One document matched: draft-ietf-marid-core-03.txt
Differences from draft-ietf-marid-core-02.txt
MARID Working Group J. Lyon
Internet Draft Microsoft Corp
Document: draft-ietf-marid-core-03.txt M. Wong
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Status of this Memo
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patent or other IPR claims of which I am aware have been disclosed,
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Abstract
Internet mail suffers from the fact that much unwanted mail is sent
using spoofed addresses -- "spoofed" in this case means the address
is used without the permission of the domain owner. This document
describes the following: mechanisms by which a domain owner can
publish its set of outgoing MTAs, mechanisms by which SMTP servers
can determine what email address is allegedly responsible for most
proximately introducing a message into the Internet mail system, and
whether that introduction is authorized by the owner of the domain
contained in that email address.
The specification is carefully tailored to ensure that the
overwhelming majority of legitimate emailers, remailers and mailing
list operators are already compliant.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction...................................................3
2. Problem Statement..............................................3
2.1 Positive Problem Statement.................................3
2.2 Negative Problem Statement.................................4
3. Decision Model.................................................4
4. Determining the Purported Responsible Address..................5
5. Actions Based on the Decision..................................5
5.1 Neutral or None or PermError...............................6
5.2 Pass.......................................................6
5.3 Fail.......................................................6
5.4 SoftFail...................................................6
5.5 TempError..................................................6
6. Security Considerations........................................6
6.1 DNS Attacks................................................7
6.2 TCP Attacks................................................7
6.3 Forged Sender Attacks......................................7
6.4 Address Space Hijacking....................................7
7. Implementation Guidance........................................8
7.1 Simple E-mailers...........................................8
7.2 E-Mail Forwarders..........................................8
7.3 Mailing List Servers.......................................8
7.4 Third-Party Mailers........................................9
7.5 MUA Implementers...........................................9
8. IANA Considerations............................................9
9. Acknowledgements...............................................9
10. References...................................................10
10.1 Normative References.....................................10
10.2 Informative References...................................10
11. Authors' Addresses...........................................11
Conventions used in this document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
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1. Introduction
Today, a huge majority of unwanted email contains headers that lie
about the origin of the mail. This is true of most spam and
substantially all of the virus email that is sent.
This document describes a mechanism such that receiving MTAs, MDAs
and/or MUAs can recognize mail in the above category and take
appropriate action. For example, an MTA might refuse to accept a
message, an MDA might discard a message rather than placing it into a
mailbox, and an MUA might render that message in some distinctive
fashion.
In order to avoid further fragmentation of the Internet email system,
it is necessary that the Internet community as a whole come to a
consensus as to what mail senders should do to make their mail appear
non-spoofed, and how mail receivers should determine whether mail is
spoofed. On the other hand, it is not necessary to reach a consensus
regarding the actions that various parties take once a message has
been determined to be spoofed. This can be done unilaterally -- one
agent might decide to discard a spoofed message while another decides
to add a disclaimer.
2. Problem Statement
2.1 Positive Problem Statement
Briefly stated, the mechanisms of this document allow one to answer
the following question:
When a message is transferred via SMTP between two UNRELATED parties,
does the SMTP client host have permission to send mail on behalf of
the mailbox that allegedly caused the most recent introduction of the
message into the mail delivery system?
As seen from the question, this mechanism applies to unrelated
parties: it is useful at the point where a message passes across the
Internet from one organization to another. It is beyond the scope of
this document to describe authentication mechanisms that can be
deployed within an organization.
The mechanism of this document also seeks to authenticate the mailbox
associated with the MOST RECENT introduction of a message into the
mail delivery system. In simple cases, this is who the mail is from.
However, in the case of a third-party mailer, a forwarder or a
mailing list server, the address being authenticated is that of the
third party, the forwarder or the mailing list.
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This document provides means to authenticate the DOMAIN of the
appropriate email address; it is not directed at the local-part. A
domain owner gets to determine which SMTP clients speak on behalf of
addresses within the domain; a responsible domain owner should not
authorize SMTP clients that will lie about local parts.
In the long run, once the domain of the sender is authenticated, it
will be possible to use that domain as part of a mechanism to
determine the likelihood that a given message is spam, using, for
example, reputation and accreditation services. (These services are
not the subject of the present mechanism, but it should enable them.)
2.2 Negative Problem Statement
Following are several alternate questions, which this specification
makes no attempt to answer:
1. Is the host at a particular IP address authorized to act as an
SMTP client?
2. Is an SMTP client authorized to use a particular domain name in
its SMTP EHLO command?
3. Is an SMTP client authorized to use a particular email address in
an SMTP "MAIL FROM:" command?
