One document matched: draft-ietf-idmr-dvmrp-v3-11.ps

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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.48 -.74(T. P)500.289 84 T(usateri).74 E
(INTERNET DRAFT)72 96 Q(Juniper Netw)315.999 E(orks)-.1 E
(Obsoletes: RFC 1075)72 108 Q(October 22, 2003)315.049 E
(draft-ietf-idmr)72 120 Q 260.279(-dvmrp-v3-11 Expires:)-.2 F
(April 22, 2004)2.5 E/F1 12/Times-Bold@0 SF(Distance V)196.17 180.6 Q
(ector Multicast Routing Pr)-1.2 E(otocol)-.216 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(Status of this Memo)72 234.6 Q F0(This document is an Internet-Draft a\
nd is in full conformance with all pro)97 262.2 Q
(visions of Section 10 of RFC2026.)-.15 E(Internet-Drafts are w)97 286.2
Q(orking documents of the Internet Engineering T)-.1 E(ask F)-.8 E
(orce \(IETF\), its areas, and its)-.15 E -.1(wo)97 298.2 S
(rking groups.).1 E(Note that other groups may also distrib)5 E(ute w)
-.2 E(orking documents as Internet-Drafts.)-.1 E
(Internet-Drafts are draft documents v)97 322.2 Q
(alid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or)-.25
E(obsoleted by other documents at an)97 334.2 Q 2.5(yt)-.15 G 2.5
(ime. It)-2.5 F
(is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts as reference material or to)
2.5 E(cite them other than as "w)97 346.2 Q(ork in progress.")-.1 E
(The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www)97
370.2 Q(.ietf.or)-.65 E(g/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt)-.18 E
(The list of Internet-Draft Shado)97 394.2 Q 2.5(wD)-.25 G
(irectories can be accessed at http://www)-2.5 E(.ietf.or)-.65 E
(g/shado)-.18 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(html.).65 E F2(Abstract)72 430.2 Q F0 -.4
(DV)97 457.8 S(MRP is an Internet routing protocol that pro).4 E
(vides an ef)-.15 E(\214cient mechanism for connection-less datagram)
-.25 E(deli)97 469.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ry to a group of hosts across an internetw).15 E(ork. It is a distrib)
-.1 E(uted protocol that dynamically generates IP)-.2 E(Multicast deli)
97 481.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry trees using a technique called Re).15 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G(rse P).15 E
(ath Multicasting \(RPM\) [Deer90]. This document is)-.15 E
(an update to V)97 493.8 Q
(ersion 1 of the protocol speci\214ed in RFC 1075 [W)-1.11 E(ait88].)-.8
E 402.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 1])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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(1. Intr)72 84 R(oduction)-.18 E F0 -.4(DV)97 111.6 S
(MRP uses a distance v).4 E(ector distrib)-.15 E
(uted routing algorithm in order to b)-.2 E(uild per)-.2 E
(-source-group multicast)-.2 E(deli)97 123.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry trees.)
.15 E 2.5(Ag)5 G(ood introduction to distance v)-2.5 E
(ector routing can be found in [Perl92].)-.15 E(The application of)5 E
(distance v)97 135.6 Q
(ector routing to multicast tree formulation is described in [Deer91].)
-.15 E F1 2.5(1.1. Requir)72 171.6 R(ements T)-.18 E(erminology)-.92 E
F0(The k)97 199.2 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G -.1(wo).15 G(rds MUST).1 E 2.5(,M)-.74
G(UST NO)-2.5 E 1.48 -.74(T, R)-.4 H(EQ).74 E(UIRED, SHALL, SHALL NO)-.1
E 1.48 -.74(T, S)-.4 H(HOULD, SHOULD NO).74 E -.74(T,)-.4 G
(RECOMMENDED, MA)97 211.2 Q 2.58 -1.29(Y, a)-1.05 H(nd OPTION)1.29 E
(AL, when the)-.35 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G
(ppear in this document, are to be interpreted as)-2.5 E
(described in [RFC-2119].)97 223.2 Q F1 2.5(1.2. Re)72 259.2 R -.1(ve)
-.15 G(rse P).1 E(ath Multicasting)-.1 E F0(Datagrams follo)97 286.8 Q
2.5(wm)-.25 G(ulticast deli)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ry trees from a source to all members of a multicast group [Deer89],)
.15 E(replicating the pack)97 298.8 Q
(et only at necessary branches in the deli)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ry tree. The trees are calculated and updated).15 E
(dynamically to track the membership of indi)97 310.8 Q(vidual groups.)
-.25 E(When a datagram arri)5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(so).15 G 2.5(na)-2.5
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(rse path to the source of the datagram is determined by e).15 E
(xamining a D)-.15 E(VMRP routing table of kno)-.4 E(wn)-.25 E
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(it is not on the optimal)2.5 E(deli)97 358.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ry tree and should be discarded. In this w).15 E(ay duplicate pack)-.1
E(ets can be \214ltered when loops e)-.1 E(xist in the)-.15 E(netw)97
370.8 Q(ork topology)-.1 E 2.5(.T)-.65 G(he source speci\214c deli)-2.5
E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ry trees are automatically pruned back as group membership).15 E
(changes or routers determine that no group members are present.)97
382.8 Q(This k)5 E(eeps the deli)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ry trees to the minimum).15 E
(branches necessary to reach all of the group members. Ne)97 394.8 Q 2.5
(ws)-.25 G(ections of the tree can also be added dynamically)-2.5 E
(as ne)97 406.8 Q 2.5(wm)-.25 G
(embers join the multicast group by grafting the ne)-2.5 E 2.5(ws)-.25 G
(ections onto the deli)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry trees.).15 E F1 2.5
(1.3. T)72 442.8 R(unnel Encapsulation)-.92 E F0
(Because not all IP routers support nati)97 470.4 Q .3 -.15(ve m)-.25 H
(ulticast routing, D).15 E
(VMRP includes direct support for tunneling IP)-.4 E(Multicast datagram\
s through routers. The IP Multicast datagrams are encapsulated in unica\
st IP pack)97 482.4 Q(ets and)-.1 E
(addressed to the routers that do support nati)97 494.4 Q .3 -.15(ve m)
-.25 H(ulticast routing. D).15 E(VMRP treats tunnel interf)-.4 E
(aces in an)-.1 E(identical manner to ph)97 506.4 Q(ysical netw)-.05 E
(ork interf)-.1 E(aces.)-.1 E(In pre)97 522 Q(vious implementations, D)
-.25 E
(VMRP protocol messages were sent un-encapsulated to the unicast tunnel)
-.4 E(endpoint address. While this w)97 534 Q
(as more direct, it increased the comple)-.1 E(xity of \214re)-.15 E -.1
(wa)-.25 G(ll con\214guration.).1 E(The most)5 E
(noticeable change in this speci\214cation re)97 546 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G
(rding tunnels is that all D).05 E
(VMRP protocol messages should be sent)-.4 E
(encapsulated across the tunnel.)97 558 Q(Pre)5 E(viously)-.25 E 2.5(,p)
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(rotocol messages were sent un-encapsulated directly to the tunnel)-2.5
E 2.5(endpoint. See)97 570 R(Appendix C for backw)2.5 E
(ard compatibility issues.)-.1 E(Note: All protocol messages sent on po\
int-to-point links \(including tunnels\) should use a destination addre\
ss of)97 594 Q(All-D)97 606 Q(VMRP-Routers. This change will allo)-.4 E
2.5(wt)-.25 G(he protocol messages to be forw)-2.5 E
(arded across multicast-only)-.1 E
(tunnels without making encapsulation and decapsulation dif)97 618 Q
(\214cult.)-.25 E(In practice, tunnels typically use either IP-IP [Perk\
96] or Generic Routing Encapsulation \(GRE\))97 642 Q
([Han94a,Han94b], although, other encapsulation methods are acceptable.)
97 654 Q 402.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 2])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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(1.4. Document)72 84 R(Ov)2.5 E(er)-.1 E(view)-.1 E F0(Section 2 pro)97
111.6 Q(vides an o)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(rvie).15 E 2.5(wo)-.25 G 2.5
(ft)-2.5 G(he protocol and the dif)-2.5 E(ferent message types e)-.25 E
(xchanged by D)-.15 E(VMRP routers.)-.4 E(Those who wish to g)97 123.6 Q
(ain a general understanding of the protocol b)-.05 E
(ut are not interested in the more precise)-.2 E
(details may wish to only read this section.)97 135.6 Q(Section 3 e)5 E
(xplains the detailed operation of the protocol to)-.15 E
(accommodate de)97 147.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(lopers needing to pro).15 E
(vide inter)-.15 E(-operable implementations.)-.2 E
(Included in Appendix A, is a)5 E(summary of the D)97 159.6 Q
(VMRP parameters. A section on D)-.4 E
(VMRP support for tracing and troubleshooting is the topic)-.4 E
(of Appendix B.)97 171.6 Q(Finally)5 E 2.5(,as)-.65 G(hort D)-2.5 E
(VMRP v)-.4 E(ersion compatibility section is pro)-.15 E
(vided in Appendix C to assist with)-.15 E(backw)97 183.6 Q
(ard compatibility issues.)-.1 E F1 2.5(2. Pr)72 219.6 R(otocol Ov)-.18
E(er)-.1 E(view)-.1 E F0 -.4(DV)97 247.2 S(MRP can be summarized as a "\
broadcast & prune" multicast routing protocol.).4 E(It b)5 E(uilds per)
-.2 E(-source)-.2 E(broadcast trees based upon routing e)97 259.2 Q
(xchanges, then dynamically creates per)-.15 E
(-source-group multicast deli)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E
(trees by pruning \(remo)97 271.2 Q(ving branches from\) the source')
-.15 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(runcated broadcast tree.)-2.5 E(It performs Re)5 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G(rse P).15 E(ath)-.15 E -.15(Fo)97 283.2 S(rw).15 E
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(\214c should be forw)-.25 E(arded to do)-.1 E(wnstream interf)-.25 E
2.5(aces. In)-.1 F(this)2.5 E -.1(wa)97 295.2 S 1.3 -.65(y, s).1 H(ourc\
e-rooted shortest path trees can be formed to reach all group members f\
rom each source netw).65 E(ork of)-.1 E(multicast traf)97 307.2 Q
(\214c.)-.25 E F1 2.5(2.1. Neighbor)72 343.2 R(Disco)2.5 E -.1(ve)-.1 G
(ry).1 E F0(Neighbor D)97 370.8 Q(VMRP routers are disco)-.4 E -.15(ve)
-.15 G
(red dynamically by sending Neighbor Probe Messages on local multicast)
.15 E(capable netw)97 382.8 Q(ork interf)-.1 E
(aces and tunnel pseudo interf)-.1 E
(aces. These messages are sent periodically to the All-)-.1 E -.4(DV)97
394.8 S(MRP-Routers [Re).4 E(yn94] IP Multicast group address.)-.15 E
(\(See Appendix C for backw)5 E(ards compatibility issues.\))-.1 E
(The IP TTL of these messages MUST be set to 1.)97 406.8 Q
(Each Neighbor Probe message contains the list of Neighbor D)97 430.8 Q
(VMRP routers for which Neighbor Probe)-.4 E(messages ha)97 442.8 Q .3
-.15(ve b)-.2 H(een recei).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5
G(hat interf)-2.5 E(ace. In this w)-.1 E(ay)-.1 E 2.5(,N)-.65 G
(eighbor D)-2.5 E(VMRP routers can ensure that the)-.4 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G
(re)-2.5 E(seen by each other)97 454.8 Q(.)-.55 E(Once you ha)97 478.8 Q
.3 -.15(ve r)-.2 H(ecei).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(daP).15 G(robe from a \
neighbor that contains your address in the neighbor list, you ha)-2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.2 G(established a tw)97 490.8 Q(o-w)-.1 E
(ay neighbor adjacenc)-.1 E 2.5(yw)-.15 G(ith this router)-2.5 E(.)-.55
E F1 2.5(2.2. Sour)72 526.8 R(ce Location)-.18 E F0
(When an IP Multicast datagram is recei)97 554.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(db).15 G 2.5(yar)-2.5 G(outer running D)-2.5 E(VMRP)-.4 E 2.5(,i)-1.11
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(the D)97 566.4 Q(VMRP routing table.)-.4 E(The interf)5 E
(ace on which the best route to the source of the datagram w)-.1 E
(as recei)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(di).15 G(s)-2.5 E
(called the upstream \(also called RPF\) interf)97 578.4 Q 2.5(ace. If)
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(he correct upstream interf)-2.5 E(ace, then)-.1 E
(it is a candidate for forw)97 590.4 Q(arding to one or more do)-.1 E
(wnstream interf)-.25 E(aces. If the datagram did not arri)-.1 E .3 -.15
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(must be performed by all D)97 614.4 Q(VMRP routers.)-.4 E
(In order to ensure that all D)97 638.4 Q(VMRP routers ha)-.4 E .3 -.15
(ve a c)-.2 H(onsistent vie).15 E 2.5(wo)-.25 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G
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(ated to all D)-.05 E(VMRP routers as an inte)-.4 E
(gral part of the protocol.)-.15 E(Each router adv)5 E(ertises the netw)
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-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E
(number and mask of the interf)97 84 Q
(aces it is directly connected to as well as relaying the routes recei)
-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(df).15 G(rom)-2.5 E(neighbor routers. D)97 96 Q
(VMRP requires an interf)-.4 E(ace metric to be con\214gured on all ph)
-.1 E(ysical and tunnel interf)-.05 E(aces.)-.1 E(When a route is recei)
97 108 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(d, the metric of the interf).15 E(ace o)-.1 E
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(This adjusted metric should be used when)5 E
(comparing metrics to determine the best upstream neighbor)97 132 Q(.)
-.55 E(Although there is certainly additional o)97 156 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G
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(VMRP routing table,)-.4 E(it does pro)97 168 Q(vide tw)-.15 E 2.5(on)
-.1 G(ice features. First, since all D)-2.5 E(VMRP routers are e)-.4 E
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(inconsistencies between routers when determining the upstream interf)97
180 Q(ace \(aside from normal con)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.4 G -.18(rg).15 G
(ence).18 E(issues related to distance v)97 192 Q
(ector routing protocols\).)-.15 E(By placing the b)5 E
(urden of synchronization on the protocol)-.2 E(as opposed to the netw)
97 204 Q(ork manager)-.1 E 2.5(,D)-.4 G
(VMRP reduces the risk of creating routing loops or black holes due to)
-2.9 E(disagreement between neighbor routers on the upstream interf)97
216 Q(ace.)-.1 E(Second, by propag)97 240 Q(ating its o)-.05 E
(wn routing table, D)-.25 E(VMRP mak)-.4 E(es it con)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.4 G
(nient to ha).15 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H(eparate paths for unicast).15 E
-.15(ve)97 252 S(rsus multicast datagrams. Although, ideally).15 E 2.5
(,m)-.65 G(an)-2.5 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G(etw)-2.5 E(ork managers w)-.1 E
(ould prefer to k)-.1 E(eep their unicast and)-.1 E(multicast traf)97
264 Q(\214c aligned, tunneled multicast topologies may pre)-.25 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G(nt this causing the unicast and multicast paths).15 E(to di)
97 276 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -.18(rg).15 G 2.5(e. Additionally).18 F 2.5(,s)
-.65 G(ervice pro)-2.5 E(viders may prefer to k)-.15 E
(eep the unicast and multicast traf)-.1 E(\214c separate for)-.25 E
(routing polic)97 288 Q 2.5(yr)-.15 G(easons as the)-2.5 E 2.5(ye)-.15 G
(xperiment with IP multicast routing and be)-2.65 E(gin to of)-.15 E
(fer it as a service.)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(2.3. Dependent)72
324 R(Do)2.5 E(wnstr)-.1 E(eam Routers)-.18 E F0(In addition to pro)97
351.6 Q(viding a consistent vie)-.15 E 2.5(wo)-.25 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G
(ource netw)-2.5 E(orks, the e)-.1 E(xchange of routes in D)-.15 E
(VMRP pro)-.4 E(vides one)-.15 E(other important feature. D)97 363.6 Q
(VMRP uses the route e)-.4 E
(xchange as a mechanism for upstream routers to determine if)-.15 E(an)
97 375.6 Q 2.5(yd)-.15 G -.25(ow)-2.5 G
(nstream routers depend on them for forw).25 E
(arding from particular source netw)-.1 E(orks. D)-.1 E(VMRP)-.4 E
(accomplishes this by using a technique called "Poison Re)97 387.6 Q
-.15(ve)-.25 G(rse". If a do).15 E(wnstream router selects an upstream)
-.25 E(router as the best ne)97 399.6 Q
(xt hop to a particular source netw)-.15 E
(ork, this is indicated by echoing back the route on the)-.1 E
(upstream interf)97 411.6 Q
(ace with a metric equal to the original metric plus in\214nity)-.1 E 5
(.W)-.65 G(hen the upstream router recei)-5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(s).15 E(th\
e report and sees a metric that lies between in\214nity and twice in\
\214nity)97 423.6 Q 2.5(,i)-.65 G 2.5(tc)-2.5 G(an then add the do)-2.5
E(wnstream router)-.25 E(from which it recei)97 435.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.5(dt).15 G(he report to a list of dependent routers for this source.)
