -.165(ve)-2.915 G -.605(r.).165 G F2 2.75(3.5.2.2. Loser)
72 542.8 R(Metric Changes)2.75 E F0(Whene)72 559.4 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G
2.75(rt).165 G(he unicast metric to a RP)-2.75 E 2.75(Ac)-1.012 G
(hanges at a non-DF router to a v)-2.75 E(alue that is better than)-.275
E(that pre)72 572.4 Q(viously adv)-.275 E(ertised by the acting DF)-.165
E 2.75(,t)-.88 G(he router with the ne)-2.75 E 2.75(wb)-.275 G
(etter metric should tak)-2.75 E(e)-.11 E(action to e)72 585.4 Q -.165
(ve)-.275 G(ntually assume forw).165 E(arding responsibility)-.11 E 2.75
(.W)-.715 G(hen the metric change is detected, the)-2.75 E
(non-DF router with the no)72 598.4 Q 2.75(wb)-.275 G
(etter metric restarts the DF election process by sending Of)-2.75 E
(fer)-.275 E(messages with this ne)72 611.4 Q 2.75(wm)-.275 G 2.75
(etric. Note)-2.75 F(that at an)2.75 E 2.75(yp)-.165 G
(oint during an election if no response is)-2.75 E(recei)72 624.4 Q
-.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(da).165 G(fter)-2.75 E F1(Election_Robustness)2.75
E F0(retransmissions of an of)2.75 E(fer)-.275 E 2.75(,ar)-.44 G
(outer assumes the role)-2.75 E(of the DF follo)72 637.4 Q
(wing the usual W)-.275 E(inner announcement procedure.)-.44 E
(Upon receipt of an of)72 654 Q(fer that is w)-.275 E
(orse than its current metric, the DF will respond with a W)-.11 E
(inner)-.44 E(message declaring its status and adv)72 667 Q
(ertising its better metric. Upon recei)-.165 E(ving the W)-.275 E
(inner message,)-.44 E(the originator of the Of)72 680 Q
(fer records the identity of the DF and aborts the election.)-.275 E
(Upon receipt of an of)72 696.6 Q(fer that is better than its current m\
etric, the DF records the identity and)-.275 E(metrics of the of)72
709.6 Q(fering router and responds with a Back)-.275 E(of)-.11 E 2.75
(fm)-.275 G(essage. This instructs the of)-2.75 E(fering)-.275 E
(router to hold of)72 722.6 Q 2.75(ff)-.275 G(or a short period of time\
 while the unicast routing stabilises and other routers)-2.75 E(Handle)
72 769 Q(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 141.16
(icisano Section)-.66 F 2.75(3.5.2.2. [P)2.75 F(age 16])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 49 Q 70.976(-DRAFT Expires:)-1.012 F
(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E
(get a chance to put in their of)72 85 Q(fers. The Back)-.275 E(of)-.11
E 2.75(fm)-.275 G(essage includes the of)-2.75 E(fering router')-.275 E
2.75(sn)-.605 G .55 -.275(ew m)-2.75 H(etric).275 E(and address.)72 98 Q
(All routers on the link that ha)5.5 E .33 -.165(ve p)-.22 H(ending of)
.165 E(fers with metrics w)-.275 E(orse than those in the)-.11 E(back)72
111 Q(of)-.11 E 2.75(fm)-.275 G(essage \(including the original of)-2.75
E(fering router\) will hold further of)-.275 E(fers for a period of)
-.275 E(time de\214ned in the Back)72 124 Q(of)-.11 E 2.75(fm)-.275 G
(essage.)-2.75 E(If during the)72 140.6 Q/F1 11/Courier@0 SF
(Backoff_Period)2.75 E F0 2.75(,at)C(hird router sends a ne)-2.75 E 2.75
(wb)-.275 G(etter of)-2.75 E(fer)-.275 E 2.75(,t)-.44 G(he Back)-2.75 E
(of)-.11 E 2.75(fm)-.275 G(essage is)-2.75 E(repeated for the ne)72
153.6 Q 2.75(wo)-.275 G -.275(ff)-2.75 G(er and the).275 E F1
(Backoff_Period)2.75 E F0(restarted.)2.75 E(Before the)72 170.2 Q F1
(Backoff_Period)2.75 E F0 -.165(ex)2.75 G
(pires, the acting DF nominates the router ha).165 E(ving made the best)
-.22 E(of)72 183.2 Q(fer as the ne)-.275 E 2.75(wD)-.275 G 2.75(Fu)-2.75
G(sing a P)-2.75 E(ass message.)-.165 E
(This message includes the IDs and metrics of both the)5.5 E(old and ne)
72 196.2 Q 2.75(wD)-.275 G 2.75(Fs. The)-2.75 F
(old DF stops performing its tasks at the time the P)2.75 E(ass message)
-.165 E(transmission is made. The ne)72 209.2 Q 2.75(wD)-.275 G 2.75(Fa)
-2.75 G(ssumes the role of the DF as soon as it recei)-2.75 E -.165(ve)
-.275 G 2.75(st).165 G(he P)-2.75 E(ass)-.165 E
(message. All other routers on the link tak)72 222.2 Q 2.75(en)-.11 G
(ote of the ne)-2.75 E 2.75(wD)-.275 G 2.75(Fa)-2.75 G
(nd its metric. Note that this e)-2.75 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(nt).165 E(con\
stitutes an RPF Neighbour change which may trigger Join messages to the\
 ne)72 235.2 Q 2.75(wD)-.275 G 2.75(F\()-2.75 G(see)-2.75 E
(section 3.4\).)72 248.2 Q/F2 11/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.75(3.5.2.3. W)72
277.8 R(inner Metric Changes)-.198 E F0(If the DF')72 294.4 Q 2.75(sr)
-.605 G(outing metric to reach the RP)-2.75 E 2.75(Ac)-1.012 G
(hanges to a w)-2.75 E(orse v)-.11 E(alue, it sends a set of)-.275 E F1
(Election_Robustness)72 307.4 Q F0(randomly spaced W)2.75 E
(inner messages on the link, adv)-.44 E(ertising the ne)-.165 E(w)-.275
E(metric. Routers that recei)72 320.4 Q .33 -.165(ve t)-.275 H
(his announcement b).165 E(ut ha)-.22 E .33 -.165(ve a b)-.22 H
(etter metric may respond with an).165 E(Of)72 333.4 Q
(fer message which results in the same handof)-.275 E 2.75(fp)-.275 G
(rocedure described abo)-2.75 E -.165(ve)-.165 G 5.5(.A).165 G
(ll routers assume)-5.5 E(the DF has not changed until the)72 346.4 Q
2.75(ys)-.165 G(ee a P)-2.75 E(ass or W)-.165 E
(inner message indicating the change.)-.44 E
(There is no pressure to mak)72 363 Q 2.75(et)-.11 G(his handof)-2.75 E
2.75(fq)-.275 G
(uickly if the acting DF still has a path to the RPL. The)-2.75 E
(old path may no)72 376 Q 2.75(wb)-.275 G 2.75(es)-2.75 G(uboptimal b)
-2.75 E(ut it will still w)-.22 E
(ork while the re-election is in progress.)-.11 E
(If the routing metric at the DF changes to a better v)72 392.6 Q
(alue, a single W)-.275 E(inner message is sent)-.44 E(adv)72 405.6 Q
(ertising the ne)-.165 E 2.75(wm)-.275 G(etric.)-2.75 E F2 2.75
(3.5.2.4. W)72 435.2 R(inner Loses P)-.198 E(ath)-.11 E F0(If a router')
72 451.8 Q 2.75(sR)-.605 G(PF Interf)-2.75 E(ace to the RP)-.11 E 2.75
(As)-1.012 G(witches to be on a link for which it is acting as the DF)
-2.75 E(,)-.88 E(then it can no longer pro)72 464.8 Q(vide forw)-.165 E
(arding services for that link. It therefore immediately stops)-.11 E
(being the DF and restarts the election. As its path to the RP)72 477.8
Q 2.75(Ai)-1.012 G 2.75(st)-2.75 G
(hrough the link, an in\214nite metric)-2.75 E(is used in the Of)72
490.8 Q(fer message it sends.)-.275 E
(Note: At this stage the old DF will ha)72 507.4 Q .33 -.165(ve a h)-.22
H(int at a possible RPF neighbor on the link indicated by).165 E(the ne)
72 520.4 Q 2.75(wM)-.275 G(RIB ne)-2.75 E
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72 592.6 Q
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2.75(yd)-.165 G -.275(ow)-2.75 G(nstream routers on the link.).275 E
(If there are do)72 707.4 Q
(wnstream routers, typically their MRIB reported ne)-.275 E
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2.75(yw)-.165 G(ill therefore notice either a change in the metric for \
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(peci\214cation for the DF election process. If an).165 E 2.75(yd)-.165
G(iscrepanc)-2.75 E(y)-.165 E -.165(ex)72 199.8 S(ists between section \
3.5.2 and this section, the speci\214cation in this section is to be as\
sumed).165 E(correct.)72 212.8 Q F1 2.75(3.5.3.1. Election)72 242.4 R
(State)2.75 E F0(The DF election state is maintained per RP)72 259 Q
2.75(Af)-1.012 G(or each multicast enabled interf)-2.75 E
(ace I on the router)-.11 E(as introduced in section 3.1.)72 272 Q
(The state machine has the follo)72 288.6 Q(wing four states:)-.275 E/F2
11/Courier@0 SF(Offer)97 305.2 Q F0
(Initial election state. When in the Of)122 318.2 Q
(fer state a router thinks it can e)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G
(ntually become).165 E(the winner and periodically generates Of)122
331.2 Q(fer messages.)-.275 E F2(Lose)97 347.8 Q F0
(In this state the router kno)122 360.8 Q(ws that there either is a dif)
-.275 E(ferent election winner or that no)-.275 E
(router on the link has a path to the RP)122 373.8 Q(.)-1.221 E F2
(Winner)97 390.4 Q F0(The router is the acting DF without an)122 403.4 Q
2.75(yc)-.165 G(ontest.)-2.75 E F2(Backoff)97 420 Q F0
(The router is the acting DF b)122 433 Q
(ut another router has made a bid to tak)-.22 E 2.75(eo)-.11 G -.165(ve)
-2.915 G -.605(r.).165 G(In the state machine a router is considered to\
 be an acting DF if it is in the)72 449.6 Q F2(Win)2.75 E F0(or)2.75 E
F2(Backoff)2.75 E F0(states.)72 462.6 Q
(The operation of the election protocol mak)72 479.2 Q(es use of the v)
-.11 E(ariables and timers described belo)-.275 E(w:)-.275 E F2
(Acting DF information)97 495.8 Q F0(Used to store the identity and adv)
122 508.8 Q(ertised metrics of the election winner that is the)-.165 E
(currently acting DF)122 521.8 Q(.)-.88 E F2(DF election-Timer \(DFT\))
97 538.4 Q F0(Used to schedule transmission of Of)122 551.4 Q(fer)-.275
E 2.75(,W)-.44 G(inner and P)-3.19 E(ass messages.)-.165 E F2
(Message-Count \(MC\))97 568 Q F0
(Used to maintain the number of times an Of)122 581 Q(fer or W)-.275 E
(inner message has been)-.44 E(transmitted.)122 594 Q F2(Best-Offer)97
610.6 Q F0(Used by the DF to record the identity and adv)122 623.6 Q
(ertised metrics of the router has made)-.165 E(the last of)122 636.6 Q
(fer for use when sending the P)-.275 E(ass message.)-.165 E F1 2.75
(3.5.3.2. Election)72 666.2 R(Messages)2.75 E F0
(The election process uses the follo)72 682.8 Q
(wing PIM control messages the pack)-.275 E(et format of which is)-.11 E
(described in section 3.7:)72 695.8 Q F2(Offer \(OfferingID, Metric\))97
712.4 Q F0(Sent by routers that belie)122 725.4 Q .33 -.165(ve t)-.275 H
(he).165 E 2.75(yh)-.165 G -2.475 -.22(av e)-2.75 H 2.75(ab)2.97 G
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(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E(has been on of)122 85 Q
(fer so f)-.275 E(ar)-.11 E(.)-.605 E/F1 11/Courier@0 SF
(Winner \(DF-ID, DF-Metric\))97 101.6 Q F0(Sent by a router when assumi\
ng the role of the DF or when re-asserting in response to)122 114.6 Q
-.11(wo)122 127.6 S(rse of).11 E(fers.)-.275 E F1
(Backoff \(DF-ID, DF-Metric, OfferingID, OfferMetric,)97 144.2 Q
(BackoffInterval\))122 157.2 Q F0(Used by the DF to ackno)122 170.2 Q
(wledge better of)-.275 E
(fers. It instructs other routers with equal or)-.275 E -.11(wo)122
183.2 S(rse of).11 E(fers to w)-.275 E
(ait till the DF passes responsibility to the sender of the of)-.11 E
(fer)-.275 E(.)-.605 E F1
(Pass \(Old-DF-ID, Old-DF-Metric, New-DF-ID, New-DF-Metric\))97 199.8 Q
F0(Used by the old DF to pass forw)122 212.8 Q
(arding responsibility to a router that has pre)-.11 E(viously)-.275 E
(made an of)122 225.8 Q(fer)-.275 E 5.5(.T)-.605 G
(he Old-DF-Metric is the current metric of the DF at the time the pass)
-5.5 E(is sent.)122 238.8 Q
(Note that when a router is participating in a DF election for an RP)72
255.4 Q 2.75(Ao)-1.012 G 2.75(nt)-2.75 G(he interf)-2.75 E
(ace that its MRIB)-.11 E(indicates as the RPF Interf)72 268.4 Q
(ace then that router MUST al)-.11 E -.11(wa)-.11 G(ys adv).11 E
(ertise an in\214nite metric in its)-.165 E(election messages. When a r\
outer is participating in a DF election on an interf)72 281.4 Q
(ace other than the)-.11 E(MRIB indicated RPF Interf)72 294.4 Q
(ace then it MUST adv)-.11 E(ertise the MRIB pro)-.165 E
(vided metrics in its election)-.165 E(messages.)72 307.4 Q/F2 11
/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.75(3.5.3.3. Election)72 337 R(Ev)2.75 E(ents)-.11 E
F0(During protocol operation the follo)72 353.6 Q(wing e)-.275 E -.165
(ve)-.275 G(nts can tak).165 E 2.75(ep)-.11 G(lace:)-2.75 E F1
(Control message reception)97 370.2 Q F0
(Reception of one of the four control DF election messages \(Of)122
383.2 Q(fer)-.275 E 2.75(,W)-.44 G(inner)-3.19 E 2.75(,B)-.44 G(ack)
-2.75 E(of)-.11 E(f)-.275 E(and P)122 396.2 Q
(ass\). When a control message is recei)-.165 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75
(da).165 G(nd actions are speci\214ed on a condition)-2.75 E
(that metrics are Better or W)122 409.2 Q
(orse the comparison must be performed as follo)-.88 E(ws:)-.275 E 7.15
<834f>122 425.8 S 2.75(nr)-7.15 G(eceipt of an Of)-2.75 E(fer or W)-.275
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(with the metrics adv)133 438.8 Q
(ertised for the sender of the message.)-.165 E 7.15<834f>122 455.4 S
2.75(nr)-7.15 G(eceipt of a Back)-2.75 E(of)-.11 E 2.75(fo)-.275 G 2.75
(rP)-2.75 G(ass message compare our current metrics for the RP)-2.915 E
(A)-1.012 E(with the metrics adv)133 468.4 Q(ertised for the tar)-.165 E
(get of the message.)-.198 E F1(Path to RPA lost)97 485 Q F0
(Losing the path to the RP)122 498 Q 2.75(Ac)-1.012 G(an happen in tw)
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(learned through the MRIB is withdra)122 511 Q
(wn and the MRIB no longer reports an a)-.165 E -.275(va)-.22 G(ilable)
.275 E(route to reach the RP)122 524 Q
(A. The second case happens when the ne)-1.012 E(xt-hop information)
-.165 E(reported by the MRIB changes to indicate a ne)122 537 Q
(xt-hop that is reachable through the)-.165 E(router interf)122 550 Q
(ace under consideration.)-.11 E
(Clearly as the router is using the interf)5.5 E(ace as its)-.11 E
(RPF Interf)122 563 Q(ace it cannot of)-.11 E(fer forw)-.275 E
(arding services to)-.11 E -.11(wa)-.275 G
(rds the RPL to other routers on).11 E(that link.)122 576 Q F1
(Metric reported by the MRIB to reach the RPA changes)97 592.6 Q F0
(This e)122 605.6 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G
(nt is triggered when the MRIB supplied information for the RP).165 E
2.75(Ac)-1.012 G(hanges and)-2.75 E(the ne)122 618.6 Q 2.75(wi)-.275 G
(nformation pro)-2.75 E(vides a path to the RP)-.165 E(A. If the ne)
-1.012 E 2.75(wM)-.275 G(RIB information either)-2.75 E
(reports no route or reports a ne)122 631.6 Q(xt-hop interf)-.165 E
(ace through the interf)-.11 E(ace for which the DF)-.11 E
(election is taking place then the "P)122 644.6 Q(ath to RP)-.165 E 2.75
(Al)-1.012 G(ost" e)-2.75 E -.165(ve)-.275 G
(nt triggers instead. In speci\214c).165 E(states the e)122 657.6 Q
-.165(ve)-.275 G
(nt may be further \214ltered by specifying whether it is e).165 E
(xpected of the)-.165 E(metric to become better or w)122 670.6 Q
(orse and which stored metric the ne)-.11 E 2.75(wM)-.275 G
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(fer metric.)-.275 E(Handle)72 769 Q(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E
(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 141.16(icisano Section)-.66 F 2.75(3.5.3.3. [P)
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(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E/F1 11/Courier@0 SF
(Election-Timer \(DFT\) Expiration)97 85 Q F0(Expiration of the DFT ele\
ction timer can cause message transmission and state)122 98 Q
(transitions. The e)122 111 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G
(nt might be further quali\214ed by specifying the v).165 E(alue of the)
-.275 E(Message Count \(MC\) as well as the current e)122 124 Q
(xistence of a path to the RP)-.165 E 2.75(A\()-1.012 G(as de\214ned)
-2.75 E(abo)122 137 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G(\).).165 E F1
(Detection of DF failure)97 153.6 Q F0(Detection of DF f)122 166.6 Q
(ailure can occur through the timeout of PIM neighbor state.)-.11 E/F2
11/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.75(3.5.3.4. Election)72 192.6 R(Actions)2.75 E F0
(The DF election state machine action descriptions use the follo)72
209.2 Q(wing notation in addition to the)-.275 E
(pseudocode notation described earlier in this spec.)72 222.2 Q 8.162
(?= denotes)97 238.8 R(the operation of lo)2.75 E
(wering a timer to a ne)-.275 E 2.75(wv)-.275 G
(alue. If the timer is not running)-3.025 E
(then it is started using the ne)119 251.8 Q 2.75(wv)-.275 G
(alue. If the timer is running with an e)-3.025 E(xpiration lo)-.165 E
(wer)-.275 E(than the ne)119 264.8 Q 2.75(wv)-.275 G
(alue, then the timer is not altered.)-3.025 E
(When an action of "set DF to Sender or T)72 281.4 Q(ar)-.88 E
(get" is encountered during receipt of a W)-.198 E(inner)-.44 E 2.75(,P)
-.44 G(ass or)-2.915 E(Back)72 294.4 Q(of)-.11 E 2.75(fm)-.275 G
(essage it means the follo)-2.75 E(wing:)-.275 E 7.15<834f>97 311 S 2.75
(nr)-7.15 G(eceipt of a W)-2.75 E(inner message set the DF to be the or\
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<834f>97 340.6 S 2.75(nr)-7.15 G(eceipt of a P)-2.75 E
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<834f>97 370.2 S 2.75(nr)-7.15 G(eceipt of a Back)-2.75 E(of)-.11 E 2.75
(fm)-.275 G
(essage set the DF to be the originator of the message and record)-2.75
E(its metrics.)108 383.2 Q(Handle)72 769 Q(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E
(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 141.16(icisano Section)-.66 F 2.75(3.5.3.5. [P)
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(3.5.3.5. Election)72 85 R(State T)2.75 E(ransitions)-.814 E F0
(When a Designated F)72 101.6 Q(orw)-.165 E
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(counter \(MC\) is set to zero and the DF election T)72 114.6 Q
(imer \(DFT\) is set to OPlo)-.385 E 2.75(w\()-.275 G
(see section 3.6 for a)-2.75 E(de\214nition of timer v)72 127.6 Q
(alues\).)-.275 E 6 184 396 596 -330.221 497 108 489.822 PBEGIN
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x 0 get y 0 get moveto
1 1 n 1 sub {
/i exch def
x i get y i get lineto
} for
patternNone not brushLeftArrow not brushRightArrow not and and { ifill } if
brushNone not { istroke } if
0 0 1 1 leftarrow
n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup rightarrow
} if
end
} dup 0 4 dict put def