4. Was a message really authored by who it claims to be authored by?
3. Decision Model
The essence of this specification is:
Given an email message, and given an IP address from which it has
been (or will be) received, is the SMTP client at that IP address
authorized to send that email message?
This question will usually be asked by an SMTP server as part of
deciding whether to accept an incoming mail message. However, this
question could also be asked later by a different party. An MUA, for
example, could use the result of this question to determine how to
file or present a message.
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There are four steps to answering this question:
(1) From the headers of the email message, extract the "purported
responsible address". This is the mailbox that the message
claims is responsible for the most recent introduction of the
message into the delivery system. This step is described in
detail in section 4 below. A separate specification,
[Submitter], describes an SMTP extension that allows an SMTP
server to perform this check at the time of the SMTP MAIL
command instead of the SMTP DATA command.
(2) Extract the domain part of the purported responsible address.
Call this the "purported responsible domain".
(3) Call the check_host function defined in [Protocol], passing the
following parameters:
a. The IP address (either IPv4 or IPv6) from which the message
is being or has been received.
b. The purported responsible domain from step (2) above.
c. The purported responsible address from step (1) above.
The result of the check_host function is one of the values "Neutral",
"Pass", "Fail", "SoftFail", "None", "TempError" or "PermError".
Section 5 describes how these results are used by MTAs receiving
messages. This specification imposes no requirements on parties
performing this test in other environments.
4. Determining the Purported Responsible Address
The purported responsible address (PRA) of a message MUST be
determined using the algorithm described in [PRA].
If the Sender ID check is being performed by an MTA as part of
receiving an e-mail message, and the PRA algorithm cannot determine a
PRA, then the message SHOULD be rejected with error "550 5.1.7
Missing purported Responsible Address".
5. Actions Based on the Decision
When the Sender ID test is used by an SMTP server as part of
receiving a message, the server should take the actions described by
this section.
The check_host function returns one of the following results. See
[Protocol] for the meaning of these results.
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5.1 Neutral or None or PermError
An SMTP server receiving one of these results SHOULD NOT reject the
message for this reason alone, but MAY subject the message to
heightened scrutiny by other anti-spam measures, and MAY reject the
message as a result of this heightened scrutiny.
5.2 Pass
An SMTP server receiving this result SHOULD treat the message as
authentic. It may accept or reject the message depending on other
policies.
5.3 Fail
An SMTP server receiving this result SHOULD reject the message with a
"550 5.7.1 Sender ID xxx - yyy" SMTP error, where "xxx" is replaced
with the additional reason returned by the check_host function and
"yyy" is replaced with the explanation string returned by the
check_host function.
5.4 SoftFail
An SMTP server receiving this result SHOULD NOT reject the message
for this reason alone, but MAY subject the message to heightened
scrutiny by other anti-spam measures, and MAY reject the message as a
result of this heightened scrutiny. A message for which the result
is "SoftFail" is less likely to be authentic than a message for which
the result is "Neutral".
5.5 TempError
An SMTP server receiving this result MAY reject the message with a
"450 4.4.3 Sender ID check is temporarily unavailable" error code.
Alternatively, an SMTP server receiving this result MAY accept a
message and optionally subject it to heightened scrutiny by other
anti-spam measures.
6. Security Considerations
This entire document describes a new mechanism for mitigating spoofed
email, which is today a pervasive security problem in the Internet.
Assuming that this mechanism is widely deployed, the following
sections describe counter-attacks that could be used to defeat this
mechanism.
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6.1 DNS Attacks
The new mechanism is entirely dependent on DNS lookups, and is
therefore only as secure as DNS. An attacker bent on spoofing
messages could attempt to get his messages accepted by sending forged
answers to DNS queries.
An MTA could largely defeat such an attack by using a properly
paranoid DNS resolver. DNSSEC may ultimately provide a way to
completely neutralize this class of attacks.
6.2 TCP Attacks
This mechanism is designed to be used in conjunction with SMTP over
TCP. A sufficiently resourceful attacker might be able to send TCP
packets with forged from-addresses, and thus execute an entire SMTP
session that appears to come from somewhere other than its true
origin.
Such an attack requires guessing what TCP sequence numbers an SMTP
server will use. It also requires transmitting completely in the
blind - the attack will be unable hear any of the server's side of
the conversation.
Attacks of this sort can be ameliorated if IP gateways refuse to
forward packets when the source address is clearly bogus.
6.3 Forged Sender Attacks
This mechanism chooses a purported responsible address from one of a
number of message headers, and then uses that address for validation.
A message with a true Resent-From header (for example), but a forged
From header will be accepted. Since many MUAs do not display all of
the headers of received messages, the message will appear to be
forged when displayed.