-2.5 E(This list of dependent routers per source netw)97 459.6 Q(ork b)
-.1 E(uilt by the "Poison Re)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(rse" technique will pro).15 E(vide the)-.15 E(foundation necessary to \
determine when it is appropriate to prune back the IP source speci\214c\
 multicast trees.)97 471.6 Q F1 2.5(2.4. Designated)72 507.6 R -.25(Fo)
2.5 G(rwarder).25 E F0(When tw)97 535.2 Q 2.5(oo)-.1 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G
(ore multicast routers are connected to a multi-access netw)-2.5 E
(ork, it could be possible for duplicate)-.1 E(pack)97 547.2 Q
(ets to be forw)-.1 E(arded on the netw)-.1 E(ork \(one cop)-.1 E 2.5
(yf)-.1 G(rom each router\).)-2.5 E -.4(DV)5 G(MRP pre).4 E -.15(ve)-.25
G(nts this possibility by).15 E(electing a forw)97 559.2 Q
(arder for each source as a side ef)-.1 E(fect of its route e)-.25 E 2.5
(xchange. When)-.15 F(tw)2.5 E 2.5(or)-.1 G(outers on a multi-access)
-2.5 E(netw)97 571.2 Q(ork e)-.1 E(xchange source netw)-.15 E
(orks, each of the routers will kno)-.1 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G
(he others metric back to each source)-2.5 E(netw)97 583.2 Q
(ork. Therefore, of all the D)-.1 E(VMRP routers on a shared netw)-.4 E
(ork, the router with the lo)-.1 E(west metric to a)-.25 E(source netw)
97 595.2 Q(ork is responsible for forw)-.1 E
(arding data on to the shared netw)-.1 E(ork. If tw)-.1 E 2.5(oo)-.1 G
2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore routers ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E
(equally lo)97 607.2 Q 2.5(wm)-.25 G(etric, the router with the lo)-2.5
E(west IP address becomes the designated forw)-.25 E(arder for the netw)
-.1 E(ork. In)-.1 E(this w)97 619.2 Q(ay)-.1 E 2.5(,D)-.65 G
(VMRP does an implicit designated forw)-2.9 E
(arder election for each source netw)-.1 E(ork on each do)-.1 E
(wnstream)-.25 E(interf)97 631.2 Q(ace.)-.1 E 402.71(Pusateri [P)72 696
R(age 4])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(2.5. Building)72 84 R(Multicast T)2.5 E -.18(re)-.74 G(es).18 E F0
(As pre)97 111.6 Q
(viously mentioned, when an IP multicast datagram arri)-.25 E -.15(ve)
-.25 G(s, the upstream interf).15 E(ace is determined by)-.1 E
(looking up the interf)97 123.6 Q
(ace on which the best route to the source of the datagram w)-.1 E
(as recei)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(d. If).15 F(the upstream)2.5 E
(interf)97 135.6 Q(ace is correct, then a D)-.1 E(VMRP router will forw)
-.4 E(ard the datagram to a list of do)-.1 E(wnstream interf)-.25 E
(aces.)-.1 E F1 2.5(2.5.1. Adding)72 171.6 R(Local Gr)2.5 E(oup Members)
-.18 E F0(The IGMP local group database is maintained by all IP multica\
st routers on each ph)97 199.2 Q(ysical, multicast capable)-.05 E(netw)
97 211.2 Q(ork [Cain02].)-.1 E(If the destination group address is list\
ed in the local group database, and the router is the)5 E
(designated forw)97 223.2 Q(arder for the source, then the interf)-.1 E
(ace is included in the list of do)-.1 E(wnstream interf)-.25 E 2.5
(aces. If)-.1 F(there)2.5 E(are no group members on the interf)97 235.2
Q(ace, then the interf)-.1 E(ace is remo)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df).15
G(rom the outgoing interf)-2.5 E(ace list.)-.1 E F1 2.5(2.5.2. Adding)72
271.2 R(Interfaces with Neighbors)2.5 E F0(Initially)97 298.8 Q 2.5(,a)
-.65 G(ll interf)-2.5 E(aces with do)-.1 E
(wnstream dependent neighbors should be included in the do)-.25 E
(wnstream interf)-.25 E(ace)-.1 E(list when a forw)97 310.8 Q
(arding cache entry is \214rst created.)-.1 E(This allo)5 E(ws the do)
-.25 E(wnstream routers to be a)-.25 E -.1(wa)-.15 G(re of traf).1 E
<8c63>-.25 E(destined for a particular \(source netw)97 322.8 Q
(ork, group\) pair)-.1 E 2.5(.T)-.55 G(he do)-2.5 E
(wnstream routers will then ha)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he option to)
.15 E(send prunes and subsequent grafts for this \(source netw)97 334.8
Q(ork, group\) pair as requirements change from their)-.1 E(respecti)97
346.8 Q .3 -.15(ve d)-.25 H -.25(ow).15 G
(nstream routers and local group members.).25 E F1 2.5(2.6. Pruning)72
382.8 R(Multicast T)2.5 E -.18(re)-.74 G(es).18 E F0(As mentioned abo)97
410.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(,r).15 G(outers at the edges will remo)-2.5 E
.3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H(heir interf).15 E(aces that ha)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve n)
-.2 H 2.5(og).15 G(roup members associated)-2.5 E
(with an IP multicast datagram.)97 422.4 Q(If a router remo)5 E -.15(ve)
-.15 G 2.5(sa).15 G(ll of its do)-2.5 E(wnstream interf)-.25 E
(aces, it noti\214es the upstream)-.1 E(router that it no longer w)97
434.4 Q(ants traf)-.1 E(\214c destined for a particular \(source netw)
-.25 E(ork, group\) pair)-.1 E 2.5(.T)-.55 G(his is accomplished)-2.5 E
(by sending a D)97 446.4 Q
(VMRP Prune message upstream to the router it e)-.4 E(xpects to forw)
-.15 E(ard datagrams from a particular)-.1 E(source.)97 458.4 Q
(Recall that a do)97 482.4 Q(wnstream router will inform an upstream ro\
uter that it depends on the upstream router to)-.25 E(recei)97 494.4 Q
.3 -.15(ve d)-.25 H(atagrams from particular source netw).15 E
(orks by using the "Poison Re)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(rse" technique during the).15 E -.15(ex)97 506.4 S(change of D).15 E
(VMRP routes. This method allo)-.4 E(ws the upstream router to b)-.25 E
(uild a list of do)-.2 E(wnstream routers on)-.25 E(each interf)97 518.4
Q(ace that are dependent upon it for datagrams from a particular source\
 netw)-.1 E 2.5(ork. If)-.1 F(the upstream)2.5 E(router recei)97 530.4 Q
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(sp).15 G
(rune messages from each one of the dependent do)-2.5 E
(wnstream routers on an interf)-.25 E(ace, then the)-.1 E
(upstream router can in turn remo)97 542.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H
(his interf).15 E(ace from its do)-.1 E(wnstream interf)-.25 E
(ace list.)-.1 E(If the upstream router is)5 E(able to remo)97 554.4 Q
.3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H(ll of its do).15 E(wnstream interf)-.25 E
(aces in this w)-.1 E(ay)-.1 E 2.5(,i)-.65 G 2.5(tc)-2.5 G
(an then send a D)-2.5 E(VMRP Prune message to its)-.4 E
(upstream router)97 566.4 Q 2.5(.T)-.55 G
(his continues until the unneeded branches are remo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15
G 2.5(df).15 G(rom the deli)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry tree.).15 E
(In order to remo)97 590.4 Q .3 -.15(ve o)-.15 H
(ld prune state information for \(source netw).15 E
(ork, group\) pairs that are no longer acti)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,i)
.15 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G(s)-2.5 E(necessary to limit the life of a prune and\
 periodically resume the broadcasting procedure.)97 602.4 Q
(The prune message)5 E(contains a prune lifetime, indicating the length\
 of time that the prune should remain in ef)97 614.4 Q
(fect. When the prune)-.25 E(lifetime e)97 626.4 Q(xpires, the interf)
-.15 E(ace is joined back onto the multicast deli)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ry tree. If unw).15 E(anted multicast datagrams)-.1 E(continue to arri)
97 638.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,t).15 G
(he prune mechanism will be re-initiated and the c)-2.5 E
(ycle will continue.)-.15 E(If all of the)5 E(do)97 650.4 Q
(wnstream interf)-.25 E(aces are remo)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df).15 G
(rom a multicast deli)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry tree causing a D).15 E
(VMRP Prune message to be sent)-.4 E 402.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 5])
-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E(upstream, the lifetime of \
the prune sent must be equal to the minimum of the remaining lifetimes \
of the)97 84 Q(recei)97 96 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dp).15 G(runes.)-2.5 E
/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(2.7. Grafting)72 132 R(Multicast T)2.5 E -.18
(re)-.74 G(es).18 E F0
(Once a tree branch has been pruned from a multicast deli)97 159.6 Q
-.15(ve)-.25 G(ry tree, pack).15 E(ets from the corresponding \(source)
-.1 E(netw)97 171.6 Q(ork, group\) pair will no longer be forw)-.1 E 2.5
(arded. Ho)-.1 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .8 -.4(r, s).15 H
(ince IP multicast supports dynamic group).4 E
(membership, hosts may join a multicast group at an)97 183.6 Q 2.5(yt)
-.15 G 2.5(ime. In)-2.5 F(this case, D)2.5 E
(VMRP routers use Grafts to cancel)-.4 E(the prunes that are in place f\
rom the host back on to the multicast deli)97 195.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ry tree.).15 E 2.5(Ar)5 G(outer will send a Graft)-2.5 E(message to it\
s upstream neighbor if a group join occurs for a group that the router \
has pre)97 207.6 Q(viously sent a prune.)-.25 E(Separate Graft messages\
 must be sent to the appropriate upstream neighbor for each source netw)
97 219.6 Q(ork that has)-.1 E(been pruned.)97 231.6 Q(Since there w)5 E
(ould be no w)-.1 E(ay to tell if a Graft message sent upstream w)-.1 E
(as lost or the source)-.1 E(simply quit sending traf)97 243.6 Q
(\214c, it is necessary to ackno)-.25 E
(wledge each Graft message with a D)-.25 E(VMRP Graft Ack)-.4 E 2.5
(message. If)97 255.6 R(an ackno)2.5 E(wledgment is not recei)-.25 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ithin a Graft T)-2.5 E
(ime-out period, the Graft message should be)-.35 E
(retransmitted using binary e)97 267.6 Q(xponential back-of)-.15 E 2.5
(fb)-.25 G(etween retransmissions. Duplicate Graft Ack messages)-2.5 E
(should simply be ignored.)97 279.6 Q
(The purpose of the Graft Ack message is to simply ackno)5 E
(wledge the receipt of a)-.25 E
(Graft message. It does not imply that an)97 291.6 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G
(ction w)-2.5 E(as tak)-.1 E(en as a result of recei)-.1 E
(ving the Graft message.)-.25 E(Therefore, all Graft messages recei)97
303.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(df).15 G(rom a neighbor with whom a tw)-2.5 E
(o-w)-.1 E(ay neighbor relationship has been)-.1 E
(formed should be ackno)97 315.6 Q(wledged whether or not the)-.25 E 2.5
(yc)-.15 G(ause an action on the recei)-2.5 E(ving router)-.25 E(.)-.55
E F1 2.5(3. Detailed)72 351.6 R(Pr)2.5 E(otocol Operation)-.18 E F0
(This section contains a detailed description of D)97 379.2 Q(VMRP)-.4 E
2.5(.I)-1.11 G 2.5(tc)-2.5 G -.15(ove)-2.5 G(rs sending and recei).15 E
(ving of D)-.25 E(VMRP messages)-.4 E
(as well as the generation and maintenance of IP Multicast forw)97 391.2
Q(arding cache entries.)-.1 E F1 2.5(3.1. Pr)72 427.2 R(otocol Header)
-.18 E F0 -.4(DV)97 454.8 S(MRP pack).4 E(ets are)-.1 E(encapsulated in\
 IP datagrams, with an IP protocol number of 2 \(IGMP\) as speci\214ed \
in the)5 E(Assigned Numbers RFC [Re)97 466.8 Q
(yn94]. All \214elds are transmitted in Netw)-.15 E(ork Byte Order)-.1 E
2.5(.D)-.55 G(VMRP pack)-2.9 E(ets use a)-.1 E
(common protocol header that speci\214es the IGMP [Cain02] P)97 478.8 Q
(ack)-.15 E(et T)-.1 E(ype as he)-.8 E(xadecimal 0x13 \(D)-.15 E
(VMRP\).)-.4 E -.4(DV)97 490.8 S(MRP protocol pack).4 E(ets should be s\
ent with the Precedence \214eld in the IP header set to Internetw)-.1 E
(ork Control)-.1 E(\(he)97 502.8 Q(xadecimal 0xc0 for the T)-.15 E
(ype of Service Octet\) [Post81].)-.8 E 2.5(Ad)5 G
(iagram of the common protocol header)-2.5 E(follo)97 514.8 Q(ws:)-.25 E
64(081)189.44 544.8 S 103(63)-64 G(1)-103 E .4 LW 455.44 549.3 184.44
549.3 DL -.8(Ty)206.565 558.8 S(pe).8 E(\(0x13\))203.11 570.8 Q 69.335
(Code Checksum)274.885 564.8 R 455.44 575.3 184.44 575.3 DL 250.94 549.3
250.94 575.3 DL 41.78(Minor Major)341.94 584.8 R -1.11(Ve)339.165 596.8
S 35.95(rsion V)1.11 F(ersion)-1.11 E(Reserv)232.41 590.8 Q(ed)-.15 E
455.44 601.3 184.44 601.3 DL 455.44 549.3 455.44 601.3 DL 388.94 575.3
388.94 601.3 DL 319.94 549.3 319.94 601.3 DL 184.44 549.3 184.44 601.3
DL/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.45(Fi)246 628.8 S(gur).45 E 2.5(e1-C)-.37 G
(ommon Pr)-2.5 E(otocol Header)-.45 E F0 402.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R
(age 6])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E 2.5(AM)97 84 S(ajor V)-2.5
E(ersion of 3 and a Minor V)-1.11 E
(ersion of 0xFF should be used to indicate compliance with this)-1.11 E
2.5(speci\214cation. The)97 96 R -.25(va)2.5 G
(lue of the Code \214eld determines the D).25 E(VMRP pack)-.4 E
(et type.)-.1 E(Currently)5 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G(here are codes)-2.5 E
(allocated for D)97 108 Q(VMRP protocol message types as well as protoc\
ol analysis and troubleshooting pack)-.4 E 2.5(ets. The)-.1 F
(protocol message Codes are:)97 120 Q 27.13(Code P)186.055 156 R(ack)
-.15 E(et T)-.1 E 74.42(ype Description)-.8 F .4 LW 456.325 160.5
183.555 160.5 DL 23.055(1D)194.11 176 S(VMRP Probe)-23.455 E
(for neighbor disco)31.93 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(ry).15 E 23.055(2D)194.11 194
S(VMRP Report)-23.455 E(for route e)28.04 E(xchange)-.15 E 23.055(7D)
194.11 212 S(VMRP Prune)-23.455 E(for pruning multicast deli)31.93 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G(ry trees).15 E 23.055(8D)194.11 230 S(VMRP Graft)-23.455
E(for grafting multicast deli)34.16 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry trees).15 E
23.055(9D)194.11 248 S(VMRP Graft Ack)-23.455 E(for ackno)15 E
(wledging graft messages)-.25 E 456.325 252.5 183.555 252.5 DL/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF -.92(Ta)237.57 292 S(ble 1 - Standar).92 E 2.5(dP)
-.37 G -.45(ro)-2.5 G(tocol P).45 E(ac)-.8 E -.1(ke)-.2 G 2.5(tT).1 G
(ypes)-3.24 E F0(There are additional codes used for protocol analysis \
and troubleshooting. These codes are discussed in)97 343.6 Q
(Appendix B.)97 355.6 Q(The Checksum is the 16-bit one')97 379.6 Q 2.5
(sc)-.55 G(omplement of the one')-2.5 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G
(omplement sum of the D)-2.5 E(VMRP message.)-.4 E(The)5 E
(checksum MUST be calculated upon transmission and MUST be v)97 391.6 Q
(alidated on reception of a pack)-.25 E 2.5(et. The)-.1 F
(checksum of the D)97 403.6 Q(VMRP message is calculated with the check\
sum \214eld set to zero. See [Brad88] for more)-.4 E(information.)97
415.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(3.2. Pr)72 451.6 R(obe Messages)-.18 E
F0(When a D)97 479.2 Q(VMRP router is con\214gured to run on an interf)
-.4 E(ace \(ph)-.1 E(ysical or tunnel\), it multicasts D)-.05 E
(VMRP Probe)-.4 E(pack)97 491.2 Q(ets to inform other D)-.1 E
(VMRP routers that it is operational. Ef)-.4 E(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25
G(ly).15 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(erv)-2.5 E 2.5(et)-.15
G(hree purposes.)-2.5 E 15(1. Probes)97 518.8 R(pro)2.5 E
(vide a mechanism for D)-.15 E(VMRP routers to locate each other)-.4 E 5
(.D)-.55 G(VMRP sends on each interf)-5.4 E(ace,)-.1 E 2.5(aP)122 530.8
S(robe Message containing the list of the neighbors detected for that s\
peci\214c interf)-2.5 E 2.5(ace. If)-.1 F(no D)2.5 E(VMRP)-.4 E
(neighbors are found, the netw)122 542.8 Q
(ork is considered to be a leaf netw)-.1 E(ork.)-.1 E 15(2. Probes)97
570.4 R(pro)2.5 E(vide a w)-.15 E(ay for D)-.1 E
(VMRP routers to determine the capabilities of each other)-.4 E 2.5(.T)
-.55 G(his may be)-2.5 E(deduced from the major and minor v)122 582.4 Q
(ersion numbers in the Probe pack)-.15 E
(et or directly from the capability)-.1 E 2.5(\215ags. These)122 594.4 R
(\215ags were \214rst introduced to allo)2.5 E 2.5(wo)-.25 G
(ptional protocol features.)-2.5 E(This speci\214cation no)5 E(w)-.25 E
(mandates the use of Generation Id')122 606.4 Q 2.5(sa)-.55 G
(nd pruning and, therefore, pro)-2.5 E
(vides no optional capabilities. Other)-.15 E(capability \215ags were u\
sed for tracing and troubleshooting and are no longer a part of the act\
ual protocol.)122 618.4 Q 15(3. Probes)97 646 R(pro)2.5 E(vide a k)-.15
E(eep-ali)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H
(unction in order to quickly detect neighbor loss. Probes sent on each)
.15 E(multicast capable interf)122 658 Q(ace con\214gured for D)-.1 E