/Poly {
3 1 roll
newpath
moveto
-1 add
{ lineto } repeat
closepath
patternNone not { ifill } if
brushNone not { istroke } if
} def

/Rect {
0 begin
/t exch def
/r exch def
/b exch def
/l exch def
newpath
l b moveto
l t lineto
r t lineto
r b lineto
closepath
patternNone not { ifill } if
brushNone not { istroke } if
end
} dup 0 4 dict put def

/Text {
ishow
} def

/idef {
dup where { pop pop pop } { exch def } ifelse
} def

/ifill {
0 begin
gsave
patternGrayLevel -1 ne {
fgred bgred fgred sub patternGrayLevel mul add
fggreen bggreen fggreen sub patternGrayLevel mul add
fgblue bgblue fgblue sub patternGrayLevel mul add setrgbcolor
eofill
} {
eoclip
originalCTM setmatrix
pathbbox /t exch def /r exch def /b exch def /l exch def
/w r l sub ceiling cvi def
/h t b sub ceiling cvi def
/imageByteWidth w 8 div ceiling cvi def
/imageHeight h def
bgred bggreen bgblue setrgbcolor
eofill
fgred fggreen fgblue setrgbcolor
w 0 gt h 0 gt and {
l w add b translate w neg h scale
w h true [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] { patternproc } imagemask
} if
} ifelse
grestore
end
} dup 0 8 dict put def

/istroke {
gsave
brushDashOffset -1 eq {
[] 0 setdash
1 setgray
} {
brushDashArray brushDashOffset setdash
fgred fggreen fgblue setrgbcolor
} ifelse
brushWidth setlinewidth
originalCTM setmatrix
stroke
grestore
} def

/ishow {
0 begin
gsave
fgred fggreen fgblue setrgbcolor
/fontDict printFont printSize scalefont dup setfont def
/descender fontDict begin 0 [FontBBox] 1 get FontMatrix end
transform exch pop def
/vertoffset 1 printSize sub descender sub def {
0 vertoffset moveto show
/vertoffset vertoffset printSize sub def
} forall
grestore
end
} dup 0 3 dict put def
/patternproc {
0 begin
/patternByteLength patternString length def
/patternHeight patternByteLength 8 mul sqrt cvi def
/patternWidth patternHeight def
/patternByteWidth patternWidth 8 idiv def
/imageByteMaxLength imageByteWidth imageHeight mul
stringLimit patternByteWidth sub min def
/imageMaxHeight imageByteMaxLength imageByteWidth idiv patternHeight idiv
patternHeight mul patternHeight max def
/imageHeight imageHeight imageMaxHeight sub store
/imageString imageByteWidth imageMaxHeight mul patternByteWidth add string def
0 1 imageMaxHeight 1 sub {
/y exch def
/patternRow y patternByteWidth mul patternByteLength mod def
/patternRowString patternString patternRow patternByteWidth getinterval def
/imageRow y imageByteWidth mul def
0 patternByteWidth imageByteWidth 1 sub {
/x exch def
imageString imageRow x add patternRowString putinterval
} for
} for
imageString
end
} dup 0 12 dict put def