In order to neutralize this attack, MUAs will need to start
displaying at least the header that was verified.
6.4 Address Space Hijacking
This mechanism assumes the integrity of IP address space for
determining whether a given client is authorized to send messages
from a given PRA. In addition to the TCP attack given in section
6.2, a sufficiently resourceful attacker might be able to alter the
IP routing structure to permit two-way communication using a
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specified IP address. It would then be possible to execute an SMTP
session that appears to come from an authorized address, without the
need to guess TCP sequence numbers or transmit in the blind.
Such an attack might occur if the attacker obtained access to a
router which participates in external BGP routing. Such a router
could advertise a more specific route to a rogue SMTP client,
temporarily overriding the legitimate owner of the address.
7. Implementation Guidance
This section describes the actions that certain members of the
Internet email ecosystem must take to be compliant with this
specification.
7.1 Simple E-mailers
A domain that injects original email into the Internet, using its own
name in From headers, need do nothing to be compliant. However, such
domains SHOULD publish e-mail policy records in DNS.
7.2 E-Mail Forwarders
A program that forwards received mail to other addresses MUST add an
appropriate header that contains an email address that it is
authorized to use. Such programs SHOULD use the Resent-From header
for this purpose.
Additionally, e-mail forwarders SHOULD publish Sender ID records for
their domains, and SHOULD use MTAs for which the Sender ID check
yields a "pass" result.
Some of today's forwarders already add an appropriate header
(although many of them use Sender rather than Resent-From.)
7.3 Mailing List Servers
A mailing list server MUST add an appropriate header that contains an
email address that it is authorized to use. Such programs SHOULD use
the Resent-From header for this purpose.
Additionally, mailing list servers SHOULD publish Sender ID records
for their domains, and SHOULD use MTAs for which the Sender ID check
yields a "pass" result.
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Most of today's mailing list software already adds an appropriate
header (although most of them use Sender rather than Resent-From).
7.4 Third-Party Mailers
A program that sends mail on behalf of another user MUST add an
appropriate header that contains an email address that it is
authorized to use. Such programs SHOULD use the Sender header for
this purpose.
Additionally, third-part mailers servers SHOULD publish Sender ID
records for their domains, and SHOULD use MTAs for which the Sender
ID check yields a "pass" result.
Many, but not all, of today's third-party mailers are already
compliant.
7.5 MUA Implementers
When displaying a received message, an MUA SHOULD display the
purported responsible address as defined by this document whenever
that address differs from the RFC 2822 From address. This display
SHOULD be in addition to the RFC 2822 From address.
When a received message contains multiple headers that might be used
for the purported responsible address determination, an MUA should
consider displaying all of them. That is, if a message contains
several Resent-From's, a Sender and a From, an MUA should consider
displaying all of them.
8. IANA Considerations
This document contains no actions for IANA.
9. Acknowledgements
Variations on the idea of using a DNS record to check the legitimacy
of an email address have occurred multiple times. The earliest known
work is [Vixie]; others include [RMX], [SPF] and [CallerID].
The current document borrows heavily from each of the above, and
incorporates ideas proposed by many members of the MARID working
group. The contributions of each of the above are gratefully
acknowledged.
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10. References
10.1 Normative References
[PRA] J. Lyon, "Purported Responsible Address in E-Mail
Messages", draft-ietf-marid-pra-00. Work in progress.
[Protocol] M. Wong and M. Lentczner, "The SPF Record Format and Test
Protocol", draft-ietf-marid-protocol-01. Work in
progress.
[RFC2119] S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", RFC 2119.
10.2 Informative References
[CallerID] Microsoft Corporation, Caller ID for E-Mail Technical
Specification,
http://www.microsoft.com/mscorp/twc/privacy/spam_callerid
.mspx.
[RMX] H. Danisch, "The RMX DNS RR and method for lightweight
SMTP sender authorization", draft-danisch-dns-rr-smtp-04.
Work in progress.
[SPF] M. Lentczner and M. Wong, "Sender Policy Framework (SPF):
A Convention to Describe Hosts Authorized to Send SMTP
Traffic", draft-mengwong-spf-01. Work in progress.
[Submitter] E. Allman and H. Katz, "SMTP Service Extension for
Indicating the Responsible Submitter of an E-mail
Message", draft-ietf-marid-submitter-03. Work in
progress.
[Vixie] Paul Vixie, "Repudiating Mail-From",
http://ops.ietf.org/lists/namedroppers/namedroppers.2002/
msg00658.html
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11. Authors' Addresses
Jim Lyon
Microsoft Corporation
One Microsoft Way
Redmond, WA 98052
USA
jimlyon@microsoft.com
Meng Weng Wong
Singapore
mengwong@dumbo.pobox.com
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