(VMRP SHOULD use an interv)-.4 E(al of 10 seconds. The)-.25 E 402.71
(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 7])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E(neighbor time-out interv)
122 84 Q(al SHOULD be set at 35 seconds. This allo)-.25 E(ws f)-.25 E
(airly early detection of a lost)-.1 E(neighbor yet pro)122 96 Q
(vides tolerance for b)-.15 E(usy multicast routers. These v)-.2 E
(alues MUST be coordinated between)-.25 E(all D)122 108 Q
(VMRP routers on a ph)-.4 E(ysical netw)-.05 E(ork se)-.1 E(gment.)-.15
E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(3.2.1. Router)72 144 R(Capabilities)2.5 E F0
(In the past, there ha)97 171.6 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een man).15 E 2.5
(yv)-.15 G(ersions of D)-2.65 E
(VMRP in use with a wide range of capabilities. Practical)-.4 E
(considerations require a current implementation to inter)97 183.6 Q
(-operate with these older implementations that don')-.2 E(t)-.18 E(for\
mally specify their capabilities and are not compliant with this speci\
\214cation.)97 195.6 Q -.15(Fo)5 G 2.5(ri).15 G(nstance, for major)-2.5
E -.15(ve)97 207.6 S(rsions less than 3, it can be assumed that the nei\
ghbor does not support pruning.).15 E(The formal capability \215ags)5 E
(were \214rst introduced in an well kno)97 219.6 Q
(wn implementation \(Mrouted v)-.25 E(ersion 3.5\) in an attempt to tak)
-.15 E 2.5(et)-.1 G(he guess)-2.5 E -.1(wo)97 231.6 S
(rk out which features are supported by a neighbor).1 E 2.5(.M)-.55 G
(an)-2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G
(hese \215ags are no longer necessary since the)-2.5 E(y)-.15 E(are no)
97 243.6 Q 2.5(war)-.25 G(equired part of the protocol, ho)-2.5 E(we)
-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .8 -.4(r, s).15 H
(pecial consideration is necessary to not confuse older).4 E
(implementations that e)97 255.6 Q(xpect these \215ags to be set.)-.15 E
(Appendix C w)5 E(as written to assist with these and other)-.1 E(backw)
97 267.6 Q(ard compatibility issues.)-.1 E
(Three of the \215ags were used for actual protocol operation.)97 291.6
Q(The other tw)5 E 2.5(oa)-.1 G(ssigned \215ags were used for)-2.5 E(tr\
oubleshooting purposes which should be documented in a separate speci\
\214cation. All of the bits mark)97 303.6 Q(ed "U")-.1 E
(in the Figure belo)97 315.6 Q 2.5(wa)-.25 G(re no)-2.5 E 2.5(wu)-.25 G
(nused. The)-2.5 E 2.5(ym)-.15 G
(ay be de\214ned in the future and MUST be set to 0 on transmission)-2.5
E(and ignored on reception. Bit position 0 is the LEAF bit which is a c\
urrent research topic.)97 327.6 Q(It MUST be set to 0)5 E
(and ignored on reception.)97 339.6 Q
(Bit positions 1, 2, and 3 MUST be set to 1 for backw)5 E
(ard compatibility)-.1 E 5(.T)-.65 G(he)-5 E 2.5(yw)-.15 G(ere)-2.5 E
(used to specify the PR)97 351.6 Q(UNE, GENID, and MTRA)-.4 E(CE bits.)
-.4 E(The \214rst tw)5 E(o, PR)-.1 E(UNE and GENID, are no)-.4 E 2.5(wr)
-.25 G(equired)-2.5 E(features. The MTRA)97 363.6 Q
(CE bit must be set so e)-.4 E
(xisting implementations will not assume this neighbor does not)-.15 E
(support multicast trace-route [Fenn00]. Ho)97 375.6 Q(we)-.25 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G .8 -.4(r, s).15 H(ince this bit is no).4 E 2.5(wr)-.25 G
(eserv)-2.5 E(ed and set to 1, ne)-.15 E(wer)-.25 E(implementations sho\
uld not use this bit in the Probe message to determine if multicast tra\
ce-route is supported)97 387.6 Q(by a neighbor)97 399.6 Q 2.5(.I)-.55 G
(nstead, the M bit should only be used in a Neighbors2 message as descr\
ibed in Appendix B.)-2.5 E(The bit mark)97 411.6 Q
(ed S stands for SNMP capable.)-.1 E
(This bit is used by troubleshooting applications and should only)5 E
(be tested in the Neighbors2 message.)97 423.6 Q(The N bit \(which stan\
ds for Netmask\) is de\214ned by this speci\214cation.)97 447.6 Q
(It is used to indicate the neighbor will)5 E(accept netw)97 459.6 Q(or\
k masks appended to the Prune, Graft, and Graft Ack messages. This bit \
only indicates that the)-.1 E
(neighbor understands the netmask. It DOES NO)97 471.6 Q 2.5(Tm)-.4 G
(ean that Prune, Graft, and Graft Ack messages sent to this)-2.5 E(neig\
hbor must include a netmask. Refer to the sections on Prune, Graft, and\
 Graft Ack messages for more)97 483.6 Q(details.)97 495.6 Q
(Each time a Probe message is recei)97 519.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(df).15
G(rom a neighbor)-2.5 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G
(he capabilities bits should be compared to the)-2.5 E(pre)97 531.6 Q
(vious v)-.25 E(ersion for that neighbor in order to detect changes in \
neighbor capabilities.)-.15 E 19(76543210)233.44 549.6 S -18.45 16.78
(UUN S)232.33 561.6 T -16.78 15.945(MG P)-.005 H(L)2.22 E .4 LW 413.44
566.1 226.44 566.1 DL 19(00)233.44 575.6 S -19.28 17.89(X0 1 1 1 0)-1.11
H 413.44 580.1 226.44 580.1 DL 413.44 566.1 413.44 580.1 DL 391.94 566.1
391.94 580.1 DL 367.94 566.1 367.94 580.1 DL 343.94 566.1 343.94 580.1
DL 319.94 566.1 319.94 580.1 DL 295.94 566.1 295.94 580.1 DL 271.94
566.1 271.94 580.1 DL 247.94 566.1 247.94 580.1 DL 226.44 566.1 226.44
580.1 DL/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.45(Fi)251.875 607.6 S(gur).45 E 2.5
(e2-P)-.37 G -.45(ro)-2.5 G(be Capability Fla).45 E(gs)-.1 E F0 402.71
(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 8])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(3.2.2. Generation)72 84 R(ID)2.5 E F0(If a D)97 111.6 Q
(VMRP router is restarted, it will not be a)-.4 E -.1(wa)-.15 G
(re of an).1 E 2.5(yp)-.15 G(re)-2.5 E
(vious prunes that it had sent or recei)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(d. In)
.15 F(order for the neighbor to detect that the router has restarted, a\
 non-decreasing number is placed in the periodic)97 123.6 Q
(probe message called the generation ID.)97 135.6 Q
(When a change in the generation ID is detected, an)5 E 2.5(yp)-.15 G
(rune)-2.5 E(information recei)97 147.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(df).15 G
(rom the router is no longer v)-2.5 E(alid and should be \215ushed.)-.25
E(If this prune state has caused)5 E(prune information to be sent upstr\
eam, a graft will need to be sent upstream just as though a ne)97 159.6
Q 2.5(wm)-.25 G(ember has)-2.5 E(joined belo)97 171.6 Q 1.3 -.65(w. O)
-.25 H(nce data be).65 E(gins to be deli)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(red do)
.15 E(wnstream, if the do)-.25 E(wnstream router ag)-.25 E
(ain decides to be)-.05 E(pruned from the deli)97 183.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ry tree, a ne).15 E 2.5(wp)-.25 G
(rune can be sent upstream at that time.)-2.5 E(In addition, the ef)97
207.6 Q(fects of a restart can be minimized if the router can learn all\
 of the routes kno)-.25 E(wn by its)-.25 E(neighbors without ha)97 219.6
Q(ving to w)-.2 E(ait for an entire report interv)-.1 E(al to pass.)-.25
E(When a router detects a change in the)5 E(generation ID of a neighbor)
97 231.6 Q 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(ts)-2.5 G(hould send a unicast cop)-2.5 E
2.5(yo)-.1 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G(ts entire routing table to the neighbor)-2.5
E(.)-.55 E(In addition to restarting, a router may also miss prune info\
rmation while an interf)97 255.6 Q(ace has transitioned to a do)-.1 E
(wn)-.25 E(state. Therefore, a change in the generation ID is necessary\
 when an interf)97 267.6 Q(ace transitions to the up state. In)-.1 E
(order to pre)97 279.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt all prune state from being \
\215ushed on a router when a single interf).15 E(ace transitions, a D)
-.1 E(VMRP)-.4 E(router should k)97 291.6 Q
(eep separate generation ID numbers per interf)-.1 E(ace.)-.1 E 2.5(At)
97 315.6 S(ime of day clock pro)-2.5 E
(vides a good source for a non-decreasing 32 bit inte)-.15 E(ger)-.15 E
(.)-.55 E F1 2.5(3.2.3. Neighbor)72 351.6 R(Addr)2.5 E(esses)-.18 E F0
(As a D)97 379.2 Q(VMRP router sees Probe messages from its D)-.4 E
(VMRP neighbors, it records the neighbor addresses on)-.4 E(each interf)
97 391.2 Q
(ace and places them in the Probe message sent on the particular interf)
-.1 E(ace. This allo)-.1 E(ws the neighbor)-.25 E(router to kno)97 403.2
Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(hat its probes ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een recei)
.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(db).15 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G(he sending router)-2.5 E
(.)-.55 E(In order to minimize one-w)97 427.2 Q(ay neighbor relationshi\
ps, a router MUST delay sending poison route reports in)-.1 E
(response to routes adv)97 439.2 Q(ertised by a neighbor until the neig\
hbor includes the routers address in its probe)-.15 E 2.5(messages. On)
97 451.2 R(point-to-point interf)2.5 E(aces and tunnel pseudo-interf)-.1
E(aces, this means that no pack)-.1 E(ets should be)-.1 E(forw)97 463.2
Q(arded onto these interf)-.1 E(aces until tw)-.1 E(o-w)-.1 E
(ay neighbor relationships ha)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.2 H(ormed.).15 E
(Implementations written before this speci\214cation will not w)97 487.2
Q(ait before sending reports nor will the)-.1 E 2.5(yi)-.15 G(gnore)-2.5
E(reports sent.)97 499.2 Q(Therefore, reports from these implementation\
s SHOULD be accepted whether or not a probe)5 E
(with the routers address has been recei)97 511.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(d.)
.15 E F1 2.5(3.2.4. Neighbor)72 547.2 R(Expiry)2.5 E F0
(When a neighbor e)97 574.8 Q(xpires, the follo)-.15 E
(wing steps should be tak)-.25 E(en:)-.1 E 15(1. All)97 602.4 R(routes \
learned from this neighbor should be immediately placed in hold-do)2.5 E
2.5(wn. All)-.25 F(do)2.5 E(wnstream)-.25 E
(dependencies ON this neighbor should be remo)122 614.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G
(d.).15 E 15(2. If)97 642 R
(this neighbor is considered to be the designated forw)2.5 E
(arder for an)-.1 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he routes it is adv)-2.5
E(ertising, a ne)-.15 E(w)-.25 E(designated forw)122 654 Q
(arder for each source netw)-.1 E(ork should be selected.)-.1 E 402.71
(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 9])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E 15(3. An)97 84 R 2.5(yf)
-.15 G(orw)-2.5 E(arding cache entries based on this upstream neighbor \
should be \215ushed.)-.1 E 15(4. An)97 111.6 R 2.5(yo)-.15 G
(utstanding Grafts a)-2.5 E -.1(wa)-.15 G(iting ackno).1 E
(wledgments from this router should be \215ushed.)-.25 E 15(5. All)97
139.2 R(do)2.5 E(wnstream dependencies recei)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(dF).15 G -.4(RO)-2.5 G 2.5(Mt).4 G(his neighbor should be remo)-2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. F).15 F(orw)-.15 E(arding cache)-.1 E
(entries should be check)122 151.2 Q(ed to see if this is the last do)
-.1 E(wnstream dependent neighbor on the interf)-.25 E(ace. If so,)-.1 E
(and this router isn')122 163.2 Q 2.5(tt)-.18 G(he designated forw)-2.5
E(arder \(with local group members present\), the interf)-.1 E
(ace should be)-.1 E(remo)122 175.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E(It is pos\
sible as an optimization to send a prune upstream if this causes the la\
st do)122 199.2 Q(wnstream interf)-.25 E(ace to)-.1 E(be remo)122 211.2
Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(d. Ho).15 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .8 -.4(r, t).15 H
(his prune could be unnecessary if no more traf).4 E(\214c is arri)-.25
E(ving. It is also acceptable)-.25 E(to simply w)122 223.2 Q
(ait for traf)-.1 E(\214c to arri)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.25 H
(efore sending the prune upstream.).15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(3.2.5. Pr)72 259.2 R(obe P)-.18 E(ack)-.1 E(et F)-.1 E(ormat)-.25 E F0
(The Probe pack)97 286.8 Q(et is v)-.1 E(ariable in length depending on\
 the number of neighbor IP addresses included. The length)-.25 E
(of the IP pack)97 298.8 Q(et can be used to determine the number of ne\
ighbors in the Probe message.)-.1 E(The current Major)5 E -1.11(Ve)97
310.8 S(rsion is 3.)1.11 E 59(71)238.44 340.8 S 59(52)-59 G 59(33)-59 G
(1)-59 E .4 LW 455.44 345.3 184.44 345.3 DL -.8(Ty)206.565 354.8 S 46.07
(pe Code).8 F 42.34(\(0x13\) \(0x1\))203.11 366.8 R(Checksum)367.83
360.8 Q 455.44 371.3 184.44 371.3 DL(Reserv)197.91 390.8 Q 24.08
(ed Capabilities)-.15 F 41.78(Minor Major)32.61 F 455.44 395.3 184.44
395.3 DL 388.94 371.3 388.94 395.3 DL 319.94 345.3 319.94 395.3 DL
250.94 345.3 250.94 395.3 DL(Generation ID)291.2 414.8 Q 455.44 419.3
184.44 419.3 DL(Neighbor IP Address 1)273.975 438.8 Q 455.44 443.3
184.44 443.3 DL(Neighbor IP Address 2)273.975 462.8 Q 455.44 467.3
184.44 467.3 DL(...)317.44 486.8 Q 455.44 491.3 184.44 491.3 DL
(Neighbor IP Address N)272.865 510.8 Q 455.44 515.3 184.44 515.3 DL
455.44 345.3 455.44 515.3 DL 184.44 345.3 184.44 515.3 DL/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF -.45(Fi)238.81 562.8 S(gur).45 E 2.5(e3-D)-.37 G
(VMRP Pr)-2.9 E(obe P)-.45 E(ac)-.8 E -.1(ke)-.2 G 2.5(tF).1 G(ormat)
-3.55 E F0(Generation ID)97 600.4 Q(This \214eld contains a non-decreas\
ing number used to detect a change in neighbor state.)122 612.4 Q
(Neighbor IP Address N)97 628 Q(This is a list of Neighbor IP addresses\
 whom the sending router has recei)122 640 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dP).15 G
(robe messages from.)-2.5 E 397.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 10])-.15 E 0
Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(3.2.6. IGMP)72 84 R(Designated Querier Election)2.5 E F0(Since it is w)
97 111.6 Q(asteful to ha)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve m)-.2 H
(ore than a single router sending IGMP Host Membership Queries on a gi)
.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(ph)97 123.6 Q(ysical netw)-.05 E
(ork, a single router on each ph)-.1 E(ysical netw)-.05 E
(ork is elected as the Designated Querier)-.1 E 2.5(.T)-.55 G
(his election)-2.5 E -.1(wa)97 135.6 S 2.5(sf).1 G(ormerly a part of D)
-2.5 E(VMRP)-.4 E 5(.H)-1.11 G -.25(ow)-5 G -2.15 -.25(ev e).25 H .8 -.4
(r, t).25 H(his is no).4 E 2.5(ws)-.25 G
(peci\214ed as a part of the IGMP v)-2.5 E(ersion 2 protocol.)-.15 E
(See)5 E(Appendix C for details on backw)97 147.6 Q(ards compatibility)
-.1 E(.)-.65 E(Ev)97 171.6 Q
(en though only one router will act as the IGMP designated querier)-.15
E 2.5(,a)-.4 G(ll D)-2.5 E(VMRP routers must use IGMP to)-.4 E
(learn local group memberships.)97 183.6 Q F1 2.5(3.3. Multicast)72
219.6 R -.25(Fo)2.5 G(rwarding).25 E F0 -.4(DV)97 247.2 S(MRP can forw)
.4 E(ard multicast pack)-.1 E(ets by b)-.1 E(uilding the do)-.2 E
(wnstream interf)-.25 E(ace list for each pack)-.1 E(et as it arri)-.1 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G(s.).15 E(Ho)97 259.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .8 -.4
(r, t).15 H 2.5(or).4 G(educe per pack)-2.5 E
(et processing time, the result of the \214rst lookup MA)-.1 E 2.5(Yb)
-1.05 G 2.5(ec)-2.5 G(ached in a forw)-2.5 E(arding)-.1 E
(table. Then, as routes, do)97 271.2 Q(wnstream dependent neighbors, or\
 group membership change, the cache forw)-.25 E(arding)-.1 E
(table entries MUST be updated to re\215ect these changes.)97 283.2 Q F1
2.5(3.3.1. Designated)72 319.2 R -.25(Fo)2.5 G(rwarder).25 E F0
(Initially)97 346.8 Q 2.5(,aD)-.65 G
(VMRP router should assume it is the designated forw)-2.9 E
(arder for all source netw)-.1 E(orks on all)-.1 E(do)97 358.8 Q
(wnstream interf)-.25 E(aces. As it recei)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(sr)
.15 G
(oute reports, it can determine if other routers on multi-access netw)
-2.5 E(orks)-.1 E(ha)97 370.8 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
(etter routes back to a particular source netw).15 E
(ork. A route is considered better if the adjusted recei)-.1 E -.15(ve)
-.25 G(d).15 E(metric is less than the metric that it will adv)97 382.8
Q(ertise for the source netw)-.15 E(ork on the recei)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25
G 2.5(di).15 G(nterf)-2.5 E(ace or if the)-.1 E(metrics are the same b)
97 394.8 Q(ut the IP address of the neighbor is lo)-.2 E(wer)-.25 E(.)