/min {
dup 3 2 roll dup 4 3 roll lt { exch } if pop
} def

/max {
dup 3 2 roll dup 4 3 roll gt { exch } if pop
} def

/midpoint {
0 begin
/y1 exch def
/x1 exch def
/y0 exch def
/x0 exch def
x0 x1 add 2 div
y0 y1 add 2 div
end
} dup 0 4 dict put def

/thirdpoint {
0 begin
/y1 exch def
/x1 exch def
/y0 exch def
/x0 exch def
x0 2 mul x1 add 3 div
y0 2 mul y1 add 3 div
end
} dup 0 4 dict put def

/subspline {
0 begin
/movetoNeeded exch def
y exch get /y3 exch def
x exch get /x3 exch def
y exch get /y2 exch def
x exch get /x2 exch def
y exch get /y1 exch def
x exch get /x1 exch def
y exch get /y0 exch def
x exch get /x0 exch def
x1 y1 x2 y2 thirdpoint
/p1y exch def
/p1x exch def
x2 y2 x1 y1 thirdpoint
/p2y exch def
/p2x exch def
x1 y1 x0 y0 thirdpoint
p1x p1y midpoint
/p0y exch def
/p0x exch def
x2 y2 x3 y3 thirdpoint
p2x p2y midpoint
/p3y exch def
/p3x exch def
movetoNeeded { p0x p0y moveto } if
p1x p1y p2x p2y p3x p3y curveto
end
} dup 0 17 dict put def

/storexyn {
/n exch def
/y n array def
/x n array def
n 1 sub -1 0 {
/i exch def
y i 3 2 roll put
x i 3 2 roll put
} for
} def

/SSten {
fgred fggreen fgblue setrgbcolor
dup true exch 1 0 0 -1 0 6 -1 roll matrix astore
} def

/FSten {
dup 3 -1 roll dup 4 1 roll exch
newpath
0 0 moveto
dup 0 exch lineto
exch dup 3 1 roll exch lineto
0 lineto
closepath
bgred bggreen bgblue setrgbcolor
eofill
SSten
} def

/Rast {
exch dup 3 1 roll 1 0 0 -1 0 6 -1 roll matrix astore
} def


%I Idraw 12 Grid 29.6207 29.6207 


Begin
%I b u
%I cfg u
%I cbg u
%I f u
%I p u
%I t
[ 0.956649 0 0 0.956649 0 0 ] concat
/originalCTM matrix currentmatrix def

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 0 1 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 0.788745 -0 -0 0.788745 -93.8607 71.7758 ] concat
%I 3
473 700
299 701
291 565
3 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 0 1 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 0.788745 -0 -0 0.788745 -93.8607 71.7758 ] concat
%I 3
468 710
270 724
275 566
3 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 0 1 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 1.00035 -0 -0 1.00035 -138.048 89.0308 ] concat
%I 4
472 536
538 472
583 453
604 425
4 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 0 1 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 1.00035 -0 -0 1.00035 -15.0052 53.0183 ] concat
%I 3
495 431
459 332
355 317
3 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 1 0 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 1.00035 -0 -0 1.00035 -8.00277 128.045 ] concat
%I 5
286 232
98 171
28 194
16 330
100 370
5 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 0 1 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 1.00035 -0 -0 1.00035 -17.0059 53.0183 ] concat
%I 3
342 327
392 403
470 441
3 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 0 1 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 1.00035 -0 -0 1.00035 -17.0059 53.0183 ] concat
%I 4
353 586
476 603
531 569
509 464
4 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 0 1 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 1.00035 -0 -0 1.00035 -9.00307 95.0328 ] concat
%I 4
146 390
180 290
266 297
295 286
4 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 0 1 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 1.00035 -0 -0 1.00035 -58.0201 89.0308 ] concat
%I 5
161 399
128 335
145 286
192 275
332 280
5 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 0 1 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 1.00035 -0 -0 1.00035 -9.00307 95.0328 ] concat
%I 3
135 389
107 281
286 280
3 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 1 0 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 1.00035 -0 -0 1.00035 -58.0201 89.0308 ] concat
%I 5
153 404
83 352
85 275
178 258
333 273
5 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I Elli
%I b 65535
0 0 0 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
1 SetP
%I t
[ 0.5 -0 -0 0.5 19.4931 205.005 ] concat
%I
209 592 64 32 Elli
End

Begin %I Elli
%I b 65535
0 0 0 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
1 SetP
%I t
[ 0.5 -0 -0 0.5 378.55 205.005 ] concat
%I
209 592 64 32 Elli
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 113.995 504.507 ] concat
%I
[
(Lose)
] Text
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 476.12 504.506 ] concat
%I
[
(Win)
] Text
End

Begin %I Elli
%I b 65535
0 0 0 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
1 SetP
%I t
[ 0.5 -0 -0 0.5 202.49 337.051 ] concat
%I
209 592 64 32 Elli
End

Begin %I Elli
%I b 65535
0 0 0 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
1 SetP
%I t
[ 0.5 -0 -0 0.5 202.49 70.9582 ] concat
%I
209 592 64 32 Elli
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 291.056 636.552 ] concat
%I
[
(Backoff)
] Text
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 295.057 369.459 ] concat
%I
[
(Offer)
] Text
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 15.9612 577.531 ] concat
%I
[
(Recv better)
(Pass / Win / Backoff)
(DF = Sender or Target)
] Text
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 540.143 560.525 ] concat
%I
[
(Recv worse)
(Offer)
(Send Winner)
] Text
End

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 0 1 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 1.00035 -0 -0 1.00035 -7.00247 54.0187 ] concat
%I 5
322 594
336 617
313 638
297 619
308 595
5 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 0 1 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 1.00035 -0 -0 1.00035 -7.00247 54.0187 ] concat
%I 3
483 461
438 566
347 578
3 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 164.011 461.492 ] concat
%I
[
(Recv better)
(Pass / Win)
(DF = Sender or Target)
] Text
End

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 0 1 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 1.00035 -0 -0 1.00035 -42.0146 123.043 ] concat
%I 5
333 230
290 175
292 153
304 161
339 229
5 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 0 1 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 1.00035 -0 -0 1.00035 98.0334 145.051 ] concat
%I 4
200 237
161 290
76 309
47 343
4 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 0 1 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 1.00035 -0 -0 1.00035 -17.0059 53.0183 ] concat
%I 2
487 433
353 323
2 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 0 1 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 1.00035 -0 -0 1.00035 -15.0052 53.0183 ] concat
%I 3
467 451
312 471
171 455
3 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 0 1 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 1.00035 -0 -0 1.00035 -8.00277 128.045 ] concat
%I 5
289 228
252 202
254 194
266 194
293 226
5 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 0 1 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 1.00035 -0 -0 1.00035 3.00103 95.0328 ] concat
%I 5
102 419
100 447
74 452
71 432
94 417
5 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 0 1 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 1.00035 -0 -0 1.00035 -40.0138 74.0256 ] concat
%I 5
539 440
557 471
576 470
573 459
546 439
5 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 0 1 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 1.00035 -0 -0 1.00035 -80.0277 57.0197 ] concat
%I 5
593 450
618 460
629 449
619 440
596 444
5 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I BSpl
%I b 65535
0 0 1 [] 0 SetB
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I cbg White
1 1 1 SetCBg
%I p
0 SetP
%I t
[ 1.00035 -0 -0 1.00035 -80.0277 57.0197 ] concat
%I 5
590 434
614 417
607 407
595 411
585 431
5 BSpl
%I 1
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 56.9753 454.49 ] concat
%I
[
(Recv worse)
(Offer)
(DFT = OPlow)
(MC = 0)
] Text
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 106.992 422.479 ] concat
%I
[
(Recv better)
(Offer)
(DFT = OPhigh)
(MC = 0)
] Text
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 191.021 421.478 ] concat
%I
[
(DF failure)
(DF = None)
(DFT = OPlow)
(MC = 0)
] Text
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 56.9756 366.459 ] concat
%I
[
(DFT Expires &&)
(MC == Robustness &&)
(no path to RPA)
(DF = None)
] Text
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 29.9661 321.444 ] concat
%I
[
(Recv worse or for us)
(Pass / Win / Backoff)
(DF = Sender or Target)
(DFT = OPlow)
(MC = 0)
] Text
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 194.599 331.755 ] concat
%I
[
(Recv better)
(Offer)
(DFT = OPhigh)
(MC = 0)
] Text
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 396.711 286.528 ] concat
%I
[
(DFT Expires &&)
(MC < Robustness)
(Send Offer)
(DFT = OPlow)
(MC = MC + 1)
] Text
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 215.008 232.641 ] concat
%I
[
(Recv better or for us)
(Backoff)
(DFT = BOper + OPlow)
(MC = 0)
] Text
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 330.07 521.512 ] concat
%I
[
(Recv better)
(Pass / Win / Backoff)
(DF = Sender or Target)
(Stop DFT)
] Text
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 332.07 447.486 ] concat
%I
[
(Recv for us)
(Pass)
(Stop DFT)
] Text
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 524.137 461.491 ] concat
%I
[
(DFT Expires &&)
(MC < Robustness)
(Send Winner)
(DFT = OPlow)
(MC = MC + 1)
] Text
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 231.035 708.578 ] concat
%I
[
(Recv better)
(Offer)
(Best = Sender)
(Send Backoff)
(DFT = BOper)
] Text
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 392.091 566.528 ] concat
%I
[
(Recv worse)
(Offer)
(Send Winner)
(Stop DFT)
] Text
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 487.124 612.543 ] concat
%I
[
(Metric changes)
(and and now is)
(better than Best)
(Stop DFT)
] Text
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 326.515 247.129 ] concat
%I
[
(Recv worse)
(Offer)
(DFT ?= OPlow)
(MC = 0)
] Text
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 158.816 283.949 ] concat
%I
[
(Recv worse)
(Pass / Win / Backoff)
(DF = Sender or Target)
(DFT ?= OPlow)
(MC = 0)
] Text
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 75.6349 651.961 ] concat
%I
[
(Recv better)
(Pass / Win / Backoff)
(DF = Sender or Target)
] Text
End