-.55 E(If this neighbor becomes unreachable or starts adv)97 418.8 Q
(ertising a w)-.15 E(orse metric, then the router should become the)-.1
E(designated forw)97 430.8 Q(arder for this source netw)-.1 E(ork ag)-.1
E(ain on the do)-.05 E(wnstream interf)-.25 E
(ace until it hears from a better)-.1 E(candidate.)97 442.8 Q
(If the upstream RPF interf)97 466.8 Q
(ace changes, then the router should become the designated forw)-.1 E
(arder on the pre)-.1 E(vious)-.25 E(upstream interf)97 478.8 Q
(ace \(which is no)-.1 E 2.5(wap)-.25 G(otential do)-2.5 E
(wnstream interf)-.25 E(ace\) until it hears from a better candidate.)
-.1 E F1 2.5(3.3.2. Determining)72 514.8 R(the upstr)2.5 E
(eam interface)-.18 E F0(When a multicast pack)97 542.4 Q(et arri)-.1 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G(s, a D).15 E(VMRP router will use the D)-.4 E
(VMRP routing table to determine which)-.4 E(interf)97 554.4 Q
(ace leads back to the source. If the pack)-.1 E(et did not arri)-.1 E
.3 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 2.5(nt).15 G(hat interf)-2.5 E
(ace, it MUST be discarded without)-.1 E
(further processing. Each multicast forw)97 566.4 Q
(arding entry should cache the upstream interf)-.1 E
(ace for a particular source)-.1 E(host or source netw)97 578.4 Q
(ork after looking this up in the D)-.1 E(VMRP routing table.)-.4 E F1
2.5(3.3.3. Determining)72 614.4 R(the do)2.5 E(wnstr)-.1 E
(eam interface list)-.18 E F0(The do)97 642 Q(wnstream interf)-.25 E
(ace list is b)-.1 E(uilt by starting with the list of non-leaf interf)
-.2 E(aces. The upstream interf)-.1 E(ace)-.1 E(MUST be remo)97 654 Q
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df).15 G(rom this list. Then an)-2.5 E 2.5(yi)-.15 G
(nterf)-2.5 E(aces on the list where all of the do)-.1 E
(wnstream dependents ha)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 397.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R
(age 11])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E
(sent prunes upstream MUST be remo)97 84 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. Ne).15
F(xt, an)-.15 E 2.5(yi)-.15 G(nterf)-2.5 E
(aces for which the router is the designated forw)-.1 E(arder)-.1 E
(and local group members are present MUST be added to the list.)97 96 Q
/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(3.4. Route)72 132 R(Exchange)2.5 E F0
(The routing information propag)97 159.6 Q(ated by D)-.05 E
(VMRP is used for determining the re)-.4 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(rse path neighbor back to the).15 E(source of the multicast traf)97
171.6 Q(\214c. The interf)-.25 E
(ace used to reach this neighbor is called the upstream interf)-.1 E
(ace. T)-.1 E(unnel)-.45 E(pseudo-interf)97 183.6 Q
(aces are considered to be distinct from the ph)-.1 E(ysical interf)-.05
E(ace on which the pack)-.1 E(et is actually)-.1 E
(transmitted for the purpose of determining upstream and do)97 195.6 Q
(wnstream interf)-.25 E(aces.)-.1 E
(The routing information that is propag)97 219.6 Q(ated by D)-.05 E
(VMRP contains a list of source netw)-.4 E(orks and an appropriate)-.1 E
(metric. The metric used is a hop count which is incremented by the cos\
t of the incoming interf)97 231.6 Q(ace metric.)-.1 E -.35(Tr)97 243.6 S
(aditionally).35 E 2.5(,p)-.65 G -.05(hy)-2.5 G(sical interf).05 E
(aces use a metric of 1 while the metric of a tunnel interf)-.1 E(ace v)
-.1 E(aries with the)-.25 E
(distance and bandwidth in the path between the tw)97 255.6 Q 2.5(ot)-.1
G(unnel endpoints. Users are encouraged to con\214gure)-2.5 E(tunnels w\
ith the same metric in each direction to create symmetric routing and p\
ro)97 267.6 Q(vide for easier problem)-.15 E
(determination although the protocol does not strictly enforce this.)97
279.6 Q F1 2.5(3.4.1. Sour)72 315.6 R(ce Netw)-.18 E(ork Aggr)-.1 E
(egation)-.18 E F0(Implementations may wish to pro)97 343.2 Q
(vide a mechanism to aggre)-.15 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(te source netw).05 E
(orks to reduce the size of the)-.1 E(routing table. All implementation\
s should be able to accept reports for aggre)97 355.2 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G
(ted source netw).05 E(orks in)-.1 E(accordance with Classless Inter)97
367.2 Q(-Domain Routing \(CIDR\) as described in [Rekh93] and [Full93].)
-.2 E(There are tw)97 391.2 Q 2.5(op)-.1 G(laces where aggre)-2.5 E -.05
(ga)-.15 G(tion is particularly useful.).05 E 15(1. At)97 406.8 R(or)2.5
E -.05(ga)-.18 G
(nizational boundaries to limit the number of source netw).05 E
(orks adv)-.1 E(ertised out of the or)-.15 E -.05(ga)-.18 G(nization.)
.05 E 15(2. W)97 422.4 R(ithin an or)-.4 E -.05(ga)-.18 G
(nization to summarize non-local routing information by using a def).05
E(ault \(0/0\) route.)-.1 E
(If an implementation wishes to support source aggre)97 450 Q -.05(ga)
-.15 G(tion, it MUST transmit Prune and Graft messages).05 E
(according to the follo)97 462 Q(wing rules:)-.25 E 12.78(A. If)97 489.6
R 2.5(aP)2.5 G(rune is recei)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nad)
-2.5 G -.25(ow)-2.5 G(nstream interf).25 E
(ace for which the source netw)-.1 E(ork adv)-.1 E(ertised to that)-.15
E(neighbor is an aggre)122 501.6 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(te, then if a prune i\
s sent upstream, it should only be sent for the contrib).05 E(uting)-.2
E(route based on the source address in the recei)122 513.6 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.5(dp).15 G(rune.)-2.5 E(If additional data is recei)122 537.6 Q
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(df).15 G(or sources within the range of the aggre)
-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(te, then this SHOULD trigger).05 E
(additional prunes to be sent upstream for these sources.)122 549.6 Q
(There may be acti)122 573.6 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(orw).15 E
(arding cache entries for other contrib)-.1 E(uting routes to the aggre)
-.2 E -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.5(te. Prunes).05 F
(should not be sent upstream to the contrib)122 585.6 Q
(uting routes that ha)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(of).15 G(orw)-2.5 E
(arding state.)-.1 E 13.33(B. If)97 613.2 R 2.5(aG)2.5 G(raft is recei)
-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nad)-2.5 G -.25(ow)-2.5 G
(nstream interf).25 E(ace for which the source netw)-.1 E(ork adv)-.1 E
(ertised to that neighbor)-.15 E(is an aggre)122 625.2 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G
(te generated by the recei).05 E(ving router)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G
(hen Graft messages MUST be sent upstream \(if)-2.5 E
(necessary\) for each route that contrib)122 637.2 Q(uted to the aggre)
-.2 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(te that had been pre).05 E(viously pruned.)-.25 E
397.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 12])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(3.4.2. Route)72 84 R -.1(Pa)2.5 G(cking and Ordering).1 E F0(Since D)97
111.6 Q(VMRP Route Reports may need to refresh se)-.4 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ral thousand routes each report interv).15 E(al, routers MUST)-.25 E(a\
ttempt to spread the routes reported across the whole route update inte\
rv)97 123.6 Q(al. This reduces the chance of)-.25 E
(synchronized route reports causing routers to become o)97 135.6 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G(rwhelmed for a fe).15 E 2.5(ws)-.25 G
(econds each report interv)-2.5 E(al.)-.25 E
(Since the route report interv)97 147.6 Q(al is 60 seconds, it is sugge\
sted that the total number routes being updated be split)-.25 E
(across multiple Route Reports sent at re)97 159.6 Q(gular interv)-.15 E
2.5(als. There)-.25 F -.1(wa)2.5 G 2.5(sa).1 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G
(arlier requirement that Route Reports)-2.5 E(MUST contain source netw)
97 171.6 Q(ork/mask pairs sorted \214rst by increasing netw)-.1 E
(ork mask and then by increasing)-.1 E(source netw)97 183.6 Q(ork. This\
 restriction has been lifted. Implementations conforming to this speci\
\214cation MUST be)-.1 E(able to recei)97 195.6 Q .3 -.15(ve R)-.25 H
(oute Reports containing an).15 E 2.5(ym)-.15 G(ixture of netw)-2.5 E
(ork masks and source netw)-.1 E(orks.)-.1 E
(In order to pack more source netw)97 219.6 Q
(orks into a route report, source netw)-.1 E
(orks are often represented by less than 4)-.1 E
(octets. The number of non-zero bytes in the mask v)97 231.6 Q
(alue is used to determine the number of octets used to)-.25 E
(represent each source netw)97 243.6 Q
(ork within that particular mask v)-.1 E(alue. F)-.25 E
(or instance if the mask v)-.15 E(alue of 255.255.0.0)-.25 E
(is being reported, the source netw)97 255.6 Q(orks w)-.1 E
(ould only contain 2 octets each. D)-.1 E(VMRP assumes that source)-.4 E
(netw)97 267.6 Q(orks will ne)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rb).15 G 2.5(ea)
-2.5 G(ggre)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ted into netw).05 E(orks whose pre\
\214x length is less than 8. Therefore, it does not carry)-.1 E
(the \214rst octet of the mask in the Route Report since, gi)97 279.6 Q
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nt).15 G(his assumption, the \214rst octet will al)
-2.5 E -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys be 0xFF).1 E(.)-.8 E
(This means that the netmask v)97 291.6 Q(alue will al)-.25 E -.1(wa)-.1
G(ys be represented in 3 octets. This method of specifying source).1 E
(netw)97 303.6 Q(ork masks is compatible with techniques described in [\
Rekh93] and [Full93] to group traditional Class C)-.1 E(netw)97 315.6 Q
(orks into super)-.1 E(-nets and to allo)-.2 E 2.5(wd)-.25 G(if)-2.5 E
(ferent subnets of the same Class A netw)-.25 E
(ork to be discontinuous.)-.1 E(It)5 E(does not, ho)97 327.6 Q(we)-.25 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G .8 -.4(r, a).15 H(llo).4 E 2.5(wg)-.25 G
(rouping class A netw)-2.5 E(orks into super)-.1 E
(-nets since the \214rst octet of the netmask is)-.2 E(al)97 339.6 Q -.1
(wa)-.1 G(ys assumed to be 255.).1 E(In this notation, the def)97 363.6
Q(ault route is represented as the least three signi\214cant octets of \
the netmask [00 00 00],)-.1 E(follo)97 375.6 Q
(wed by one octet for the netw)-.25 E(ork number [00].)-.1 E
(This special case MUST be interpreted as 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0)5 E(and NO)97
387.6 Q 2.5(T0)-.4 G(.0.0.0/255.0.0.0.)-2.5 E F1 2.5(3.4.3. Route)72
423.6 R(Metrics)2.5 E F0 -.15(Fo)97 451.2 S 2.5(re).15 G
(ach source netw)-2.5 E(ork reported, a route metric is associated with\
 the route being reported. The metric is the)-.1 E(sum of the interf)97
463.2 Q(ace metrics between the router originating the report and the s\
ource netw)-.1 E(ork. F)-.1 E(or the purposes)-.15 E(of D)97 475.2 Q
(VMRP)-.4 E 2.5(,t)-1.11 G(he In\214nity metric is de\214ned to be 32.)
-2.5 E(This limits the breadth across the whole D)5 E(VMRP netw)-.4 E
(ork)-.1 E(and is necessary to place an upper bound on the con)97 487.2
Q -.15(ve)-.4 G -.18(rg).15 G(ence time of the protocol.).18 E
(As seen in the pack)97 511.2 Q(et format belo)-.1 E 1.3 -.65(w, R)-.25
H(oute Reports do not contain a count of the number of routes reported \
for).65 E(each netmask. Instead, a "Last" bit is de\214ned as the high \
order bit of the octet follo)97 523.2 Q(wing the netw)-.25 E
(ork address.)-.1 E(This bit is set to signify when the last route is b\
eing reported for a particular mask v)97 535.2 Q 2.5(alue. When)-.25 F
(the "Last" bit)2.5 E
(is set and the end of the message has not been reached, the ne)97 547.2
Q(xt v)-.15 E(alue will be a ne)-.25 E 2.5(wn)-.25 G
(etmask to be applied to)-2.5 E(the subsequent list of routes.)97 559.2
Q F1 2.5(3.4.4. Route)72 595.2 R(Dependencies)2.5 E F0
(In order for pruning to w)97 622.8 Q(ork correctly)-.1 E 2.5(,e)-.65 G
(ach D)-2.5 E(VMRP router needs to kno)-.4 E 2.5(ww)-.25 G(hich do)-2.5
E(wnstream routers depend)-.25 E(on it for recei)97 634.8 Q
(ving datagrams from particular source netw)-.25 E 2.5(orks. Initially)
-.1 F 2.5(,w)-.65 G(hen a ne)-2.5 E 2.5(wd)-.25 G(atagram arri)-2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(sf).15 G(rom a)-2.5 E(particular source/group pair)97
646.8 Q 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(sb)-2.5 G(roadcasted to all do)
-2.5 E(wnstream interf)-.25 E(aces that ha)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve D)-.2 H
(VMRP neighbors who)-.25 E(ha)97 658.8 Q .3 -.15(ve i)-.2 H
(ndicated a dependenc).15 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he recei)-2.5 E
(ving D)-.25 E(VMRP router for that particular source. A do)-.4 E
(wnstream)-.25 E 397.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 13])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E(interf)97 84 Q
(ace can only be remo)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G
(hen the router has recei)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dP).15 G
(rune messages from each of the dependent)-2.5 E(routers on that interf)
97 96 Q 2.5(ace. Each)-.1 F(do)2.5 E(wnstream router uses Poison Re)-.25
E -.15(ve)-.25 G(rse to indicate for which source netw).15 E(orks it)-.1
E(is dependent upon the upstream router)97 108 Q 5(.T)-.55 G(he do)-5 E
(wnstream router indicates this by echoing back the source)-.25 E(netw)
97 120 Q(orks it e)-.1 E(xpects to recei)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H
(rom the upstream router with in\214nity added to the adv).15 E
(ertised metric. This means)-.15 E(that the le)97 132 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G
2.5(lv).05 G(alues for the metric no)-2.75 E 2.5(wb)-.25 G
(ecome between 1 and \(2)-2.5 E/F1 10/Symbol SF<b4>2.5 E F0
(In\214nity - 1\) or 1 and 63. V)2.5 E(alues between 1)-1.11 E
(and 31 indicate reachable source netw)97 144 Q(orks. The v)-.1 E
(alue In\214nity \(32\) indicates the source netw)-.25 E(ork is not)-.1
E(reachable. V)97 156 Q(alues between 33 and 63 indicate that the do)
-1.11 E(wnstream router originating the Report is depending)-.25 E
(upon the upstream router to pro)97 168 Q
(vide multicast datagrams from the corresponding source netw)-.15 E
(ork.)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(3.4.5. Sending)72 204 R
(Route Reports)2.5 E F0(All of the acti)97 231.6 Q .3 -.15(ve r)-.25 H
(outes MUST be adv).15 E(ertised o)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(ra).15 G
(ll interf)-2.5 E(aces with neighbors present each Route Report)-.1 E
(Interv)97 243.6 Q 2.5(al. In)-.25 F(addition, \215ash updates MA)2.5 E
2.5(Yb)-1.05 G 2.5(es)-2.5 G(ent as needed b)-2.5 E
(ut \215ash updates MUST NO)-.2 E 2.5(Th)-.4 G(appen more often)-2.5 E
(than the Minimum Flash Update Interv)97 255.6 Q(al \(5 seconds\).)-.25
E(Flash updates reduce the chances of routing loops and)5 E
(black holes occurring when source netw)97 267.6 Q
(orks become unreachable through a particular path.)-.1 E(Flash updates)
5 E(need only contain the source netw)97 279.6 Q(orks that ha)-.1 E .3
-.15(ve c)-.2 H(hanged.).15 E(When a router sees its o)97 307.2 Q
(wn address in a neighbor probe pack)-.25 E
(et for the \214rst time, it should send a unicast cop)-.1 E(y)-.1 E
(of its entire routing table to the neighbor to reduce start-up time.)97
319.2 Q
(Reports should not be sent to a neighbor until a router has seen its o)
97 346.8 Q(wn address in the neighbors Probe router)-.25 E 2.5
(list. See)97 358.8 R(Appendix C for e)2.5 E(xceptions.)-.15 E F2 2.5
(3.4.6. Recei)72 394.8 R(ving Route Reports)-.1 E F0(After recei)97
422.4 Q(ving a route report, a check should be made to v)-.25 E
(erify it is from a kno)-.15 E(wn neighbor)-.25 E 2.5(.T)-.55 G -.1(wo)
-3.3 G(-w).1 E(ay)-.1 E
(neighbor relationships are essential for proper D)97 434.4 Q
(VMRP operation.)-.4 E(Therefore, route reports from unkno)5 E(wn)-.25 E
(neighbors MUST be discarded.)97 446.4 Q(In the follo)97 470.4 Q
(wing discussion, "Metric" refers to the metric of the route as recei)
-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(di).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G
(he route report. "Adjusted)-2.5 E
(Metric" refers to the metric of the route after the incoming interf)97
482.4 Q(ace metric has been added.)-.1 E(If the metric recei)97 506.4 Q
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(di).15 G 2.5(sl)-2.5 G(ess than in\214nity b)-2.5 E
(ut the Adjusted Metric is greater than or equal to in\214nity)-.2 E 2.5
(,t)-.65 G(he)-2.5 E(Adjusted Metric should be set to in\214nity)97
518.4 Q(.)-.65 E(If the metric is greater than or equal to in\214nity)97
542.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(hen no adjustment of the metric should be made.)
-2.5 E(Each route in the report is then parsed and processed according \
to the follo)97 566.4 Q(wing rules:)-.25 E 12.78(A. If)97 594 R
(the route is ne)2.5 E 2.5(wa)-.25 G
(nd the Adjusted Metric is less than in\214nity)-2.5 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G
(he route should be added.)-2.5 E 13.33(B. If)97 609.6 R
(the route already e)2.5 E(xists, se)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ral checks must be performed.).15 E 15(1. Recei)122 625.2 R -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.5(dM).15 G(etric < in\214nity)-2.5 E(If the neighbor w)147
649.2 Q(as considered a do)-.1 E(wnstream dependent neighbor)-.25 E 2.5
(,t)-.4 G(he dependenc)-2.5 E 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(anceled.)-2.5
E 397.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 14])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E(In the follo)147 84 Q
(wing cases, the designated forw)-.25 E(arder on one of the do)-.1 E
(wnstream interf)-.25 E(aces should be)-.1 E(updated:)147 96 Q 21.67(-I)
147 111.6 S 2.5(ft)-21.67 G(he Metric recei)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(dw).15 G(ould cause the router to adv)-2.6 E
(ertise a better metric on a do)-.15 E(wnstream)-.25 E(interf)172 123.6
Q(ace than the e)-.1 E(xisting designated forw)-.15 E
(arder for the source netw)-.1 E(ork on that interf)-.1 E(ace \(or)-.1 E
(adv)172 135.6 Q(ertised metric w)-.15 E(ould be the same b)-.1 E
(ut the router')-.2 E 2.5(sI)-.55 G 2.5(Pa)-2.5 G(ddress is lo)-2.5 E
(wer than the e)-.25 E(xisting)-.15 E(designated forw)172 147.6 Q
(arder on that interf)-.1 E 2.5(ace\). Then)-.1 F(the recei)2.5 E
(ving router becomes the ne)-.25 E(w)-.25 E(designated forw)172 159.6 Q
(arder for that source netw)-.1 E(ork on that interf)-.1 E
(ace. If this router had sent a prune)-.1 E(upstream that is still acti)
172 171.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,i).15 G 2.5(tw)-2.5 G
(ill need to send a graft.)-2.5 E 21.67(-I)147 187.2 S 2.5(ft)-21.67 G
(he metric being adv)-2.5 E(ertised by the current designated forw)-.15
E(arder is w)-.1 E(orse than the)-.1 E(recei)172 199.2 Q
(ving routers metric that it w)-.25 E(ould adv)-.1 E
(ertise on the recei)-.15 E(ving interf)-.25 E(ace \(from learning the)
-.1 E(same route from a neighbor on another interf)172 211.2 Q
(ace\) or the metric is the same b)-.1 E(ut the recei)-.2 E(ving)-.25 E
(router has a lo)172 223.2 Q(wer IP address, then the recei)-.25 E
(ving router becomes the ne)-.25 E 2.5(wd)-.25 G(esignated)-2.5 E(forw)
172 235.2 Q(arder on that interf)-.1 E
(ace. This may trigger a graft to be sent upstream.)-.1 E 21.67(-I)147
250.8 S 2.5(ft)-21.67 G(he metric recei)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(df).15
G(or the source netw)-2.5 E(ork is better than the metric of the e)-.1 E
(xisting)-.15 E(designated forw)172 262.8 Q(arder)-.1 E 2.5(,s)-.4 G
-2.25 -.2(av e)-2.5 H(the ne)2.7 E 2.5(wd)-.25 G(esignated forw)-2.5 E
(arder and the metric it is adv)-.1 E(ertising. It)-.15 E
(is necessary to maintain kno)172 274.8 Q
(wledge of the current designated forw)-.25 E(arder for each source)-.1
E(netw)172 286.8 Q(ork in case the time-out v)-.1 E
(alue for this neighbor is reached. If the time-out is reached,)-.25 E
(then the designated forw)172 298.8 Q
(arder responsibility for the source netw)-.1 E(ork should be assumed.)
-.1 E 2.5(Ar)147 322.8 S
(oute is considered better when either the recei)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.5(dM).15 G(etric is lo)-2.5 E(wer than the e)-.25 E(xisting metric or)
-.15 E(the recei)147 334.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dM).15 G
(etric is the same b)-2.5 E(ut the adv)-.2 E(ertising router')-.15 E 2.5
(sI)-.55 G 2.5(Pa)-2.5 G(ddress is lo)-2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E 15.56
(a. Adjusted)147 350.4 R(Metric > e)2.5 E(xisting metric)-.15 E
(If the Adjusted Metric is greater than the e)172 374.4 Q
(xisting metric, then check to see if the same)-.15 E(neighbor is repor\
ting the route. If so, update the route metric and schedule a \215ash u\
pdate)172 386.4 Q(containing the route.)172 398.4 Q
(Otherwise, skip to the ne)5 E(xt route in the report.)-.15 E 16.2 -.4
(b. A)147 414 T(djusted Metric < e).4 E(xisting metric)-.15 E(Update th\
e metric for the route and if the neighbor reporting the route is dif)
172 438 Q(ferent, update)-.25 E
(the upstream neighbor in the routing table.)172 450 Q
(Schedule a \215ash update containing the route to)5 E(do)172 462 Q(wns\
tream neighbors and a \215ash poison update containing the route should\
 be sent)-.25 E(upstream indicating a change in do)172 474 Q
(wnstream dependenc)-.25 E 2.5(y\()-.15 G -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.5 H 2.5(ni)
.25 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G(ts on the same upstream)-2.5 E(interf)172 486 Q
(ace\).)-.1 E 15.56(c. Adjusted)147 501.6 R(metric)2.5 E/F1 10/Symbol SF
(=)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(isting metric).15 E
(If the neighbor reporting the route is the same as the e)172 525.6 Q
(xisting upstream neighbor)-.15 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(hen)-2.5 E(simply refres\
h the route. If the neighbor is the same and the route is in hold-do)172
537.6 Q(wn, it is)-.25 E(permissible to prematurely tak)172 549.6 Q 2.5
(et)-.1 G(he route out of hold-do)-2.5 E(wn and be)-.25 E(gin adv)-.15 E
(ertising it with a)-.15 E(non-in\214nity metric.)172 561.6 Q
(If the route is tak)5 E(en out of hold-do)-.1 E
(wn, a \215ash update containing the)-.25 E
(route should be scheduled on all D)172 573.6 Q(VMRP interf)-.4 E
(aces e)-.1 E(xcept the one o)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G
(hich it w)-2.5 E(as)-.1 E(recei)172 585.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(d.).15 E
(If the neighbor reporting the route has a lo)172 609.6 Q
(wer IP address than the e)-.25 E(xisting upstream)-.15 E(neighbor)172
621.6 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(hen switch to this neighbor as the best route.)-2.5
E(Schedule a \215ash update containing)5 E(the route to do)172 633.6 Q(\
wnstream neighbors and a \215ash poison update containing the route sho\
uld be)-.25 E(sent upstream indicating a change in do)172 645.6 Q
(wnstream dependenc)-.25 E 2.5(y\()-.15 G -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.5 H 2.5(ni)
.25 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G(ts on the same)-2.5 E(upstream interf)172 657.6 Q
(ace\).)-.1 E 397.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 15])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E 15(2. Recei)122 84 R -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dM).15 G(etric)-2.5 E/F1 10/Symbol SF(=)2.5 E F0
(in\214nity)2.5 E(If the neighbor w)172 96 Q
(as considered to be the designated forw)-.1 E(arder)-.1 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G
(he recei)-2.5 E(ving router should)-.25 E(no)172 108 Q 2.5(wb)-.25 G
(ecome the designated forw)-2.5 E(arder for the source netw)-.1 E
(ork on this interf)-.1 E(ace.)-.1 E 15.56(a. Ne)147 123.6 R(xt hop)-.15
E F1(=)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(isting ne).15 E(xt hop)-.15 E(If the e)172
147.6 Q(xisting metric w)-.15 E(as less than in\214nity)-.1 E 2.5(,t)
-.65 G(he route is no)-2.5 E 2.5(wu)-.25 G 2.5(nreachable. Delete)-2.5 F
(the route)2.5 E
(and schedule a \215ash update containing the route to all interf)172
159.6 Q(aces for which you are the)-.1 E(designated forw)172 171.6 Q
(arder or ha)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve d)-.2 H -.25(ow).15 G(nstream dependents.)
.25 E 16.2 -.4(b. N)147 199.2 T -.15(ex).4 G 2.5(th).15 G(op)-2.5 E F1
<b9>2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(isting ne).15 E(xt hop)-.15 E
(The route can be ignored since the e)172 223.2 Q(xisting ne)-.15 E
(xt hop has a metric better than or equal to this)-.15 E(ne)172 235.2 Q
(xt hop.)-.15 E(If the neighbor w)172 259.2 Q(as considered a do)-.1 E
(wnstream dependent neighbor)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G
(his should be canceled.)-2.5 E 15(3. in\214nity)122 286.8 R 2.5(<R)2.5
G(ecei)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dM).15 G(etric < 2)-2.5 E F1<b4>2.5 E
F0(in\214nity)2.5 E(The neighbor considers the recei)147 310.8 Q
(ving router to be upstream for the route and is indicating it is)-.25 E
(dependent on the recei)147 322.8 Q(ving router)-.25 E(.)-.55 E
(If the neighbor w)147 346.8 Q(as considered to be the designated forw)
-.1 E(arder)-.1 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he recei)-2.5 E(ving router should no)
-.25 E(w)-.25 E(become the designated forw)147 358.8 Q
(arder for the source netw)-.1 E(ork on this interf)-.1 E(ace.)-.1 E
15.56(a. Neighbor)147 374.4 R(on do)2.5 E(wnstream interf)-.25 E(ace)-.1
E(If the sending neighbor is considered to be on a do)172 398.4 Q
(wnstream interf)-.25 E(ace for that route then the)-.1 E
(neighbor is to be re)172 410.4 Q(gistered as a do)-.15 E
(wnstream dependent router for that route.)-.25 E
(If this is the \214rst time the neighbor has indicated do)172 434.4 Q
(wnstream dependence for this source)-.25 E(and one or more prunes ha)
172 446.4 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
(een sent upstream containing this source netw).15 E(ork, then Graft)-.1
E(messages MUST be sent upstream in the direction of the source netw)172
458.4 Q(ork for each group)-.1 E(with e)172 470.4 Q
(xisting prune state.)-.15 E 16.2 -.4(b. N)147 486 T
(eighbor on upstream interf).4 E(ace)-.1 E(If the recei)172 510 Q
(ving router thinks the neighbor is on the upstream interf)-.25 E
(ace, then the route should)-.1 E
(be treated as if an in\214nity metric w)172 522 Q(as recei)-.1 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(d\().15 G(See Recei)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dM).15 G
(etric)-2.5 E F1(=)2.5 E F0(in\214nity\).)2.5 E 15(4. 2)122 549.6 R F1
<b4>2.5 E F0(in\214nity)2.5 E F1<a3>2.5 E F0(Recei)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.5(dM).15 G(etric)-2.5 E(If the Recei)147 573.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(dM).15 G(etric is greater than or equal to 2)-2.5 E F1<b4>2.5 E F0
(in\214nity)2.5 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he Metric is ille)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G
2.5(la).05 G(nd the route)-2.5 E(should be ignored.)147 585.6 Q/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(3.4.7. Route)72 621.6 R(Expiration)2.5 E F0 397.71
(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 16])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E 2.5(Ar)97 84 S(oute e)-2.5
E(xpires if it has not been refreshed within the Route Expiration time.\
 This should be set to 2)-.15 E/F1 10/Symbol SF<b4>2.5 E F0(Route)2.5 E
(Report Interv)97 96 Q(al + 20 \(or 140\) seconds.)-.25 E
(Due to \215ash updates, routes will typically not e)5 E(xpire b)-.15 E
(ut instead be)-.2 E(remo)97 108 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(di).15 G 2.5(nr)
-2.5 G(esponse to recei)-2.5 E(ving an in\214nity metric for the route.)