Begin %I Text
%I cfg Black
0 0 0 SetCFg
%I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-56-iso8859-1
Helvetica 10 SetF
%I t
[ 1 0 0 1 392.091 416.475 ] concat
%I
[
(Recv worse or for us)
(Pass / Win / Backoff)
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end
%%EndDocument
end PEND F1(Figur)176.86 515.822 Q 2.75(e3)-.198 G 2.75(:D)-2.75 G
(esignated F)-2.75 E(orwarder election state-machine)-.275 E F0(Handle)
72 769 Q(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 141.16
(icisano Section)-.66 F 2.75(3.5.3.5. [P)2.75 F(age 21])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 22 22
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 49 Q 70.976(-DRAFT Expires:)-1.012 F
(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E(In tab)72 85 Q
(ular form, the state machine is:)-.22 E .44 LW 503.992 95.75 72 95.75
DL/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(Ev)316.034 106 Q(ent)-.11 E 503.992 110.75
148.589 110.75 DL(Pr)83.755 120 Q .33 -.165(ev S)-.198 H(tate).165 E
(Recv better P)167.222 121 Q(ass /)-.11 E -.198(Wi)167.222 134 S(n).198
E(Recv better)285.768 121 Q(Back)285.768 134 Q(off)-.165 E
(Recv better Offer)405.854 121 Q 503.992 138.75 72 138.75 DL 503.992
140.75 72 140.75 DL F0(-> Lose)167.222 151 Q 116.423(--)84.545 G F1
(Offer)83.755 164 Q F0(DF = Sender or)167.222 164 Q -.88(Ta)167.222 177
S -.198(rg).88 G(et; Stop DFT).198 E(DFT = BOperiod +)285.768 164 Q
(OPlo)285.768 177 Q(w; MC = 0)-.275 E(DFT = OPhigh;)405.854 164 Q
(MC = 0)405.854 177 Q 503.992 181.75 72 181.75 DL -116.093 114.883(-- -)
167.222 192 T 2.75(>O)-114.883 G -.275(ff)-2.75 G(er).275 E F1(Lose)
83.755 205 Q F0(DF = Sender or)167.222 205 Q -.88(Ta)167.222 218 S -.198
(rg).88 G(et).198 E(DF = Sender)285.768 205 Q(DFT = OPhigh;)405.854 205
Q(MC = 0)405.854 218 Q 503.992 222.75 72 222.75 DL(-> Lose)167.222 233 Q
(-> Lose)84.545 E(-> Back)86.085 E(of)-.11 E(f)-.275 E F1 -.198(Wi)
83.755 252.5 S(n).198 E F0(DF = Sender or)167.222 246 Q -.88(Ta)167.222
259 S -.198(rg).88 G(et; Stop DFT).198 E(DF = Sender; Stop)285.768 246 Q
(DFT)285.768 259 Q(Set Best to Sender;)405.854 246 Q(Send Back)405.854
259 Q(of)-.11 E(f; DFT)-.275 E 2.75(=B)405.854 272 S(Operiod)-2.75 E
503.992 276.75 72 276.75 DL(-> Lose)167.222 287 Q(-> Lose)84.545 E(-)
86.085 E F1(Back)83.755 306.5 Q(off)-.165 E F0(DF = Sender or)167.222
300 Q -.88(Ta)167.222 313 S -.198(rg).88 G(et; Stop DFT).198 E
(DF = Sender; Stop)285.768 300 Q(DFT)285.768 313 Q(Set Best to Sender;)
405.854 300 Q(Send Back)405.854 313 Q(of)-.11 E(f; DFT)-.275 E 2.75(=B)
405.854 326 S(Operiod)-2.75 E 503.992 330.75 72 330.75 DL 388.221 110.75
388.221 330.75 DL 268.135 110.75 268.135 330.75 DL 148.589 95.75 148.589
330.75 DL 150.589 95.75 150.589 330.75 DL 503.992 95.75 503.992 330.75
DL 72 95.75 72 330.75 DL 503.998 359.35 72 359.35 DL F1(Ev)309.809 369.6
Q(ent)-.11 E 503.998 374.35 138.209 374.35 DL(Pr)79.603 390.1 Q .33
-.165(ev S)-.198 H(tate).165 E(Recv Back)150.614 384.6 Q(off)-.165 E
-.275(fo)150.614 397.6 S 2.75(ru).275 G(s)-2.75 E(Recv P)243.834 384.6 Q
(ass f)-.11 E(or)-.275 E(us)243.834 397.6 Q(Recv W)332.467 384.6 Q(orse)
-.825 E -.11(Pa)332.467 397.6 S(ss / W).11 E(in /)-.198 E(Back)332.467
410.6 Q(off)-.165 E(Recv w)425.687 384.6 Q(orse)-.11 E(Offer)425.687
397.6 Q 503.998 415.35 72 415.35 DL 503.998 417.35 72 417.35 DL F0
89.557(--)150.614 427.6 S 2.75(>W)-89.557 G 54.764(in -)-3.19 F(-)89.557
E F1(Offer)79.603 453.6 Q F0(DFT =)150.614 440.6 Q(BOperiod +)150.614
453.6 Q(OPlo)150.614 466.6 Q(w; MC = 0)-.275 E(Stop DFT)243.834 440.6 Q
(Set DF to)332.467 440.6 Q(Sender or)332.467 453.6 Q -.88(Ta)332.467
466.6 S -.198(rg).88 G(et; DFT ?=).198 E(OPlo)332.467 479.6 Q(w; MC = 0)
-.275 E(DFT ?= OPlo)425.687 440.6 Q(w;)-.275 E(MC = 0)425.687 453.6 Q
503.998 484.35 72 484.35 DL(-> Of)150.614 494.6 Q 54.313(fer ->)-.275 F
(Of)2.75 E 49.726(fer ->)-.275 F(Of)2.75 E 54.313(fer ->)-.275 F(Of)2.75
E(fer)-.275 E F1(Lose)79.603 514.1 Q F0(DF = Sender;)150.614 507.6 Q
(DFT = OPlo)150.614 520.6 Q(w;)-.275 E(MC = 0)150.614 533.6 Q
(DF = Sender;)243.834 507.6 Q(DFT = OPlo)243.834 520.6 Q(w;)-.275 E
(MC = 0)243.834 533.6 Q(DF = Sender or)332.467 507.6 Q -.88(Ta)332.467
520.6 S -.198(rg).88 G(et; DFT =).198 E(OPlo)332.467 533.6 Q(w; MC = 0)
-.275 E(DFT = OPlo)425.687 507.6 Q(w;)-.275 E(MC = 0)425.687 520.6 Q
503.998 538.35 72 538.35 DL(-> Of)150.614 548.6 Q 54.313(fer ->)-.275 F
(Of)2.75 E 49.726(fer ->)-.275 F(Of)2.75 E 54.313(fer -)-.275 F F1 -.198
(Wi)79.603 568.1 S(n).198 E F0(DF = Sender;)150.614 561.6 Q(DFT = OPlo)
150.614 574.6 Q(w;)-.275 E(MC = 0)150.614 587.6 Q(DF = Sender;)243.834
561.6 Q(DFT = OPlo)243.834 574.6 Q(w;)-.275 E(MC = 0)243.834 587.6 Q
(DF = Sender or)332.467 561.6 Q -.88(Ta)332.467 574.6 S -.198(rg).88 G
(et; DFT =).198 E(OPlo)332.467 587.6 Q(w; MC = 0)-.275 E(Send W)425.687
561.6 Q(inner)-.44 E 503.998 592.35 72 592.35 DL(-> Of)150.614 602.6 Q
54.313(fer ->)-.275 F(Of)2.75 E 49.726(fer ->)-.275 F(Of)2.75 E 54.313
(fer ->)-.275 F -.44(Wi)2.75 G(n).44 E F1(Back)79.603 622.1 Q(off)-.165
E F0(DF = Sender;)150.614 615.6 Q(DFT = OPlo)150.614 628.6 Q(w;)-.275 E
(MC = 0)150.614 641.6 Q(DF = Sender;)243.834 615.6 Q(DFT = OPlo)243.834
628.6 Q(w;)-.275 E(MC = 0)243.834 641.6 Q(DF = Sender or)332.467 615.6 Q
-.88(Ta)332.467 628.6 S -.198(rg).88 G(et; DFT =).198 E(OPlo)332.467
641.6 Q(w; MC = 0)-.275 E(Send W)425.687 615.6 Q(inner;)-.44 E(Stop DFT)
425.687 628.6 Q 503.998 646.35 72 646.35 DL 414.282 374.35 414.282
646.35 DL 321.062 374.35 321.062 646.35 DL 232.429 374.35 232.429 646.35
DL 138.209 359.35 138.209 646.35 DL 140.209 359.35 140.209 646.35 DL
503.998 359.35 503.998 646.35 DL 72 359.35 72 646.35 DL(Handle)72 769 Q
(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 141.16(icisano Section)
-.66 F 2.75(3.5.3.5. [P)2.75 F(age 22])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 49 Q 70.976(-DRAFT Expires:)-1.012 F
(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E .44 LW 504 76.75 72 76.75 DL
/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(In Offer State)255.313 87 Q 504 91.75 72 91.75 DL
504 93.75 72 93.75 DL(DFT Expir)86.62 104 Q(es and MC)-.198 E
(is less than Rob)86.62 117 Q(ustness)-.22 E(DFT Expir)236.916 104 Q
(es and MC)-.198 E(is equal to Rob)236.916 117 Q(ustness)-.22 E
(and we ha)236.916 130 Q .22 -.11(ve p)-.275 H(ath to).11 E(RP)236.916
143 Q(A)-.814 E(DFT Expir)384.154 104 Q(es and MC)-.198 E
(is equal to Rob)384.154 117 Q(ustness)-.22 E(and ther)384.154 130 Q
2.75(ei)-.198 G 2.75(sn)-2.75 G 2.75(op)-2.75 G(ath to)-2.75 E(RP)
384.154 143 Q(A)-.814 E 504 147.75 72 147.75 DL 504 149.75 72 149.75 DL
F0 146.633(--)86.62 160 S 2.75(>W)-146.633 G 113.369(in ->)-3.19 F(Lose)
2.75 E(Send Of)86.62 173 Q(fer; DFT =)-.275 E(OPlo)86.62 186 Q
(w; MC = MC + 1)-.275 E(Send W)236.916 173 Q(inner)-.44 E
(Set DF to None)384.154 173 Q 504 190.75 72 190.75 DL 362.224 93.75
362.224 190.75 DL 214.986 93.75 214.986 190.75 DL 504 76.75 504 190.75
DL 72 76.75 72 190.75 DL 504 215.75 72 215.75 DL F1(In Offer State)
255.313 226 Q 504 230.75 72 230.75 DL 504 232.75 72 232.75 DL
(Metric changes and is no)210.659 243 Q 2.75(ww)-.11 G(orse)-2.86 E 504
247.75 72 247.75 DL 504 249.75 72 249.75 DL F0(DFT ?= OPlo)210.659 260 Q
(w)-.275 E(MC = 0)210.659 273 Q 504 277.75 72 277.75 DL 504 215.75 504
277.75 DL 72 215.75 72 277.75 DL 503.999 302.75 72 302.75 DL F1
(In Lose State)257.139 313 Q 503.999 317.75 72 317.75 DL 503.999 319.75
72 319.75 DL(Detect DF F)105.822 330 Q(ailur)-.275 E(e)-.198 E
(Metric changes and no)345.624 330 Q 2.75(wi)-.11 G(s)-2.75 E
(better than DF)345.624 343 Q 503.999 347.75 72 347.75 DL 503.999 349.75
72 349.75 DL F0(-> Of)105.822 360 Q 200.895(fer ->)-.275 F(Of)2.75 E
(fer)-.275 E(DF = None; DFT = OPlo)105.822 373 Q(w_int;)-.275 E(MC = 0)
105.822 386 Q(DFT = OPlo)345.624 373 Q(w_int; MC = 0)-.275 E 503.999
390.75 72 390.75 DL 294.891 319.75 294.891 390.75 DL 503.999 302.75
503.999 390.75 DL 72 302.75 72 390.75 DL 504 415.75 72 415.75 DL F1
(In W)258.151 426 Q(in State)-.198 E 504 430.75 72 430.75 DL 504 432.75
72 432.75 DL(Metric changes and is)87.698 443 Q(no)87.698 456 Q 2.75(ww)
-.11 G(orse)-2.86 E -.198(Ti)237.686 443 S(mer Expir).198 E(es and)-.198
E(MC is less than)237.686 456 Q(Rob)237.686 469 Q(ustness)-.22 E -.11
(Pa)384.011 443 S(th to RP).11 E 2.75(Al)-.814 G(ost)-2.75 E 504 473.75
72 473.75 DL 504 475.75 72 475.75 DL F0 146.325(--)87.698 486 S(-> Of)
-3.663 E(fer)-.275 E(DFT = OPlo)87.698 499 Q(w; MC = 0)-.275 E(Send W)
237.686 499 Q(inner; DFT =)-.44 E(OPlo)237.686 512 Q(w; MC = MC + 1)
-.275 E(Set DF to None; DFT =)384.011 499 Q(OPlo)384.011 512 Q
(w; MC = 0)-.275 E 504 516.75 72 516.75 DL 360.464 432.75 360.464 516.75
DL 214.139 432.75 214.139 516.75 DL 504 415.75 504 516.75 DL 72 415.75
72 516.75 DL 503.995 541.75 72 541.75 DL F1(In Back)249.888 552 Q
(off State)-.165 E 503.995 556.75 72 556.75 DL 503.995 558.75 72 558.75
DL(Metric changes and is)88.653 569 Q(no)88.653 582 Q 2.75(wb)-.11 G
(etter than Best)-2.75 E -.198(Ti)240.967 569 S(mer Expir).198 E(es)