-.25 E(Ho)5 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .8 -.4(r, s).15 H(ince not all e)
.4 E(xisting)-.15 E(implementations implement \215ash updates, route e)
97 120 Q(xpiration is necessary)-.15 E(.)-.65 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
2.5(3.4.8. Route)72 156 R(Hold-do)2.5 E(wn)-.1 E F0
(When a route is deleted \(because it e)97 183.6 Q
(xpires, the neighbor it w)-.15 E(as learned from goes a)-.1 E -.1(wa)
-.15 G 1.3 -.65(y, o).1 H 2.5(ra).65 G 2.5(ni)-2.5 G
(n\214nity metric is)-2.5 E(recei)97 195.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(df).15 G
(or the route\) a router may be able to reach the source netw)-2.5 E
(ork described by the route through an)-.1 E(alternate g)97 207.6 Q(ate)
-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G 1.3 -.65(y. H).1 H -.25(ow).65 G -2.15 -.25(ev e)
.25 H .8 -.4(r, i).25 H 2.5(nt).4 G(he presence of comple)-2.5 E 2.5(xt)
-.15 G(opologies, often, the alternate g)-2.5 E(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G
2.5(ym).1 G(ay only be)-2.5 E
(echoing back the same route learned via a dif)97 219.6 Q
(ferent path. If this occurs, the route will continue to be propag)-.25
E(ated)-.05 E(long after it is no longer v)97 231.6 Q(alid.)-.25 E
(In order to pre)97 255.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(nt this, it is common in distance v).15 E
(ector protocols to continue to adv)-.15 E(ertise a route that has been)
-.15 E
(deleted with a metric of in\214nity for one or more report interv)97
267.6 Q(als. This is called Hold-do)-.25 E 2.5(wn. A)-.25 F(route MUST)
2.5 E(only be adv)97 279.6 Q
(ertised with an in\214nity metric while it is in hold-do)-.15 E
(wn. The hold-do)-.25 E(wn period is 2 Report Interv)-.25 E(als.)-.25 E
(When a route goes into hold-do)97 303.6 Q(wn, all forw)-.25 E
(arding cache entries based on the route should be \215ushed.)-.1 E
(During the hold-do)97 327.6 Q
(wn period, the route may be learned via a dif)-.25 E(ferent g)-.25 E
(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G 2.5(yo).1 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G(he same g)-2.5 E
(ate)-.05 E -.1(wa)-.25 G 2.5(yw).1 G(ith a)-2.5 E(dif)97 339.6 Q
(ferent metric. The router MA)-.25 E 2.5(Yu)-1.05 G(se this ne)-2.5 E
2.5(wr)-.25 G(oute for deli)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ring to local group members. Also, installing a).15 E(ne)97 351.6 Q 2.5
(wr)-.25 G(oute during the hold-do)-2.5 E(wn period allo)-.25 E
(ws the route to be adv)-.25 E
(ertised with a non-in\214nity metric more)-.15 E
(quickly once the hold-do)97 363.6 Q(wn period is o)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15
G -.55(r.).15 G(In order to minimize outages caused by \215apping route\
s, it is permissible to prematurely tak)97 387.6 Q 2.5(ear)-.1 G
(oute out of)-2.5 E(hold-do)97 399.6 Q(wn ONL)-.25 E 2.5(Yi)-1 G 2.5(ft)
-2.5 G
(he route is re-learned from the SAME router with the SAME metric.)-2.5
E(Route hold-do)97 423.6 Q(wn is not ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15
(ve i)-.25 H 2.5(fo).15 G(nly some routers implement it.)-2.5 E
(Therefore, it is no)5 E 2.5(waR)-.25 G(EQ)-2.5 E(UIRED part of)-.1 E
(the protocol.)97 435.6 Q F2 2.5(3.4.9. Graceful)72 471.6 R(Shutdo)2.5 E
(wn)-.1 E F0(During a graceful shutdo)97 499.2 Q
(wn, an implementation MA)-.25 E 2.5(Yw)-1.05 G
(ant to inform neighbor routers that it is terminating.)-2.6 E
(Routes that ha)97 511.2 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een adv).15 E
(ertised with a metric less than in\214nity should no)-.15 E 2.5(wb)-.25
G 2.5(ea)-2.5 G(dv)-2.5 E(ertised with a metric equal)-.15 E
(to in\214nity)97 523.2 Q 2.5(.T)-.65 G(his will allo)-2.5 E 2.5(wn)-.25
G(eighbor routers to switch more quickly to an alternate path for a sou\
rce netw)-2.5 E(ork if)-.1 E(one e)97 535.2 Q(xists.)-.15 E
(Routes that ha)97 559.2 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een adv).15 E
(ertised with a metric between in\214nity and 2)-.15 E F1<b4>2.5 E F0
(in\214nity \(indicating do)2.5 E(wnstream)-.25 E
(neighbor dependence\) should no)97 571.2 Q 2.5(wb)-.25 G 2.5(ea)-2.5 G
(dv)-2.5 E(ertised with a metric equal to in\214nity \(canceling the do)
-.15 E(wnstream)-.25 E(dependence\).)97 583.2 Q F2 2.5(3.4.10. Route)72
619.2 R(Report P)2.5 E(ack)-.1 E(et F)-.1 E(ormat)-.25 E F0
(The format of a sample Route Report P)97 646.8 Q(ack)-.15 E(et is sho)
-.1 E(wn in Figure 4 belo)-.25 E 1.3 -.65(w. T)-.25 H(he pack).65 E
(et sho)-.1 E(wn is an e)-.25 E(xample of)-.15 E(ho)97 658.8 Q 2.5(wt)
-.25 G(he source netw)-2.5 E(orks are pack)-.1 E
(ed into a Report. The number of octets in each Source Netw)-.1 E
(ork will v)-.1 E(ary)-.25 E 397.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 17])-.15 E
0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E(depending on the mask v)97
84 Q 2.5(alue. The)-.25 F -.25(va)2.5 G(lues belo).25 E 2.5(wa)-.25 G
(re only an e)-2.5 E(xample for clarity and are not intended to)-.15 E
(represent the format of e)97 96 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry Route Report.).15 E
77(71)207.94 150 S 77(52)-77 G 77(33)-77 G(1)-77 E .4 LW 478.94 154.5
135.94 154.5 DL -.8(Ty)167.065 170 S 64.07(pe Code).8 F 60.34
(\(0x13\) \(0x2\))163.61 188 R(Checksum)373.33 179 Q 478.94 192.5 135.94
192.5 DL 220.44 154.5 220.44 192.5 DL 59.78(Minor Major)338.44 208 R
-1.11(Ve)335.665 226 S 53.95(rsion V)1.11 F(ersion)-1.11 E(Reserv)201.91
217 Q(ed)-.15 E 478.94 230.5 135.94 230.5 DL(Mask)164.158 246 Q/F1 7
/Times-Roman@0 SF(1)-.777 2 M F0(Mask)62.057 -2 M F1(1)-.777 2 M F0
(Mask)62.057 -2 M F1(1)-.777 2 M F0(Src)67.964 -2 M(Octet)164.045 264 Q
F1(2)-.21 2 M F0(Octet)62.095 -2 M F1(3)-.301 2 M F0(Octet)62.033 -2 M
F1(4)-.084 2 M F0(Net)64.629 -2 M F1 -.777(11)-.777 2 O 478.94 268.5
135.94 268.5 DL 220.44 230.5 220.44 268.5 DL F0(Src)431.065 284 Q(Net)
427.403 302 Q F1 -.21(12)-.777 2 O F0(SrcNet)185.437 293 Q F1 -.777(11)
-.777 2 O F0 -.25(\(c).797 -2 O -2.49(ont .).25 F -.1 -.7(\). . .)1.41 H
(Metric)80.254 E F1 -.777(11)-.777 2 O 478.94 306.5 135.94 306.5 DL F0
(Mask)424.875 322 Q F1(2)-.21 2 M F0(Octet)425.045 340 Q F1(2)-.21 2 M
F0(SrcNet)185.153 331 Q F1 -.21(12)-.777 2 O F0 -.25(\(c).23 -2 O -2.49
(ont .).25 F -.1 -.7(\). . .)1.41 H(Metric)79.687 E F1 -.21(12)-.777 2 O
478.94 344.5 135.94 344.5 DL 394.44 192.5 394.44 344.5 DL F0(Mask)
163.875 360 Q F1(2)-.21 2 M F0(Mask)61.49 -2 M F1(2)-.21 2 M F0(Octet)
164.09 378 Q F1(3)-.301 2 M F0(Octet)62.033 -2 M F1(4)-.084 2 M F0
(SrcNet)377.088 369 Q F1 -.777(21)-.21 2 O 478.94 382.5 135.94 382.5 DL
220.44 344.5 220.44 382.5 DL F0(Mask)424.92 398 Q F1(3)-.301 2 M F0
(Octet)425.045 416 Q F1(2)-.21 2 M F0(SrcNet)185.153 407 Q F1 -.777(21)
-.21 2 O F0 -.25(\(c).797 -2 O -2.49(ont .).25 F -.1 -.7(\). . .)1.41 H
(Metric)79.687 E F1 -.777(21)-.21 2 O 478.94 420.5 135.94 420.5 DL
394.44 382.5 394.44 420.5 DL F0(Mask)163.92 436 Q F1(3)-.301 2 M F0
(Mask)61.581 -2 M F1(3)-.301 2 M F0(Octet)164.09 454 Q F1(3)-.301 2 M F0
(Octet)62.033 -2 M F1(4)-.084 2 M F0(...)390.69 445 Q 478.94 458.5
135.94 458.5 DL 478.94 154.5 478.94 458.5 DL 307.44 154.5 307.44 458.5
DL 220.44 420.5 220.44 458.5 DL 135.94 154.5 135.94 458.5 DL/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF -.45(Fi)211.025 498 S(gur).45 E 2.5(e4-E)-.37 G
(xample Route Report P)-2.5 E(ac)-.8 E -.1(ke)-.2 G 2.5(tF).1 G(ormat)
-3.55 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(3.5. Pruning)72 558 R F0 -.4(DV)97
585.6 S(MRP is described as a broadcast and prune multicast routing pro\
tocol since datagrams are initially sent out).4 E(all dependent do)97
597.6 Q(wnstream interf)-.25 E
(aces forming a tree rooted at the source of the data.)-.1 E
(As the routers at the)5 E(lea)97 609.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(so).15 G 2.5
(ft)-2.5 G(he tree be)-2.5 E(gin to recei)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(nw)
.15 E(anted multicast traf)-.1 E(\214c, the)-.25 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G
(end prune messages upstream to)-2.5 E -.1(wa)-.25 G(rd the).1 E 2.5
(source. This)97 621.6 R(results in the multicast tree for a gi)2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ns).15 G(ource netw)-2.5 E(ork and a gi)-.1 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ns).15 G(et of recei)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(rs.).15 E
397.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 18])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(3.5.1. Leaf)72 84 R(Netw)2.5 E(orks)-.1 E F0(Detection of leaf netw)97
111.6 Q(orks is v)-.1 E(ery important to the pruning process.)-.15 E
(Routers at the end of a source speci\214c)5 E(multicast deli)97 123.6 Q
-.15(ve)-.25 G(ry tree must detect that there are no further do).15 E
(wnstream dependent routers. This detection)-.25 E(mechanism is co)97
135.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(red abo).15 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.15 H 2.5(ns).15 G
(ection 3.2 titled Probe Messages.)-2.5 E
(If there are no group members present for a)5 E
(particular multicast datagram recei)97 147.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(d, the leaf routers will start the pruning process by remo).15 E
(ving their)-.15 E(do)97 159.6 Q(wnstream interf)-.25 E
(aces and sending a prune to the upstream router for that source.)-.1 E
F1 2.5(3.5.2. Sour)72 195.6 R(ce Netw)-.18 E(orks)-.1 E F0(By def)97
223.2 Q(ault, prunes are meant to be applied to a group and source netw)
-.1 E(ork. Ho)-.1 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .8 -.4(r, i).15 H 2.5(ti).4
G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(ossible to include a)-2.5 E
(Netmask in the Prune message to alter this beha)97 235.2 Q(vior)-.2 E
2.5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(fn)-2.5 G 2.5(oN)-2.5 G
(etmask is included, a prune sent upstream)-2.5 E(triggered by traf)97
247.2 Q(\214c recei)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(df).15 G
(rom a particular source applies to all sources on that netw)-2.5 E
(ork. If a Netmask is)-.1 E(included, it MUST \214rst be v)97 259.2 Q(a\
lidated. If the Netmask is a host mask, only that source address should\
 be pruned.)-.25 E
(Otherwise, the Netmask MUST match the mask sent to the do)97 271.2 Q
(wnstream router for that source. If it does not)-.25 E
(match the mask that the upstream router e)97 283.2 Q
(xpected, the upstream router MUST ignore the prune and should log)-.15
E(an error)97 295.2 Q 2.5(.W)-.55 G(hen a aggre)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G
(te source netw).05 E(ork is adv)-.1 E(ertised do)-.15 E
(wnstream, the Netmask in the prune will match the)-.25 E
(mask of the aggre)97 307.2 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(te route that w).05 E
(as adv)-.1 E(ertised.)-.15 E(If the Prune message only contains the ho\
st address of the source \(and not the corresponding Netmask\), the)97
331.2 Q(source netw)97 343.2 Q(ork can be determined easily by a best-m\
atch lookup using the routing table distrib)-.1 E(uted as a part of)-.2
E -.4(DV)97 355.2 S(MRP).4 E(.)-1.11 E F1 2.5(3.5.3. Recei)72 391.2 R
(ving a Prune)-.1 E F0(When a prune is recei)97 418.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(d, the follo).15 E(wing steps should be tak)-.25 E(en:)-.1 E 10(1. If)
97 446.4 R(the neighbor is unkno)2.5 E(wn, discard the recei)-.25 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dp).15 G(rune.)-2.5 E 10(2. Ensure)97 474 R
(the prune message contains at least the correct amount of data.)2.5 E
10(3. Cop)97 501.6 R 2.5(yt)-.1 G
(he source address, group address, and prune time-out v)-2.5 E 2.5
(alue. If)-.25 F(it is a)2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable in the pack).25 E
(et, cop)-.1 E 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he)-2.5 E(Netmask v)117 513.6 Q 2.5
(alue. Determine)-.25 F(route to which prune applies.)2.5 E 10(4. If)97
541.2 R(there is no acti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
(ource information for the \(source netw).15 E(ork, group\) pair)-.1 E
2.5(,t)-.4 G(hen ignore the prune.)-2.5 E 10(5. V)97 568.8 R
(erify that the prune w)-1.11 E(as recei)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(df).15
G(rom a dependent neighbor for the source netw)-2.5 E
(ork. If not, discard the)-.1 E(prune.)117 580.8 Q 10(6. Determine)97
608.4 R(if a prune is currently acti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H
(rom the same dependent neighbor for this \(source netw).15 E(ork,)-.1 E
(group\) pair)117 620.4 Q(.)-.55 E 397.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 19])
-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E 10(7. If)97 84 R
(so, reset the timer to the ne)2.5 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G(ime-out v)-2.5 E 2.5
(alue. Otherwise,)-.25 F(create state for the ne)2.5 E 2.5(wp)-.25 G
(rune and set a timer)-2.5 E(for the prune lifetime.)117 96 Q 10
(8. Determine)97 123.6 R(if all dependent do)2.5 E
(wnstream routers on the interf)-.25 E(ace from which the prune w)-.1 E
(as recei)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dh).15 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-2.5 H(no)117
135.6 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G(ent prunes.)-2.5 E 10(9. If)97 163.2 R
(so, then determine if there are group members acti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve o)
-.25 H 2.5(nt).15 G(he interf)-2.5 E
(ace and if this router is the designated)-.1 E(forw)117 175.2 Q
(arder for the netw)-.1 E(ork.)-.1 E 5(10. If)97 202.8 R(not, then remo)
2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H(he interf).15 E(ace from all forw)-.1 E
(arding cache entries for this group instantiated using the)-.1 E
(route to which the prune applies.)117 214.8 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(3.5.4. Sending)72 250.8 R 2.5(aP)2.5 G(rune)-2.5 E F0(When a forw)72
278.4 Q(arding cache is being used, there is a trade-of)-.1 E 2.5(ft)
-.25 G(hat should be considered when deciding when Prune)-2.5 E
(messages should be sent upstream.)72 290.4 Q
(In all cases, when a data pack)5 E(et arri)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(sa)
.15 G(nd the do)-2.5 E(wnstream interf)-.25 E(ace list is)-.1 E(empty)72
302.4 Q 2.5(,ap)-.65 G(rune is sent upstream. Ho)-2.5 E(we)-.25 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G .8 -.4(r, w).15 H(hen a forw).4 E
(arding cache entry transitions to an empty do)-.1 E(wnstream)-.25 E
(interf)72 314.4 Q(ace list it is possible as an optimization to send a\
 prune at this time as well.)-.1 E(This prune will possibly stop)5 E
(unw)72 326.4 Q(anted traf)-.1 E(\214c sooner at the e)-.25 E
(xpense of sending e)-.15 E(xtra prune traf)-.15 E
(\214c for sources that are no longer sending.)-.25 E
(When sending a prune upstream, the follo)97 338.4 Q
(wing steps should be tak)-.25 E(en:)-.1 E 15(1. Decide)97 366 R
(if upstream neighbor is capable of recei)2.5 E(ving prunes.)-.25 E 15
(2. If)97 393.6 R(not, then proceed no further)2.5 E(.)-.55 E 15
(3. Stop)97 421.2 R(an)2.5 E 2.5(yp)-.15 G(ending Grafts a)-2.5 E -.1
(wa)-.15 G(iting ackno).1 E(wledgments.)-.25 E 15(4. Determine)97 448.8
R(the prune lifetime. This v)2.5 E
(alue should be the minimum of the def)-.25 E(ault prune lifetime)-.1 E
(\(randomized to pre)122 460.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(nt synchronization\) and the remaining prune lifetimes of the do).15 E
(wnstream)-.25 E(neighbors.)122 472.8 Q 15(5. F)97 500.4 R
(orm and transmit the pack)-.15 E
(et to the upstream neighbor for the source.)-.1 E F1 2.5
(3.5.5. Retransmitting)72 536.4 R 2.5(aP)2.5 G(rune)-2.5 E F0
(By increasing the prune lifetime to ~2 hours, the ef)97 564 Q
(fect of a lost prune message becomes more apparent.)-.25 E(Therefore, \
an implementation SHOULD retransmit prunes messages using binary e)97
576 Q(xponential back-of)-.15 E 2.5(fd)-.25 G(uring)-2.5 E
(the lifetime of the prune if traf)97 588 Q(\214c is still arri)-.25 E
(ving on the upstream interf)-.25 E(ace.)-.1 E(One w)97 612 Q
(ay to implement this w)-.1 E(ould be to send a prune, install a ne)-.1
E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H
(ache entry for 3 seconds while w).15 E(aiting)-.1 E
(for the prune to tak)97 624 Q 2.5(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G
(ect. Then remo).25 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H(he ne).15 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti)
.05 E .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ache entry).15 E 2.5(.I)-.65 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G
(raf)-2.5 E(\214c continues to arri)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,an).15 G
-.25(ew)-2.5 G(forw)97 636 Q(arding cache request will be generated. Th\
e prune can be resent with the remaining prune lifetime and a)-.1 E(ne)
97 648 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H
(ache entry can be installed for 6 seconds. After this, the ne).15 E
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ache entry is remo).15 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(d. This).15 E 397.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 20])-.15 E
0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E(procedure is repeated whil\
e each time doubling the length of time the ne)97 84 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G
(ti).05 E .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ache entry is installed.).15 E
(In addition to using binary e)97 108 Q(xponential back-of)-.15 E
(f, the interv)-.25 E(al between subsequent retransmissions should also)
-.25 E(be randomized to pre)97 120 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt synchronization.)
.15 E(On multi-access netw)97 144 Q(orks, e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni)
.15 G 2.5(fap)-2.5 G(rune is recei)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(db).15 G
2.5(yt)-2.5 G(he upstream router)-2.5 E 2.5(,d)-.4 G
(ata may still be recei)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dd).15 G(ue to)-2.5 E
(other recei)97 156 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(rs \(i.e. group members or other do).15 E
(wnstream dependent routers\) on the netw)-.25 E(ork.)-.1 E/F1 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(3.5.6. Prune)72 192 R -.1(Pa)2.5 G(ck).1 E(et F)-.1
E(ormat)-.25 E F0 2.5(AP)97 219.6 S(rune P)-2.5 E(ack)-.15 E(et contain\
s three required \214elds: the source host IP address, the destination \
group IP address, and)-.1 E
(the Prune Lifetime in seconds. An optional source netw)97 231.6 Q
(ork mask may also be appended to the Prune message.)-.1 E(This mask ap\
plied to the Source Host Address will indicate the route that the prune\
 applies to.)97 243.6 Q 2.5(AS)5 G(ource)-2.5 E(Netw)97 255.6 Q(ork Mas\
k \214eld should only be sent in a Prune message to a neighbor if that \
neighbor has adv)-.1 E(ertised the)-.15 E
(ability to process it by setting the Netmask capabilities bit.)97 267.6
Q(The length of the Prune message will indicate if the)5 E(Source Netw)
97 279.6 Q(ork Mask has been included or not.)-.1 E
(The Prune Lifetime is a deri)97 303.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dv).15 G
(alue calculated as the minimum of the def)-2.75 E
(ault prune lifetime \(2 hours\) and the)-.1 E
(remaining lifetimes of an)97 315.6 Q 2.5(yd)-.15 G -.25(ow)-2.5 G
(nstream prunes recei).25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(df).15 G
(or this source netw)-2.5 E(ork and group.)-.1 E 2.5(Ar)5 G
(outer with no)-2.5 E(do)97 327.6 Q(wnstream dependent neighbors w)-.25
E(ould use the the def)-.1 E(ault prune lifetime \(randomized to pre)-.1
E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt).15 E(synchronization\).)97 345.6 Q 77(71)220.44
369.6 S 77(52)-77 G 77(33)-77 G(1)-77 E .4 LW 491.44 374.1 148.44 374.1
DL -.8(Ty)179.565 389.6 S 64.07(pe Code).8 F 60.34(\(0x13\) \(0x7\))
176.11 407.6 R(Checksum)385.83 398.6 Q 491.44 412.1 148.44 412.1 DL
232.94 374.1 232.94 412.1 DL(Reserv)214.41 427.6 Q 96.97(ed Minor)-.15 F
(Major)62.28 E 491.44 432.1 148.44 432.1 DL 406.94 412.1 406.94 432.1 DL
319.94 374.1 319.94 432.1 DL(Source Host Address)277.725 447.6 Q 491.44
452.1 148.44 452.1 DL(Group Address)289.53 467.6 Q 491.44 472.1 148.44
472.1 DL(Prune Lifetime)289.805 487.6 Q 491.44 492.1 148.44 492.1 DL
(Source Netw)275 507.6 Q(ork Mask)-.1 E 491.44 512.1 148.44 512.1 DL
491.44 374.1 491.44 512.1 DL 148.44 374.1 148.44 512.1 DL/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF -.45(Fi)256.575 551.6 S(gur).45 E 2.5(e5-P)-.37 G
(rune P)-2.5 E(ac)-.8 E -.1(ke)-.2 G 2.5(tF).1 G(ormat)-3.55 E F0
(Source Host Address)97 585.2 Q
(The source host IP address of the datagram that triggered the prune.)
122 597.2 Q(Group Address)97 624.8 Q(The destination group IP address o\
f the datagram that triggered the prune.)122 636.8 Q 397.71(Pusateri [P)
72 696 R(age 21])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E(Prune Lifetime)97 84 Q
(The number of seconds for which the upstream neighbor should k)122 96 Q
(eep this prune acti)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E(Source Netw)97 123.6 Q
(ork Mask)-.1 E
(The \(optional\) netmask of the route this prune applies to.)122 135.6
Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(3.6. Grafting)72 171.6 R F0
(Once a multicast deli)97 199.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ry tree has been pruned back, D).15 E
(VMRP Graft messages are necessary to join ne)-.4 E(w)-.25 E(recei)97
211.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rs onto the multicast tree.).15 E
(Graft messages are sent upstream hop-by-hop from the ne)5 E 2.5(wr)-.25
G(ecei)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(r').15 E 2.5<738c>-.55 G(rst-)-2.5 E
(hop router until a point on the multicast tree is reached.)97 223.2 Q
(Since there is no w)5 E(ay to tell whether a graft message)-.1 E -.1
(wa)97 235.2 S 2.5(sl).1 G
(ost or the source stopped sending, each Graft message is ackno)-2.5 E
(wledged hop by hop.)-.25 E(This ensures that the)5 E
(Graft message is not lost some)97 247.2 Q
(where along the path between the recei)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(r').15 E
2.5<738c>-.55 G(rst-hop router and the closest point)-2.5 E
(on the multicast deli)97 259.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry tree.).15 E
(One or more Graft messages should be sent under the follo)97 283.2 Q
(wing conditions:)-.25 E 15(1. A)97 298.8 R(ne)2.5 E 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ocal\
 member joins a group that has been pruned upstream and this router is \
the designated)-2.5 E(forw)122 310.8 Q(arder for the source.)-.1 E 15
(2. A)97 326.4 R(ne)2.5 E 2.5(wd)-.25 G(ependent do)-2.5 E
(wnstream router appears on a pruned branch.)-.25 E 15(3. A)97 342 R
(dependent do)2.5 E(wnstream router on a pruned branch restarts \(ne)
-.25 E 2.5(wG)-.25 G(eneration ID\).)-2.5 E 15(4. A)97 357.6 R
(Graft Retransmission T)2.5 E(imer e)-.35 E
(xpires before a Graft-Ack is recei)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(d.).15 E F1
2.5(3.6.1. Sending)72 393.6 R 2.5(aG)2.5 G(raft)-2.5 E F0
(Recall that by def)97 421.2 Q(ault, Prunes are source netw)-.1 E
(ork speci\214c and are sent up dif)-.1 E(ferent trees for each source)
-.25 E(netw)97 433.2 Q 2.5(ork. Grafts)-.1 F(are sent in response to v)
2.5 E(arious conditions which are not necessarily source speci\214c. Th\
erefore,)-.25 E(it may be necessary to send separate Graft messages to \
the appropriate upstream routers to counteract each)97 445.2 Q(pre)97
457.2 Q(vious source netw)-.25 E(ork speci\214c prune that w)-.1 E
(as sent.)-.1 E(As mentioned abo)97 481.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(,aG).15 G
(raft message sent to the upstream D)-2.5 E(VMRP router should be ackno)
-.4 E(wledged hop by)-.25 E(hop guaranteeing end-to-end deli)97 493.2 Q
-.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E 5(.I)-.65 G 2.5(no)-5 G
(rder to send a Graft message, the follo)-2.5 E
(wing steps should be tak)-.25 E(en:)-.1 E 15(1. V)97 520.8 R
(erify a prune e)-1.11 E(xists for the source netw)-.15 E
(ork and group.)-.1 E 15(2. V)97 548.4 R
(erify that the upstream router is capable of recei)-1.11 E
(ving prunes \(and therefore grafts\).)-.25 E 15(3. Add)97 576 R
(the graft to the retransmission timer list a)2.5 E -.1(wa)-.15 G
(iting an ackno).1 E(wledgment.)-.25 E 15(4. F)97 603.6 R
(ormulate and transmit the Graft pack)-.15 E(et.)-.1 E(If a Graft Ackno)
97 631.2 Q(wledgment is not recei)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G
(ithin the Graft Retransmission T)-2.5 E
(ime-out period, the Graft should)-.35 E
(be resent to the upstream router)97 643.2 Q 2.5(.T)-.55 G
(he initial retransmission period is 5 seconds.)-2.5 E 2.5(Ab)5 G
(inary e)-2.5 E(xponential back-of)-.15 E(f)-.25 E(polic)97 655.2 Q 2.5
(yi)-.15 G 2.5(su)-2.5 G(sed on subsequent retransmissions.)-2.5 E
397.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 22])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(3.6.2. Recei)72 84 R(ving a Graft)-.1 E F0 10(1. If)97 115.2 R
(the neighbor is unkno)2.5 E(wn, discard the recei)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.5(dg).15 G(raft.)-2.5 E 10(2. Ensure)97 142.8 R
(the graft message contains at least the correct amount of data.)2.5 E
10(3. Send)97 170.4 R(back a Graft Ack to the sender)2.5 E(.)-.55 E 10
(4. If)97 198 R(the sender w)2.5 E(as a do)-.1 E
(wnstream dependent neighbor from which a prune had pre)-.25 E
(viously been recei)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(d,).15 E(then remo)117 210 Q
.3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H(he prune state for this neighbor).15 E 5(.I)-.55 G
2.5(fn)-5 G(ecessary)-2.5 E 2.5(,a)-.65 G .3 -.15(ny f)-2.5 H(orw).15 E
(arding cache entries based on this)-.1 E
(\(source, group\) pair should be updated to include this do)117 222 Q
(wnstream interf)-.25 E(ace.)-.1 E 15(5. If)97 249.6 R 2.5(ap)2.5 G
(rune had been sent upstream, this may trigger a graft to no)-2.5 E 2.5
(wb)-.25 G 2.5(es)-2.5 G(ent to the upstream router)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1
2.5(3.6.3. Graft)72 289.2 R -.1(Pa)2.5 G(ck).1 E(et F)-.1 E(ormat)-.25 E
F0(The format of a Graft pack)97 316.8 Q(et is sho)-.1 E 2.5(wb)-.25 G
(elo)-2.5 E(w:)-.25 E 77(71)220.44 352.8 S 77(52)-77 G 77(33)-77 G(1)-77
E .4 LW 491.44 357.3 148.44 357.3 DL -.8(Ty)179.565 372.8 S 64.07
(pe Code).8 F 60.34(\(0x13\) \(0x8\))176.11 390.8 R(Checksum)385.83
381.8 Q 491.44 395.3 148.44 395.3 DL 232.94 357.3 232.94 395.3 DL
(Reserv)214.41 410.8 Q 96.97(ed Minor)-.15 F(Major)62.28 E 491.44 415.3
148.44 415.3 DL 406.94 395.3 406.94 415.3 DL 319.94 357.3 319.94 415.3
DL(Source Host Address)277.725 430.8 Q 491.44 435.3 148.44 435.3 DL
(Group Address)289.53 450.8 Q 491.44 455.3 148.44 455.3 DL(Source Netw)
275 470.8 Q(ork Mask)-.1 E 491.44 475.3 148.44 475.3 DL 491.44 357.3
491.44 475.3 DL 148.44 357.3 148.44 475.3 DL/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
-.45(Fi)258.035 514.8 S(gur).45 E 2.5(e6-G)-.37 G -.15(ra)-2.5 G(ft P)
.15 E(ac)-.8 E -.1(ke)-.2 G 2.5(tF).1 G(ormat)-3.55 E F0
(Source Host Address)97 548.4 Q
(The source host IP address indicating which source host or source netw)
122 560.4 Q(ork to Graft.)-.1 E(Group Address)97 588 Q
(The destination group IP address to be grafted.)122 600 Q(Source Netw)
97 627.6 Q(ork Mask)-.1 E
(The \(optional\) netmask of the route this graft applies to.)122 639.6
Q 397.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 23])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(3.6.4. Sending)72 84 R 2.5(aG)2.5 G(raft Ackno)-2.5 E(wledgment)-.1 E
F0 2.5(AG)97 111.6 S(raft Ackno)-2.5 E(wledgment pack)-.25 E
(et is sent to a do)-.1 E(wnstream neighbor in response to recei)-.25 E
(ving a Graft message.)-.25 E(All Graft messages MUST be ackno)97 123.6
Q(wledged. This is true e)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fn)-2.5
G 2.5(oo)-2.5 G(ther action is tak)-2.5 E(en in response to)-.1 E(recei)
97 135.6 Q(ving the Graft to pre)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(nt the source from continually re-transmitting the Graft message.).15 E
(The Graft)5 E(Ackno)97 147.6 Q(wledgment pack)-.25 E
(et is identical to the Graft pack)-.1 E(et e)-.1 E(xcept that the D)
-.15 E(VMRP code in the common header is)-.4 E
(set to Graft Ack. This allo)97 159.6 Q(ws the recei)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25
G 2.5(ro).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G
(he Graft Ack message to correctly identify which Graft w)-2.5 E(as)-.1
E(ackno)97 171.6 Q
(wledged and stop the appropriate retransmission timer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E
F1 2.5(3.6.5. Recei)72 207.6 R(ving a Graft Ackno)-.1 E(wledgment)-.1 E
F0(When a Graft Ackno)97 235.2 Q(wledgment is recei)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25
G(d, ensure the message contains at least the correct amount of data.)