-.198 E -.11(Pa)383.051 569 S(th to RP).11 E 2.75(Al)-.814 G(ost)-2.75 E
503.995 586.75 72 586.75 DL 503.995 588.75 72 588.75 DL F0(-> W)88.653
599 Q 118.445(in ->)-.44 F 105.333(Lose ->)2.75 F(Of)2.75 E(fer)-.275 E
(Stop T)88.653 612 Q(imer)-.385 E(Send P)240.967 612 Q(ass; Set DF to)
-.165 E(stored Best)240.967 625 Q(Set DF to None; DFT =)383.051 612 Q
(OPlo)383.051 625 Q(w; MC = 0)-.275 E 503.995 629.75 72 629.75 DL
358.071 558.75 358.071 629.75 DL 215.987 558.75 215.987 629.75 DL
503.995 541.75 503.995 629.75 DL 72 541.75 72 629.75 DL F1 2.75
(3.5.4. Election)72 660.6 R(Reliability Enhancements)2.75 E F0 -.165(Fo)
72 677.2 S 2.75(rt).165 G(he correct operation of BIDIR-PIM it is v)
-2.75 E(ery important to a)-.165 E -.22(vo)-.22 G
(id situations where tw).22 E 2.75(or)-.11 G(outers)-2.75 E
(consider themselv)72 690.2 Q(es to be Designated F)-.165 E(orw)-.165 E
(arders for the same link. The tw)-.11 E 2.75(op)-.11 G(recautions belo)
-2.75 E(w)-.275 E(are not required for correct operation b)72 703.2 Q
(ut can help diagnose anomalies and correct them.)-.22 E(Handle)72 769 Q
(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 149.41(icisano Section)
-.66 F 2.75(3.5.4. [P)2.75 F(age 23])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.75
(3.5.5. Missing)72 85 R -.11(Pa)2.75 G(ss).11 E F0(After a DF has been \
elected, a router whose metrics change to become better than the DF wil\
l)72 101.6 Q(attempt to tak)72 114.6 Q 2.75(eo)-.11 G -.165(ve)-2.915 G
1.21 -.605(r. I).165 H 2.75(fd).605 G(uring the re-election the acting \
DF has a condition that causes it to lose)-2.75 E
(all of the election messages \(lik)72 127.6 Q 2.75(eaC)-.11 G(PU o)
-2.75 E -.165(ve)-.165 G(rload\), the ne).165 E 2.75(wc)-.275 G
(andidate will transmit three of)-2.75 E(fers)-.275 E
(and assume the role of the forw)72 140.6 Q(arder resulting in tw)-.11 E
2.75(oD)-.11 G(Fs on the link. This situation is)-2.75 E
(pathological and should be corrected by \214xing the o)72 153.6 Q -.165
(ve)-.165 G(rloaded router).165 E 2.75(.I)-.605 G 2.75(ti)-2.75 G 2.75
(sd)-2.75 G(esirable that such an)-2.75 E -2.365 -.275(ev e)72 166.6 T
(nt can be detected by a netw).275 E(ork administrator)-.11 E(.)-.605 E
(When a router becomes the DF for a link without recei)72 183.2 Q
(ving a P)-.275 E(ass message from the kno)-.165 E(wn old)-.275 E(DF)72
196.2 Q 2.75(,t)-.88 G
(he PIM neighbor information for the old DF can be mark)-2.75 E
(ed to this ef)-.11 E(fect. Upon recei)-.275 E(ving the)-.275 E(ne)72
209.2 Q(xt PIM Hello message from the old DF)-.165 E 2.75(,t)-.88 G
(he router can retransmit W)-2.75 E(inner messages for all the)-.44 E
(RP)72 222.2 Q(As for which it is acting as the DF)-1.012 E 2.75(.T)-.88
G(he anomaly may also be logged by the router in a rate-)-2.75 E
(limited manner to alert the operator)72 235.2 Q(.)-.605 E F1 2.75
(3.5.6. P)72 264.8 R(eriodic W)-.22 E(inner Announcement)-.198 E F0
(An additional de)72 281.4 Q(gree of safety can be achie)-.165 E -.165
(ve)-.275 G 2.75(db).165 G 2.75(yh)-2.75 G -.22(av)-2.75 G
(ing the DF for each RP).22 E 2.75(Ap)-1.012 G(eriodically)-2.75 E
(announce its status in a W)72 294.4 Q(inner message.)-.44 E -.385(Tr)
5.5 G(ansmission of the periodic W).385 E(inner message can be)-.44 E
(restricted to occur only for RP)72 307.4 Q(As which ha)-1.012 E .33
-.165(ve a)-.22 H(cti).165 E .33 -.165(ve g)-.275 H(roups, thus a).165 E
-.22(vo)-.22 G(iding the periodic control).22 E(traf)72 320.4 Q
(\214c in areas of the netw)-.275 E(ork without senders or recei)-.11 E
-.165(ve)-.275 G(rs for a particular RP).165 E(A.)-1.012 E F1(3.6.)72
346.4 Q/F2 13/Times-Bold@0 SF -.234(Ti)5.5 G
(mers Counters and Constants).234 E F0(BIDIR-PIM maintains the follo)72
363 Q(wing timers, as discussed in section 3.1. All timers are countdo)
-.275 E(wn)-.275 E(timers - the)72 376 Q 2.75(ya)-.165 G(re set to a v)
-2.75 E(alue and count do)-.275 E(wn to zero, at which point the)-.275 E
2.75(yt)-.165 G(ypically trigger an)-2.75 E 2.75(action. Of)72 389 R
(course the)2.75 E 2.75(yc)-.165 G(an just as easily be implemented as \
count-up timers, where the absolute)-2.75 E -.165(ex)72 402 S
(piry time is stored and compared ag).165 E(ainst a real-time clock, b)
-.055 E(ut the language in this speci\214cation)-.22 E(assumes that the)
72 415 Q 2.75(yc)-.165 G(ount do)-2.75 E(wnw)-.275 E(ards to zero.)-.11
E(Per Rendezv)72 444.6 Q(ous-Point Address \(RP)-.22 E(A\):)-1.012 E
(Per interf)97 461.2 Q(ace \(I\):)-.11 E F1(DF Election T)122 477.8 Q
(imer: DFT\(RP)-.198 E(A,I\))-.814 E F0(Per Group \(G\):)72 494.4 Q F1
(Upstr)97 511 Q(eam J)-.198 E(oin T)-.165 E(imer: JT\(G\))-.198 E F0
(Per interf)97 527.6 Q(ace \(I\):)-.11 E F1 -.165(Jo)122 544.2 S
(in Expiry T).165 E(imer: ET\(G,I\))-.198 E(PruneP)122 560.8 Q(ending T)
-.22 E(imer: PPT\(G,I\))-.198 E F0
(When timers are started or restarted, the)72 577.4 Q 2.75(ya)-.165 G
(re set to def)-2.75 E(ault v)-.11 E 2.75(alues. This)-.275 F
(section summarizes those)2.75 E(def)72 590.4 Q(ault v)-.11 E(alues.)
-.275 E(Handle)72 769 Q(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E
157.66(icisano Section)-.66 F 2.75(3.6. [P)2.75 F(age 24])-.165 E 0 Cg
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 49 Q 70.976(-DRAFT Expires:)-1.012 F
(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF -.198
(Ti)72 85 S(mer Name: DF Election T).198 E(imer \(DFT\))-.198 E .44 LW
503.998 99.35 72 99.35 DL -1.012(Va)91.468 109.6 S(lue Name)1.012 E
-1.012(Va)70.944 G 129.475(lue Explanation)1.012 F 503.998 114.35 72
114.35 DL 503.998 116.35 72 116.35 DL F0(Of)91.468 126.6 Q 67.16
(fer_Period 100)-.275 F(ms)2.75 E(Interv)377.852 126.6 Q(al to w)-.275 E
(ait between)-.11 E(repeated Of)377.852 139.6 Q(fer and)-.275 E -.44(Wi)
377.852 152.6 S(nner messages.).44 E 503.998 157.35 72 157.35 DL(Back)
91.468 167.6 Q(of)-.11 E 55.654(f_Period 1)-.275 F(sec)2.75 E
(Period that acting DF)377.852 167.6 Q -.11(wa)377.852 180.6 S
(its between recei).11 E(ving)-.275 E 2.75(ab)377.852 193.6 S(etter Of)
-2.75 E(fer and)-.275 E(sending the P)377.852 206.6 Q(ass)-.165 E
(message to transfer DF)377.852 219.6 Q(responsibility)377.852 232.6 Q
(.)-.715 E 503.998 237.35 72 237.35 DL(OPLo)91.468 247.6 Q(w)-.275 E
(rand\(0.5, 1\) *)219.139 247.6 Q(Of)219.139 260.6 Q(fer_Period)-.275 E
(Range of actual)377.852 247.6 Q(randomised v)377.852 260.6 Q(alue used)
-.275 E(between repeated)377.852 273.6 Q(messages.)377.852 286.6 Q
503.998 291.35 72 291.35 DL(OPHigh)91.468 301.6 Q(Election_Rob)219.139
301.6 Q(ustness *)-.22 E(Of)219.139 314.6 Q(fer_Period)-.275 E(Interv)
377.852 301.6 Q(al to w)-.275 E(ait in order)-.11 E(to gi)377.852 314.6
Q .33 -.165(ve a c)-.275 H(hance to a).165 E(router with a better)
377.852 327.6 Q(Of)377.852 340.6 Q(fer to become the DF)-.275 E(.)-.88 E
503.998 345.35 72 345.35 DL 348.65 99.35 348.65 345.35 DL 189.937 99.35
189.937 345.35 DL 503.998 99.35 503.998 345.35 DL 72 99.35 72 345.35 DL
F1 -.198(Ti)72 372.6 S(mer Names: J).198 E(oin Expiry T)-.165 E
(imer \(ET\(G,I\)\))-.198 E 504 386.95 72 386.95 DL -1.012(Va)90.349
397.2 S(lue Name)1.012 E -1.012(Va)59.359 G 87.211(lue Explanation)1.012
F 504 401.95 72 401.95 DL 504 403.95 72 403.95 DL F0(J/P HoldT)90.349
414.2 Q 52.297(ime from)-.385 F 52.297(message Hold)2.75 F -.385(Ti)2.75
G(me from Join/Prune Message).385 E 504 418.95 72 418.95 DL 295.36
386.95 295.36 418.95 DL 178.911 386.95 178.911 418.95 DL 504 386.95 504
418.95 DL 72 386.95 72 418.95 DL F1 -.198(Ti)72 446.2 S
(mer Names: Prune P).198 E(ending T)-.22 E(imer \(PPT\(G,I\)\))-.198 E
503.998 460.55 72 460.55 DL -1.012(Va)93.228 470.8 S(lue Name)1.012 E
-1.012(Va)98.774 G 99.709(lue Explanation)1.012 F 503.998 475.55 72
475.55 DL 503.998 477.55 72 477.55 DL F0(J/P Ov)93.228 487.8 Q
(erride Interv)-.165 E 60.934(al Def)-.275 F(ault: 3 secs)-.11 E
(Short period after a join)377.676 487.8 Q(or prune to allo)377.676
500.8 Q 2.75(wo)-.275 G(ther)-2.75 E(routers on the LAN to)377.676 513.8
Q -.165(ove)377.676 526.8 S(rride the join or).165 E(prune)377.676 539.8
Q 503.998 544.55 72 544.55 DL 345.834 460.55 345.834 544.55 DL 216.887
460.55 216.887 544.55 DL 503.998 460.55 503.998 544.55 DL 72 460.55 72
544.55 DL(Note that the v)72 562.4 Q(alue of the J/P Ov)-.275 E
(erride Interv)-.165 E(al is interf)-.275 E
(ace speci\214c and depends on both the)-.11 E(Propag)72 575.4 Q
(ation_Delay and the Ov)-.055 E(erride_Interv)-.165 E(al v)-.275 E
(alues that may change when Hello messages are)-.275 E(recei)72 588.4 Q
-.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(d[).165 G(4].)-2.75 E(Handle)72 769 Q(y/K)-.165 E
(ouv)-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 157.66(icisano Section)-.66 F 2.75
(3.6. [P)2.75 F(age 25])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 49 Q 70.976(-DRAFT Expires:)-1.012 F
(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF -.198
(Ti)72 85 S(mer Names: Upstr).198 E(eam J)-.198 E(oin T)-.165 E
(imer \(JT\(G\)\))-.198 E .44 LW 503.996 99.35 72 99.35 DL -1.012(Va)
86.207 109.6 S(lue Name)1.012 E -1.012(Va)42.72 G 108.698
(lue Explanation)1.012 F 503.996 114.35 72 114.35 DL 503.996 116.35 72
116.35 DL F0 52.092(t_periodic Def)86.207 126.6 R(ault: 60 secs)-.11 E
(Period between Join/Prune Messages)67.173 E 503.996 131.35 72 131.35 DL
(t_suppressed)86.207 141.6 Q(rand\(1.1 * t_periodic,)185.654 141.6 Q
(1.4 * t_periodic\))185.654 154.6 Q(Suppression period when someone)
323.59 141.6 Q(else sends a J/P message so we don')323.59 154.6 Q(t)
-.198 E(need to do so.)323.59 167.6 Q 503.996 172.35 72 172.35 DL(t_o)
86.207 182.6 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G(rride).165 E(rand\(0, 0.9 * J/P)185.654
182.6 Q(Ov)185.654 195.6 Q(erride Interv)-.165 E(al\))-.275 E
(Randomized delay to pre)323.59 182.6 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G(nt).165 E
(response implosion when sending a)323.59 195.6 Q(join message to o)
323.59 208.6 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G(rride someone).165 E(else')323.59 221.6
Q 2.75(sp)-.605 G(rune message.)-2.75 E 503.996 226.35 72 226.35 DL
302.279 99.35 302.279 226.35 DL 164.343 99.35 164.343 226.35 DL 503.996
99.35 503.996 226.35 DL 72 99.35 72 226.35 DL -.165(Fo)72 244.2 S 2.75
(rm).165 G(ore information about these v)-2.75 E
(alues refer to the PIM-SM [4] documentation.)-.275 E F1
(Constant Name: DF Election Rob)72 270.2 Q(ustness)-.22 E 504 284.55 72
284.55 DL(Constant Name)95.717 294.8 Q -1.012(Va)90.192 G 86.1
(lue Explanation)1.012 F 504 299.55 72 299.55 DL 504 301.55 72 301.55 DL
F0(Election_Rob)95.717 311.8 Q(ustness)-.22 E(Def)258.927 311.8 Q
(ault: 3)-.11 E(Minimum number of)374.265 311.8 Q
(election messages that)374.265 324.8 Q(must be lost in order for)
374.265 337.8 Q(election to f)374.265 350.8 Q(ail.)-.11 E 504 355.55 72
355.55 DL 338.689 284.55 338.689 355.55 DL 223.351 284.55 223.351 355.55
DL 504 284.55 504 355.55 DL 72 284.55 72 355.55 DL F1(3.7.)72 382.8 Q/F2
13/Times-Bold@0 SF(BIDIR PIM P)5.5 E(ack)-.13 E(et F)-.13 E(ormats)-.325
E F0(This section describes the details of the pack)72 399.4 Q
(et formats for BIDIR-PIM control messages. BIDIR-)-.11 E(PIM shares a \
number of control messages in common with PIM-SM [4]. These include the\
 Hello)72 412.4 Q(and Join/Prune messages as well as the format for the\
 Encoded-Unicast address. F)72 425.4 Q(or details on the)-.165 E
(format of these pack)72 438.4 Q
(ets please refer to the PIM-SM documentation.)-.11 E
(Here we will only de\214ne the)5.5 E(additional pack)72 451.4 Q
(ets that are introduced by BIDIR-PIM.)-.11 E(These are the pack)5.5 E
(ets used in the DF)-.11 E
(election process as well as the Bidir_Capable PIM-Hello option.)72
464.4 Q F1 2.75(3.7.1. DF)72 490.4 R(Election P)2.75 E(ack)-.11 E(et F)
-.11 E(ormats)-.275 E F0(All PIM control messages ha)72 507 Q .33 -.165
(ve I)-.22 H 2.75(Pp).165 G(rotocol number 103.)-2.75 E
(BIDIR-PIM messages are multicast with TTL 1 to the `)72 523.6 Q
(ALL-PIM-R)-.88 E(OUTERS' group)-.44 E(`224.0.0.13'.)72 536.6 Q(All DF \
election BIDIR-PIM control messages share the common header belo)72
553.2 Q(w:)-.275 E/F3 11/Courier@0 SF 125.4(0123)78.6 572.2 S 6.6
(01234567890123456789012345678901)78.6 585.2 S
(+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+)72
598.2 Q(|PIM Ver| Type)72 611.2 Q(|Subtype| Rsvd)13.2 E 72.6(|C)13.2 G
72.6(hecksum |)-72.6 F
(+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+)72
624.2 Q 118.8(|E)72 637.2 S 118.8(ncoded-Unicast-RP-Address |)-118.8 F
(+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+)72
650.2 Q 125.4(|S)72 663.2 S(ender Metric Preference)-125.4 E(|)132 E
(+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+)72
676.2 Q 158.4(|S)72 689.2 S(ender Metric)-158.4 E(|)171.6 E
(+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+)72
702.2 Q F0(Handle)72 769 Q(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)-.165
E 149.41(icisano Section)-.66 F 2.75(3.7.1. [P)2.75 F(age 26])-.165 E 0
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 49 Q 70.976(-DRAFT Expires:)-1.012 F
(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(PIM V)72
85 Q(er)-1.1 E F0(PIM V)97 98 Q(ersion number is 2.)-1.221 E F1 -.814
(Ty)72 114.6 S(pe).814 E F0
(All DF-Election PIM control messages share the PIM message T)97 127.6 Q
(ype of 10.)-.88 E F1(Subtype)72 144.2 Q F0
(Subtypes for DF election messages are:)97 157.2 Q 2.75(1=O)158 176.2 S
-.275(ff)-2.75 G(er).275 E 2.75(2=W)158 189.2 S(inner)-3.19 E 2.75(3=B)
158 202.2 S(ack)-2.75 E(of)-.11 E(f)-.275 E 2.75(4=P)158 215.2 S(ass)
-2.915 E F1(Rsvd)72 237.8 Q F0(Set to zero on transmission.)97 250.8 Q
(Ignored upon receipt.)5.5 E F1(Checksum)72 267.4 Q F0
(The checksum is standard IP checksum, i.e.)97 280.4 Q(the 16-bit one')
5.5 E 2.75(sc)-.605 G(omplement of the one')-2.75 E(s)-.605 E
(complement sum of the entire PIM message.)97 293.4 Q -.165(Fo)5.5 G
2.75(rc).165 G(omputing the checksum, the checksum)-2.75 E
(\214eld is zeroed.)97 306.4 Q F1(RP-Addr)72 323 Q(ess)-.198 E F0
(The bidir RP)97 336 Q 2.75(Af)-1.012 G(or which the election is taking\
 place \(note that the length of this \214eld is)-2.75 E
(more than 32 bits\).)97 349 Q F1(Sender Metric Pr)72 365.6 Q(efer)-.198
E(ence)-.198 E F0(Preference v)97 378.6 Q(alue assigned to the unicast \
routing protocol that the message sender used to)-.275 E
(obtain the route to the RP)97 391.6 Q(A.)-1.012 E F1(Sender Metric)72
408.2 Q F0(The unicast routing table metric used by the message sender \
to reach the RP)97 421.2 Q(A. The metric is)-1.012 E
(in units applicable to the unicast routing protocol used.)97 434.2 Q
(In addition to the \214elds de\214ned abo)72 450.8 Q .33 -.165(ve t)
-.165 H(he Back).165 E(of)-.11 E 2.75(fa)-.275 G(nd P)-2.75 E
(ass messages ha)-.165 E .33 -.165(ve t)-.22 H(he e).165 E
(xtra \214elds)-.165 E(described belo)72 463.8 Q -.715(w.)-.275 G F1
2.75(3.7.2. Back)72 502.8 R(off Message)-.165 E F0(The Back)72 519.4 Q
(of)-.11 E 2.75(fm)-.275 G(essage uses the follo)-2.75 E
(wing \214elds in addition to the common election message)-.275 E
(format described abo)72 532.4 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G(.).165 E/F2 11
/Courier@0 SF 125.4(0123)78.6 551.4 S 6.6
(01234567890123456789012345678901)78.6 564.4 S
(+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+)72
577.4 Q 99(|E)72 590.4 S 99(ncoded-Unicast-Offering-Address |)-99 F
(+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+)72
603.4 Q 118.8(|O)72 616.4 S(ffering Metric Preference)-118.8 E(|)125.4 E
(+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+)72
629.4 Q 151.8(|O)72 642.4 S(ffering Metric)-151.8 E(|)165 E
(+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+)72
655.4 Q 79.2(|I)72 668.4 S 66(nterval |)-79.2 F
(+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+)72 681.4 Q F1(Offering Addr)72 704 Q
(ess)-.198 E F0
(The address of the router that made the last \(best\) Of)97 717 Q
(fer \(note that the length of this \214eld is)-.275 E(Handle)72 769 Q
(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 149.41(icisano Section)
-.66 F 2.75(3.7.2. [P)2.75 F(age 27])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 49 Q 70.976(-DRAFT Expires:)-1.012 F
(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E(more than 32 bits\).)97 85 Q
/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(Offering Metric Pr)72 101.6 Q(efer)-.198 E(ence)
-.198 E F0(Preference v)97 114.6 Q
(alue assigned to the unicast routing protocol that the of)-.275 E
(fering router used to)-.275 E(obtain the route to the RP)97 127.6 Q(A.)
-1.012 E F1(Offering Metric)72 144.2 Q F0
(The unicast routing table metric used by the of)97 157.2 Q
(fering router to reach the RP)-.275 E(A. The metric is)-1.012 E
(in units applicable to the unicast routing protocol used.)97 170.2 Q F1
(Inter)72 186.8 Q -.11(va)-.11 G(l).11 E F0(The back)97 199.8 Q(of)-.11
E 2.75(fi)-.275 G(nterv)-2.75 E
(al in milliseconds to be used by routers with w)-.275 E
(orse metrics than the)-.11 E(of)97 212.8 Q(fering router)-.275 E(.)
-.605 E F1 2.75(3.7.3. P)72 251.8 R(ass Message)-.11 E F0(The P)72 268.4
Q(ass message uses the follo)-.165 E
(wing \214elds in addition to the common election \214elds described)
-.275 E(abo)72 281.4 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G(.).165 E/F2 11/Courier@0 SF
125.4(0123)78.6 300.4 S 6.6(01234567890123456789012345678901)78.6 313.4
S(+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+)72
326.4 Q 92.4(|E)72 339.4 S 92.4(ncoded-Unicast-New-Winner-Address |)
-92.4 F
(+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+)72
352.4 Q 112.2(|N)72 365.4 S(ew Winner Metric Preference)-112.2 E(|)118.8
E(+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+)72
378.4 Q 145.2(|N)72 391.4 S(ew Winner Metric)-145.2 E(|)158.4 E
(+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+)72
404.4 Q F1(New W)72 427 Q(inner Addr)-.198 E(ess)-.198 E F0
(The address of the router that made the last \(best\) Of)97 440 Q
(fer \(note that the length of this \214eld is)-.275 E
(more than 32 bits\).)97 453 Q F1(New W)72 469.6 Q(inner Metric Pr)-.198
E(efer)-.198 E(ence)-.198 E F0(Preference v)97 482.6 Q
(alue assigned to the unicast routing protocol that the of)-.275 E
(fering router used to)-.275 E(obtain the route to the RP)97 495.6 Q(A.)
-1.012 E F1(New W)72 512.2 Q(inner Metric)-.198 E F0
(The unicast routing table metric used by the of)97 525.2 Q
(fering router to reach the RP)-.275 E(A. The metric is)-1.012 E
(in units applicable to the unicast routing protocol used.)97 538.2 Q F1
2.75(3.7.4. Bidir)72 564.2 R(Capable PIM-Hello Option)2.75 E F0
(BIDIR-PIM introduces one ne)72 580.8 Q 2.75(wP)-.275 G
(IM-Hello option.)-2.75 E 7.15<834f>72 597.4 S(ptionT)-7.15 E
(ype 22: Bidir Capable)-.88 E F2 125.4(0123)89.6 616.4 S 6.6
(01234567890123456789012345678901)89.6 629.4 S
(+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+)83
642.4 Q 66(|T)83 655.4 S(ype = 22)-66 E 59.4(|L)79.2 G(ength = 0)-59.4 E
(|)79.2 E
(+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+)83
668.4 Q F0(Handle)72 769 Q(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)-.165
E 149.41(icisano Section)-.66 F 2.75(3.7.4. [P)2.75 F(age 28])-.165 E 0
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 49 Q 70.976(-DRAFT Expires:)-1.012 F
(October 2004)2.75 E(April 2004)118.232 E/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(4.)72 85
Q/F2 14/Times-Bold@0 SF(RP Disco)5.5 E -.14(ve)-.14 G(ry).14 E F0
(Routers disco)72 101.6 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G 2.75(rt).165 G(hat a range o\
f multicast group addresses operates in bi-directional mode and the)
-2.75 E(address of the Rendezv)72 114.6 Q(ous-Point address \(RP)-.22 E
(A\) serving the group range either through static)-1.012 E
(con\214guration or using an automatic RP disco)72 127.6 Q -.165(ve)
-.165 G(ry mechanism lik).165 E 2.75(et)-.11 G
(he PIM Bootsrtap mechanism)-2.75 E 2.75(\(BSR\). [9])72 140.6 R
(or Auto-RP)2.75 E(.)-1.221 E F1(5.)72 166.6 Q F2
(Security Considerations)5.5 E F0
(The IPsec [5] authentication header MA)72 183.2 Q 2.75(Yb)-1.155 G 2.75
(eu)-2.75 G(sed to pro)-2.75 E(vide data inte)-.165 E
(grity protection and group-)-.165 E(wise data origin authentication of\
 BIDIR-PIM protocol messages. Authentication of BIDIR-PIM)72 196.2 Q
(messages can protect ag)72 209.2 Q(ainst unw)-.055 E(anted beha)-.11 E
(viour caused by unauthorized or altered BIDIR-PIM)-.22 E(messages.)72
222.2 Q F1(5.1.)72 248.2 Q/F3 13/Times-Bold@0 SF(Attacks Based on F)5.5
E(or)-.325 E(ged Messages)-.13 E F0(As in PIM Sparse-Mode, the e)72
264.8 Q(xtent of possible damage depends on the type of counterfeit)
-.165 E(messages accepted. BIDIR-PIM only uses link-local multicast mes\
sages sent to the)72 277.8 Q(ALL_PIM_R)72 290.8 Q(OUTERS address, hence\
 attacks can only be carried out by directly connected)-.44 E
(nodes, or with the complicity of directly connected routers.)72 303.8 Q
(Some of the BIDIR-PIM protocol messages \(Join/Prune and Hello\) are i\
dentical, both in format)72 320.4 Q(and functionality)72 333.4 Q 2.75
(,t)-.715 G 2.75(ot)-2.75 G(he respecti)-2.75 E .33 -.165(ve m)-.275 H
(essages used in PIM-SM. Security considerations for these).165 E(messa\
ges are to be found in [4]. Other messages \(DF-election messages\) are\
 speci\214c to BIDIR-)72 346.4 Q(PIM and will be discussed in the follo)
72 359.4 Q(wing paragraphs.)-.275 E(By for)72 376 Q
(ging DF-election messages an attack)-.198 E
(er can disrupt the election of the Designated F)-.11 E(orw)-.165 E
(arder)-.11 E(on a link in tw)72 389 Q 2.75(od)-.11 G(if)-2.75 E
(ferent w)-.275 E(ays:)-.11 E F1 2.75(5.1.1. Election)72 415 R
(of an Incorr)2.75 E(ect DF)-.198 E F0(An attack)72 431.6 Q
(er can force its election as DF by participating in a re)-.11 E
(gular election and adv)-.165 E(ertising the)-.165 E
(best metric to reach the RP)72 444.6 Q 2.75(A. An)-1.012 F(attack)2.75
E(er can also try to force the election of another router as)-.11 E
(DF by sending an Of)72 457.6 Q(fer)-.275 E 2.75(,W)-.44 G(inner or P)
-3.19 E(ass message and impersonating another router)-.165 E 2.75(.I)
-.605 G 2.75(ns)-2.75 G(ome cases)-2.75 E(\(e.g. the Of)72 470.6 Q
(fer\) multiple messages might be needed to carry out an attack.)-.275 E
(In the case of Of)72 487.2 Q(fer or W)-.275 E
(inner messages the attack)-.44 E(er will ha)-.11 E .33 -.165(ve t)-.22
H 2.75(oi).165 G(mpersonate the node that it)-2.75 E -.11(wa)72 500.2 S
(nts to ha).11 E .33 -.165(ve b)-.22 H(ecome the DF).165 E 2.75(.I)-.88
G 2.75(nt)-2.75 G(he case of the P)-2.75 E(ass it will ha)-.165 E .33
-.165(ve t)-.22 H 2.75(oi).165 G(mpersonate the current DF)-2.75 E(.)
-.88 E(This type of attack causes the wrong DF to be recorded in all no\
des apart from the one that is)72 513.2 Q(being impersonated. This node\
 typically will be able to detect the anomaly and, possibly)72 526.2 Q
2.75(,r)-.715 G(estart a)-2.75 E(ne)72 539.2 Q 2.75(we)-.275 G(lection.)
-2.75 E 2.75(Am)72 555.8 S(ore sophisticated attack)-2.75 E
(er might carry out a concurrent DoS attack on the node being)-.11 E
(impersonated, so that it will not be able to detect the for)72 568.8 Q
(ged pack)-.198 E(ets and/or tak)-.11 E 2.75(ec)-.11 G(ountermeasures.)
-2.75 E(All attacks based on impersonation can be detected by all route\
rs and a)72 585.4 Q -.22(vo)-.22 G(ided if the source of DF-).22 E
(election messages can be authenticated.)72 598.4 Q
(When authentication is a)5.5 E -.275(va)-.22 G
(ilable, spoofed messages).275 E(MUST be discarded and a rate-limited w)
72 611.4 Q(arning message SHOULD be logged.)-.11 E 2.75(Am)72 628 S
(ore subtle attack)-2.75 E(er could use MA)-.11 E(C-le)-.44 E -.165(ve)
-.275 G 2.75(la).165 G
(ddresses to partition the set of recipients of DF-)-2.75 E
(election messages and create an inconsistent DF vie)72 641 Q 2.75(wo)
-.275 G 2.75(nt)-2.75 G(he link.)-2.75 E -.165(Fo)5.5 G 2.75(re).165 G
(xample the attack)-2.915 E(er could)-.11 E(use unicast MA)72 654 Q 2.75
(Ca)-.44 G(ddresses for its for)-2.75 E(ged DF-election messages.)-.198
E 1.76 -.88(To p)5.5 H(re).88 E -.165(ve)-.275 G
(nt this type of attack,).165 E
(BIDIR-PIM routers SHOULD check the destination MA)72 667 Q 2.75(Ca)-.44
G(ddress of recei)-2.75 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(dD).165 G(F-election)
-2.75 E 2.75(messages. This)72 680 R(ho)2.75 E(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275
G 2.75(ri).165 G 2.75(si)-2.75 G(nef)-2.75 E(fecti)-.275 E .33 -.165
(ve o)-.275 H 2.75(nl).165 G(inks that do not support layer)-2.75 E
(-2 multicast deli)-.22 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(ry).165 E(.)-.715 E
(Source authentication is also suf)72 696.6 Q(\214cient to pre)-.275 E
-.165(ve)-.275 G(nt this kind of attack.).165 E(Handle)72 769 Q(y/K)
-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 149.41(icisano Section)-.66
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(5.1.2. Pr)72 85 R -2.53 -.165(ev e)-.198 H(nting Election Con).165 E
-.11(ve)-.44 G -.11(rg).11 G(ence).11 E F0(By for)72 101.6 Q
(ging DF election messages, an attack)-.198 E(er can pre)-.11 E -.165
(ve)-.275 G(nt the election from con).165 E -.165(ve)-.44 G -.198(rg)
.165 G(ing thus).198 E(disrupting the establishment of multicast forw)72
114.6 Q(arding trees. There are man)-.11 E 2.75(yw)-.165 G(ays to achie)
-2.86 E .33 -.165(ve t)-.275 H(his.).165 E
(The simplest is by sending an in\214nite sequence of Of)72 127.6 Q
(fer messages \(the metric used in the)-.275 E
(messages is not important\).)72 140.6 Q F1(5.2.)72 166.6 Q/F2 13
/Times-Bold@0 SF(Non-cryptographic A)5.5 E(uthentication Mechanisms)-.65
E F0 2.75(AB)72 183.2 S(IDIR-PIM router SHOULD pro)-2.75 E
(vide an option to limit the set of neighbors from which it will)-.165 E
(accept Join/Prune, Assert, and DF-election messages.)72 196.2 Q
(Either static con\214guration of IP addresses)5.5 E
(or an IPsec security association may be used.)72 209.2 Q
(Furthermore, a PIM router SHOULD NO)5.5 E 2.75(Ta)-.44 G(ccept)-2.75 E
(protocol messages from a router from which it has not yet recei)72
222.2 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(dav).165 G(alid Hello message.)-3.025 E F1
2.75(5.2.1. Basic)72 248.2 R(Access Contr)2.75 E(ol)-.198 E F0(In a PIM\
-SM domain, when all routers are trusted, it is possible to implement a\
 basic form of)72 264.8 Q(access control for both sources and recei)72
277.8 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G(rs: Recei).165 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(rs can be v)
.165 E(alidated by the last-hop DR and)-.275 E(sources can be v)72 290.8
Q(alidated by the \214rst-hop DR and/or the RP)-.275 E(.)-1.221 E
(In BIDIR-PIM this is generally feasible only for recei)72 307.4 Q -.165
(ve)-.275 G(rs, as sources can send to the multicast).165 E
(group without the need for routers to detect their acti)72 320.4 Q
(vity and create source-speci\214c state.)-.275 E(Ho)72 333.4 Q(we)-.275
E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(ri).165 G 2.75(ti)-2.75 G 2.75(sp)-2.75 G
(ossible to modify the standard BIDIR-PIM beha)-2.75 E(viour)-.22 E 2.75
(,i)-.44 G 2.75(nab)-2.75 G(ackw)-2.75 E(ard compatible)-.11 E -.11(wa)
72 346.4 S 1.43 -.715(y, t).11 H 2.75(oa).715 G(llo)-2.75 E 2.75(wp)
-.275 G(er)-2.75 E(-source access control. The tradeof)-.22 E 2.75(fw)
-.275 G(ould be protocol simplicity)-2.86 E 2.75(,m)-.715 G(emory and)
-2.75 E(processing requirements.)72 359.4 Q F1(5.3.)72 385.4 Q F2 -.65
(Au)5.5 G(thentication Using IPsec).65 E F0(The IPsec [5] transport mod\
e using the Authentication Header \(AH\) is the RECOMMENDED)72 402 Q
(method to pre)72 415 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G(nt the abo).165 E .33 -.165
(ve a)-.165 H(ttacks ag).165 E(ainst BIDIR-PIM.)-.055 E(It is RECOMMEND\
ED that IPsec authentication be applied to all BIDIR-PIM protocol)72
431.6 Q(messages. The speci\214cation on ho)72 444.6 Q 2.75(wt)-.275 G
(his is done is to be found in [4]. speci\214cally the)-2.75 E(authenti\
cation of PIM-SM link-local messages, described in [4] applies to all B\
IDIR-PIM)72 457.6 Q(messages as well.)72 470.6 Q F1(5.4.)72 496.6 Q F2
(Denial of Ser)5.5 E(vice Attacks)-.13 E F0
(The denial of service attack based on for)72 513.2 Q
(ged Join described in [4] also apply to BIDIR-PIM.)-.198 E F1(6.)72
539.2 Q/F3 14/Times-Bold@0 SF(Change history)5.5 E F1(Fr)72 565.2 Q
(om 05 to 06:)-.198 E F0(Minor editorial corrections.)72 581.8 Q F1(Fr)
72 607.8 Q(om 03 to 05:)-.198 E F0
(RP concept replaced by RP Address \(RP)72 624.4 Q
(A\) and RP Link \(RPL\). No DF election on RPL. RP)-1.012 E(forw)72
637.4 Q(ards upstream on RPL. Accept joins e)-.11 E -.165(ve)-.275 G
2.75(ni).165 G 2.75(fn)-2.75 G(ot DF b)-2.75 E(ut do not forw)-.22 E
(ard. Added e)-.11 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(nt).165 E(description for DF elec\
tion state machine. Security considerations by Lorenzo.Remo)72 650.4 Q
-.165(ve)-.165 G(d).165 E(comparison with Dino')72 663.4 Q 2.75(sd)-.605
G(raft.)-2.75 E F1(Fr)72 689.4 Q(om 02 to 03:)-.198 E F0(Consistenc)72
706 Q 2.75<798c>-.165 G -.165(xe)-2.75 G 2.75(si).165 G 2.75(nD)-2.75 G
2.75(Fe)-2.75 G
(lection tables to match state transition diagram pointed out by Apoorv)
-2.75 E(a.)-.275 E(Handle)72 769 Q(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E
(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 165.91(icisano Section)-.66 F 2.75(6. [P)2.75 F
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Q(om 00 to 01:)-.198 E F0(The dif)72 101.6 Q(ferences between this v)
-.275 E
(ersion \(-01\) of the BIDIR-PIM speci\214cation and draft-ietf-pim-)
-.165 E(bidir)72 114.6 Q(-ne)-.22 E(w-00.txt are mostly in the format o\
f the information presented. As BIDIR-PIM has man)-.275 E(y)-.165 E
(similarities in operation to Sparse-Mode PIM, the earlier v)72 127.6 Q
(ersion of this spec relied hea)-.165 E(vily on the)-.22 E(no)72 140.6 Q
2.75(wo)-.275 G(bsolete PIM-SM [8] speci\214cation. This re)-2.75 E
(vision remo)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.165 G 2.75(st).165 G(his dependenc)-2.75
E 2.75(ya)-.165 G(nd instead)-2.75 E(references the ne)72 153.6 Q 2.75
(wS)-.275 G(parse-Mode documentation [4] where necessary)-2.75 E 2.75
(.I)-.715 G 2.75(na)-2.75 G(ddition the method in)-2.75 E(which the pro\
tocol speci\214cation is presented has been updated to follo)72 166.6 Q
2.75(wt)-.275 G(he format of [4].)-2.75 E F1(7.)72 192.6 Q/F2 14
/Times-Bold@0 SF(Ackno)5.5 E(wledgments)-.14 E F0
(The bidir proposal in this draft is hea)72 209.2 Q
(vily based on the ideas and te)-.22 E(xt presented by Estrin and)-.165
E -.165(Fa)72 222.2 S(rinacci in [7]. The main dif).165 E
(ference between the tw)-.275 E 2.75(op)-.11 G
(roposals is in the method chosen for)-2.75 E(upstream forw)72 235.2 Q
(arding.)-.11 E 1.76 -.88(We w)72 251.8 T(ould also lik).77 E 2.75(et)
-.11 G 2.75(ot)-2.75 G(hank John Zwiebel at Prock)-2.75 E
(et, Deborah Estrin at ISI/USC as well as Nidhi)-.11 E(Bhaskar)72 264.8
Q 2.75(,Y)-.44 G(iqun Cai, T)-3.355 E(oerless Eck)-.88 E(ert, Apoorv)
-.11 E 2.75(aK)-.275 G(aran, Rajitha Sumanasek)-2.75 E(era and Beau)-.11
E -.44(Wi)72 277.8 S(lliamson at cisco for their contrib).44 E
(utions and comments to this draft.)-.22 E F1(8.)72 307.4 Q F2 -.7(Au)
5.5 G(thors' Addr).7 E(esses)-.252 E F0(Mark Handle)108 326.4 Q(y)-.165
E(Computer Science Department)108 339.4 Q(Uni)108 352.4 Q -.165(ve)-.275
G(rsity Colle).165 E(ge London)-.165 E(M.Handle)108 365.4 Q
(y@cs.ucl.ac.uk)-.165 E(Isidor K)108 390.4 Q(ouv)-.385 E(elas)-.165 E
(Cisco Systems)108 403.4 Q -.11(ko)108 416.4 S(uv).11 E(elas@cisco.com)
-.165 E -.88(To)108 441.4 S .33 -.165(ny S).88 H(peakman).165 E
(Cisco Systems)108 454.4 Q(speakman@cisco.com)108 467.4 Q(Lorenzo V)108
492.4 Q(icisano)-.66 E(Cisco Systems)108 505.4 Q(lorenzo@cisco.com)108
518.4 Q F1(9.)72 550.4 Q F2(Normati)5.5 E .28 -.14(ve R)-.14 H(efer).14
E(ences)-.252 E F0([1] S.E. Deering, "Host e)72 567 Q
(xtensions for IP multicasting", RFC 1112, Aug 1989.)-.165 E
([2] B. Cain, S Deering, W)72 583.6 Q 2.75(.F)-1.012 G(enner)-2.75 E
2.75(,IK)-.44 G(ouv)-3.135 E(elas, A. Th)-.165 E(yag)-.055 E
(arajan, "Internet Group Management)-.055 E(Protocol, V)97 596.6 Q
(ersion 3", RFC 3376.)-1.221 E([3] S. Deering, W)72 613.2 Q 2.75(.F)
-1.012 G(enner)-2.75 E 2.75(,B)-.44 G 2.75(.H)-2.75 G
(aberman, "Multicast Listener Disco)-2.75 E -.165(ve)-.165 G
(ry \(MLD\) for IPv6", RFC).165 E(2710.)97 626.2 Q([4] B. Fenner)72
642.8 Q 2.75(,M)-.44 G 2.75(.H)-2.75 G(andle)-2.75 E 1.43 -.715(y, H)
-.165 H 2.75(.H).715 G(olbrook, I. K)-2.75 E(ouv)-.385 E
(elas "Protocol Independent Multicast - Sparse)-.165 E(Mode \(PIM-SM\):)
97 655.8 Q(Protocol Speci\214cation \(Re)5.5 E(vised\)", W)-.275 E
(ork In Progress, <draft-ietf-pim-sm-)-.88 E(v2-ne)97 668.8 Q
(w-09.txt>, 2004.)-.275 E([5] S. K)72 685.4 Q(ent, R. Atkinson, "Securi\
ty Architecture for the Internet Protocol.", RFC 2401.)-.275 E(Handle)72
769 Q(y/K)-.165 E(ouv)-.385 E(elas/Speakman/V)-.165 E 165.91
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(ates , R. Chandra , D. Katz , Y)-2.75 E 2.75(.R)-1.419 G(ekhter)-2.75 E
2.75(,")-.44 G(Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4", RFC)-2.75 E(2283)97
114.6 Q([7] D. Estrin, D. F)72 131.2 Q
(arinacci, "Bi-directional Shared T)-.165 E(rees in PIM-SM", <draft-f)
-.385 E(arinacci-bidir)-.11 E(-)-.22 E(pim-01.txt>, May 1999.)97 144.2 Q
([8] D. Estrin et al, "Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode \(PIM\
-SM\): Protocol)72 160.8 Q(Speci\214cation", RFC 2362, No)97 173.8 Q
2.75(v1)-.165 G(999.)-2.75 E([9] W)72 190.4 Q 2.75(.F)-1.012 G(enner)
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(Bootstrap Router \(BSR\) Mechanism for)-2.75 E(PIM Sparse Mode", W)97
203.4 Q(ork in progress <draft-ietf-pim-sm-bsr)-.88 E(-03.txt>, 2003.)
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(......................)12.99 G F3(9)11.5 E(ET\(G,I\))72 133 Q F0 11
(...........................)12.32 G F3(8,11,25)-13.5 E(ET\(RP)72 145 Q
(A,I\))-.92 E F0 11(...........................)1.01 G F3(7)11.5 E
(I_am_DF\(RP)72 157 Q(A,I\))-.92 E F0 11(.........................)2.4 G
F4(8)-13.5 E F3(,10,13)A(J/P_HoldT)72 169 Q(ime)-.35 E F0 11
(..........................).01 G F3(25)6.5 E(J/P_Ov)72 181 Q
(erride_Interv)-.15 E(al)-.25 E F0 11(.......................)10.78 G F3
(13,25)-6 E(JoinDesired\(G\))72 193 Q F0 11(.........................)
10.1 G F3(14)6.5 E(joins\(G\))72 205 Q F0 11
(...........................)10.92 G F4(9)11.5 E F3(JT\(*,G\))72 217 Q
F0 11(...........................)12.87 G F3(13)6.5 E(JT\(G\))72 229 Q
F0 11(............................)6.62 G F3(8,26)-1 E(local_recei)72
241 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(r_include\(G,I\)).15 E F0 11
(......................)2.61 G F3(8)11.5 E(MFIB)72 253 Q F0 11
(............................)6.05 G F4(5)11.5 E F3(NL)72 265 Q
(T\(N,I\))-.92 E F0 11(...........................)6.02 G F3(7)11.5 E
(Of)72 277 Q(fer_Period)-.25 E F0 11(..........................)5.49 G
F3(25)6.5 E(olist\(G\))72 289 Q F0 11(...........................)13.14
G F4(8)-13.5 E F3(,10,14)A -.4(OT)72 301 S F0 11
(.............................)4.22 G F3(25)6.5 E(pim_include\(G\))72
313 Q F0 11(.........................)7.87 G F4(8)11.5 E F3(PPT\(G,I\))
72 325 Q F0 11(...........................)7.31 G F3(8,11,25)-13.5 E(RP)
72 337 Q(A)-.92 E F0 11(............................)11.97 G F4(5)11.5 E
F3(RPF_interf)72 349 Q(ace\(RP)-.1 E(A\))-.92 E F0 11
(........................)2.64 G F4(8)-1 E F3(,10)A(RPL)72 361 Q F0 11
(............................)12.16 G F4(5)11.5 E F3(TIB)72 373 Q F0 11
(.............................).64 G F4(5)11.5 E F3(t_o)72 385 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G(rride).15 E F0 11(...........................)3.45 G F3
(14,26)-6 E(t_periodic)72 397 Q F0 11(...........................)3.7 G
F3(14,26)-6 E(t_suppressed)72 409 Q F0 11(..........................)
6.34 G F3(14,26)-6 E(Upstream)72 421 Q F0 11
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