.15 E(The \(source address, group\) pair in the pack)97 247.2 Q
(et can be used to determine if a Graft w)-.1 E
(as sent to this particular)-.1 E(upstream router)97 259.2 Q 5(.I)-.55 G
2.5(fn)-5 G 2.5(oG)-2.5 G(raft w)-2.5 E
(as sent, the Graft Ack can simply be ignored.)-.1 E(If a Graft w)5 E
(as sent, and the)-.1 E(ackno)97 271.2 Q
(wledgment has come from the correct upstream router)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G
(hen it has been successfully recei)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(da).15 G
(nd the)-2.5 E(retransmission timer for the Graft can be stopped.)97
283.2 Q F1 2.5(3.6.6. Graft)72 319.2 R(Ackno)2.5 E(wledgment P)-.1 E
(ack)-.1 E(et F)-.1 E(ormat)-.25 E F0(The format of a Graft Ack pack)97
346.8 Q(et \(which is identical to that of a Graft pack)-.1 E
(et\) is sho)-.1 E 2.5(wb)-.25 G(elo)-2.5 E(w:)-.25 E 77(71)220.44 382.8
S 77(52)-77 G 77(33)-77 G(1)-77 E .4 LW 491.44 387.3 148.44 387.3 DL -.8
(Ty)179.565 402.8 S 64.07(pe Code).8 F 60.34(\(0x13\) \(0x9\))176.11
420.8 R(Checksum)385.83 411.8 Q 491.44 425.3 148.44 425.3 DL 232.94
387.3 232.94 425.3 DL(Reserv)214.41 440.8 Q 96.97(ed Minor)-.15 F(Major)
62.28 E 491.44 445.3 148.44 445.3 DL 406.94 425.3 406.94 445.3 DL 319.94
387.3 319.94 445.3 DL(Source Host Address)277.725 460.8 Q 491.44 465.3
148.44 465.3 DL(Group Address)289.53 480.8 Q 491.44 485.3 148.44 485.3
DL(Source Netw)275 500.8 Q(ork Mask)-.1 E 491.44 505.3 148.44 505.3 DL
491.44 387.3 491.44 505.3 DL 148.44 387.3 148.44 505.3 DL/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF -.45(Fi)249.39 544.8 S(gur).45 E 2.5(e7-G)-.37 G -.15
(ra)-2.5 G(ft Ac).15 E 2.5(kP)-.2 G(ac)-3.3 E -.1(ke)-.2 G 2.5(tF).1 G
(ormat)-3.55 E F0(Source Host Address)97 578.4 Q
(The source host IP address that w)122 590.4 Q(as recei)-.1 E -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.5(di).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he Graft message.)-2.5 E
(Group Address)97 618 Q(The destination group IP address that w)122 630
Q(as recei)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(di).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G
(he Graft message.)-2.5 E 397.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 24])-.15 E 0
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E(Source Netw)97 84 Q
(ork Mask)-.1 E
(The \(optional\) netmask of the route this Graft Ack applies to.)122 96
Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(3.7. Interfaces)72 132 R F0(Interf)97 159.6
Q(aces running D)-.1 E(VMRP will either be multicast capable ph)-.4 E
(ysical interf)-.05 E(aces or encapsulated tunnel pseudo-)-.1 E(interf)
97 171.6 Q(aces. Ph)-.1 E(ysical interf)-.05 E
(aces may either be multi-access netw)-.1 E(orks or point-to-point netw)
-.1 E 2.5(orks. T)-.1 F(unnel)-.45 E(interf)97 183.6 Q
(aces are used when there are non-multicast capable routers between D)
-.1 E(VMRP neighbors. Protocol)-.4 E(messages and multicast data traf)97
195.6 Q(\214c are sent between tunnel endpoints using a standard encaps\
ulation method)-.25 E 2.5([Perk96,Han94a,Han94b]. The)97 207.6 R(unicas\
t IP addresses of the tunnel endpoints are used as the source and)2.5 E
(destination IP addresses in the outer IP header)97 219.6 Q 2.5(.T)-.55
G(he inner IP header remains unchanged from the original)-2.5 E(pack)97
231.6 Q(et.)-.1 E(Protocol messages on point-to-point links should al)97
255.6 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys use a destination IP address of All-D).1 E
(VMRP-Routers)-.4 E(for ALL message types.)97 267.6 Q(While Prune, Graf\
t, and Graft-Ack messages are only intended for a single recipient,)5 E
(the use of a multicast destination address is necessary for un-numbere\
d links and encapsulated interf)97 279.6 Q(aces.)-.1 E
(When multiple addresses are con\214gured on a single interf)97 303.6 Q
(ace, it is necessary that all routers on the interf)-.1 E(ace)-.1 E
(kno)97 315.6 Q 2.5(wa)-.25 G(bout the same set of netw)-2.5 E
(ork addresses. In this w)-.1 E(ay)-.1 E 2.5(,e)-.65 G
(ach router will mak)-2.5 E 2.5(et)-.1 G(he same choice for the)-2.5 E
(designated forw)97 327.6 Q(arder for each source.)-.1 E(In addition, a\
 router con\214gured with multiple addresses on an interf)5 E(ace)-.1 E
(should consistently use the same address when sending D)97 339.6 Q
(VMRP control messages.)-.4 E(The maximum pack)97 363.6 Q
(et length of an)-.1 E 2.5(yD)-.15 G
(VMRP message should be the maximum pack)-2.9 E(et size required to be)
-.1 E(forw)97 375.6 Q(arded without fragmenting.)-.1 E(The use of P)5 E
(ath MTU Disco)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
(ry [Mogu90] is encouraged to determine this).15 E 2.5(size. In)97 387.6
R(the absence of P)2.5 E(ath MTU, the Requirements for Internet Hosts [\
Brad89] speci\214es this number as 576)-.15 E(octets. Be sure to consid\
er the size of the encapsulated IP header as well when calculating the \
maximum size)97 399.6 Q(of a D)97 411.6 Q(VMRP protocol message.)-.4 E
F1 2.5(3.7.1. Interface)97 435.6 R(transitions)2.5 E F0(When an interf)
97 463.2 Q
(ace transitions to the up state, the generation ID of that interf)-.1 E
(ace should be updated so that)-.1 E -.4(DV)97 475.2 S
(MRP neighbors kno).4 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5(or)-2.5 G
(esend prune information.)-2.5 E(When an interf)97 499.2 Q
(ace transitions to the do)-.1 E(wn state, all neighbors on that interf)
-.25 E(ace should be e)-.1 E(xpired. All actions)-.15 E
(associated with an e)97 511.2 Q(xpired neighbor should be tak)-.15 E
(en as speci\214ed in the Neighbor Expiry section.)-.1 E F1 2.5(4. IAN)
72 547.2 R 2.5(AC)-.2 G(onsiderations)-2.5 E F0
(The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority \(IAN)97 574.8 Q
(A\) is the central coordinator for the assignment of unique)-.35 E
(parameter v)97 586.8 Q(alues for Internet protocols.)-.25 E -.4(DV)5 G
(MRP uses IGMP [Cain02] IP protocol messages to communicate).4 E
(between routers. The IGMP T)97 598.8 Q(ype \214eld is he)-.8 E
(xadecimal 0x13.)-.15 E(On IP multicast capable netw)97 622.8 Q(orks, D)
-.1 E(VMRP uses the All-D)-.4 E
(VMRP-Routers local multicast group. This group)-.4 E
(address is 224.0.0.4.)97 634.8 Q 397.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 25])
-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(5. Netw)72 84 R(ork Management Considerations)-.1 E F0 -.4(DV)97 111.6
S(MRP pro).4 E(vides se)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral methods for netw).15 E
(ork management monitoring and troubleshooting. Appendix B)-.1 E
(describes a request/response mechanism to directly query D)97 123.6 Q
(VMRP neighbor information. In addition, a)-.4 E
(Management Information Base for D)97 135.6 Q
(VMRP is de\214ned in [Thal97].)-.4 E 2.5(AM)97 159.6 S
(anagement Information Base for the multicast forw)-2.5 E
(arding cache is de\214ned in [McCl00].)-.1 E
(Also, a protocol independent multicast trace-route f)97 183.6 Q
(acility is de\214ned in [Fenn00].)-.1 E F1 2.5(6. Security)72 219.6 R
(Considerations)2.5 E F0(Security for D)97 247.2 Q(VMRP follo)-.4 E
(ws the general security architecture pro)-.25 E
(vided for the Internet Protocol [K)-.15 E(en98a].)-.25 E
(The IPsec authentication header [K)97 259.2 Q(en98b] MA)-.25 E 2.5(Yb)
-1.05 G 2.5(eu)-2.5 G(sed to pro)-2.5 E(vide data inte)-.15 E
(grity protection and groupwise)-.15 E(data origin authentication of D)
97 271.2 Q(VMRP protocol messages.)-.4 E(Currently)97 295.2 Q 2.5(,t)
-.65 G(he IPsec anti-replay option does not handle the case of a Securi\
ty Association identi\214ed by a)-2.5 E(multicast destination address. \
Thus, the anti-replay option currently must be disabled on these Securi\
ty)97 307.2 Q 2.5(Associations. The)97 319.2 R
(anti-replay option SHOULD be enabled on all security associations ha)
2.5 E(ving a unicast)-.2 E(destination address.)97 331.2 Q
(There are only tw)97 355.2 Q 2.5(oD)-.1 G(VMRP protocol message types \
sent to a multicast destination address. The ef)-2.9 E(fects of)-.25 E
(replaying these messages are outlined belo)97 367.2 Q(w:)-.25 E -.4(DV)
97 394.8 S(MRP Probes).4 E(The Probe message contains tw)122 418.8 Q 2.5
(oi)-.1 G
(mportant state mechanisms. The \214rst is the Generation ID. This is a)
-2.5 E(non-decreasing number that allo)122 430.8 Q
(ws the neighbors to detect if the router has been restarted. If an old)
-.25 E(Probe message is replayed, the Generation ID will either be the \
same or smaller than the current)122 442.8 Q
(Generation ID. If it is smaller)122 454.8 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(hen the repla\
yed Probe will be ignored. If it is the same, then the message)-2.5 E
(will continue to be processed.)122 466.8 Q(The second state mechanism \
is the list of neighbors a router has learned. If a neighbor no longer \
appears)122 490.8 Q(in this list, then an)122 502.8 Q 2.5(ye)-.15 G
(xisting prune information learned from this neighbor will be remo)-2.65
E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d. This may).15 E(cause multicast data to once ag)122
514.8 Q(ain be \215ooded onto netw)-.05 E(orks where it is not needed.)
-.1 E(In addition, do)122 538.8 Q(wnstream dependent neighbors are base\
d on the neighbor list in the Probe message. If a)-.25 E
(neighbor no longer appears in this list, it will be remo)122 550.8 Q
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df).15 G(rom the do)-2.5 E
(wnstream dependent list for each)-.25 E(pre\214x that it e)122 562.8 Q
(xpects to recei)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve d)-.25 H
(ata from. Therefore, it is possible to stop data from being forw).15 E
(arded)-.1 E(do)122 574.8 Q
(wnstream by replaying an older Probe message that doesn')-.25 E 2.5(tc)
-.18 G(ontain the neighbor address.)-2.5 E(Ho)122 598.8 Q(we)-.25 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G .8 -.4(r, b).15 H
(ecause the Probe messages are periodic, the replayed message w).4 E
(ould ha)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.5(ob).15 G 2.5(ec)-2.5 G
(ontinuously)-2.5 E
(sent after each periodic Probe message that contains a v)122 610.8 Q
(alid neighbor list.)-.25 E -.4(DV)97 638.4 S(MRP Reports).4 E 397.71
(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 26])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E -.4(DV)122 84 S(MRP Report\
 messages are sent with both unicast and multicast destination addresse\
s. Report).4 E(messages that ha)122 96 Q .3 -.15(ve m)-.2 H
(ulticast destinations are periodic Reports containing pre\214x).15 E
(es learned by the router)-.15 E(.)-.55 E
(If these Reports were to be replayed at a later time, the)122 108 Q 2.5
(yc)-.15 G(ould disrupt a routers ability to correctly)-2.5 E
(determine the upstream interf)122 120 Q
(ace of a source and therefore, stop forw)-.1 E
(arding of multicast data.)-.1 E(Periodic Route Reports w)122 144 Q(oul\
d continue containing correct information which could result in route)
-.1 E(\215apping or holddo)122 156 Q(wn pre)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(nting multicast data from being forw).15 E(arded for sources f)-.1 E
(alling within the)-.1 E(pre\214x ranges in the replayed Reports.)122
168 Q -.4(DV)122 192 S(MRP Prune, Graft, and Graft-Ack messages use uni\
cast destination addresses. Security Associations).4 E
(between neighbors sending and recei)122 204 Q
(ving these protocol message types can mak)-.25 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G
(ull use of the anti-)-2.5 E(replay protection pro)122 216 Q
(vided by the IP security protocols.)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(7. Refer)72 252 R(ences)-.18 E F0 11.4([Brad88] Braden,)97 283.2 R
(R., Borman, D., P)2.5 E
(artridge, C., "Computing the Internet Checksum", RFC 1071,)-.15 E
(September 1988.)147 295.2 Q 11.4([Brad89] Braden,)97 310.8 R(R., "Requ\
irements for Internet Hosts -- Communication Layers", RFC 1122, October)
2.5 E(1989.)147 322.8 Q 11.95([Cain02] Cain,)97 338.4 R
(B., Deering, S., K)2.5 E(ouv)-.35 E(elas, I., Fenner)-.15 E 2.5(,W)-.4
G(., Th)-3.42 E(yag)-.05 E(arajan, A., "Internet Group Management)-.05 E
(Protocol, V)147 350.4 Q(ersion 3",)-1.11 E(RFC 3376, October 2002.)5 E
11.41([Deer89] Deering,)97 366 R
(S., "Host Extensions for IP Multicasting", RFC 1112, August 1989.)2.5 E
11.41([Deer90] Deering,)97 381.6 R
(S., Cheriton, D., "Multicast Routing in Datagram Internetw)2.5 E
(orks and Extended LANs",)-.1 E -.4(AC)147 393.6 S 2.5(MT).4 G
(ransactions on Computer Systems, V)-2.85 E
(ol. 8, No. 2, May 1990, pp. 85-110.)-1.29 E 11.41([Deer91] Deering,)97
409.2 R(S., "Multicast Routing in a Datagram Internetw)2.5 E
(ork", PhD thesis, Electric Engineering)-.1 E(Dept., Stanford Uni)147
421.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsity).15 E 2.5(,D)-.65 G(ecember 1991.)-2.5 E
10.84([Fenn00] Fenner)97 436.8 R 2.5(,W)-.4 G(., Casner)-3.42 E 2.5(,S)
-.4 G(., "A "traceroute" f)-2.5 E(acility for IP Multicast",)-.1 E -.8
(Wo)5 G(rk In Progress, July 2000.).8 E 14.72([Full93] Fuller)97 452.4 R
2.5(,V)-.4 G(., T)-3.79 E 2.5(.L)-.74 G(i, J. Y)-2.5 E(u, and K. V)-1.11
E(aradhan, "Classless Inter)-1.11 E
(-Domain Routing \(CIDR\): an Address)-.2 E(Assignment and Aggre)147
464.4 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion Strate).05 E(gy", RFC 1519, September 1993.)
-.15 E 9.74([Han94a] Hanks,)97 480 R(S., Li, T)2.5 E 2.5(,F)-.74 G
(arinacci, D., and P)-2.65 E 2.5(.T)-1.11 G
(raina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation", RFC 1701,)-2.85 E
(NetSmiths, Ltd., and cisco Systems, October 1994.)147 492 Q 9.18
([Han94b] Hanks,)97 507.6 R(S., Li, T)2.5 E(., F)-.74 E
(arinacci, D., and P)-.15 E 2.5(.T)-1.11 G
(raina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation o)-2.85 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rI)
.15 G(Pv4)-2.5 E(netw)147 519.6 Q
(orks", RFC 1702, NetSmiths, Ltd., cisco Systems, October 1994.)-.1 E
([K)97 535.2 Q 9.99(en98a] K)-.25 F(ent, S., Atkinson, R. "Security Arc\
hitecture for the Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, No)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
(mber).15 E(1998.)147 547.2 Q([K)97 562.8 Q 9.43(en98b] K)-.25 F
(ent, S., Atkinson, R., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 2402, No)-.25 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 1998.).15 E 8.06([McCl00] McCloghrie,)97 578.4 R
(K., F)2.5 E(arinacci, D., Thaler)-.15 E 2.5(,D)-.4 G
(., "IPv4 Multicast Routing MIB", RFC 2932, October)-2.5 E(2000.)147
590.4 Q 6.95([Mogu90] Mogul,)97 606 R(J., Deering, S., "P)2.5 E
(ath MTU Disco)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(ry", RFC 1191, No).15 E -.15(ve)
-.15 G(mber 1990.).15 E 12.51([Perk96] Perkins,)97 621.6 R
(C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, October 1996.)2.5 E 14.73
([Perl92] Perlman,)97 637.2 R
(R., "Interconnections: Bridges and Routers", Addison-W)2.5 E(esle)-.8 E
1.3 -.65(y, M)-.15 H(ay 1992, pp. 205-211.).65 E 397.71(Pusateri [P)72
696 R(age 27])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E 13.61([Post81] Postel,)97
84 R(J., "Internet Protocol", RFC 791, September)2.5 E 2.5(,1)-.4 G
(981.)-2.5 E 9.73([Rekh93] Rekhter)97 99.6 R 2.5(,Y)-.4 G(., and T)-3.79
E 2.5(.L)-.74 G
(i, "An Architecture for IP Address Allocation with CIDR", RFC 1518,)
-2.5 E(September 1993.)147 111.6 Q([Re)97 127.2 Q 9.88(yn94] Re)-.15 F
(ynolds, J., Postel, J., "Assigned Numbers", STD 0002, October 1994.)
-.15 E 12.51([Thal97] Thaler)97 142.8 R 2.5(,D)-.4 G(., "Distance-V)-2.5
E(ector Multicast Routing Protocol MIB",)-1.11 E -.8(Wo)5 G
(rk In Progress, April 1997.).8 E([W)97 158.4 Q 12.2(ait88] W)-.8 F
(aitzman, D., P)-.8 E(artridge, C., Deering, S., "Distance V)-.15 E
(ector Multicast Routing Protocol",)-1.11 E(RFC)5 E(1075, No)147 170.4 Q
-.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 1988.).15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(8. A)72 206.4
R(uthor')-.5 E 2.5(sA)-.37 G(ddr)-2.5 E(ess)-.18 E F0(Thomas Pusateri)97
234 Q(Juniper Netw)97 246 Q(orks, Inc.)-.1 E(1194 North Mathilda A)97
258 Q -.15(ve)-.74 G(nue).15 E(Sunn)97 270 Q(yv)-.15 E
(ale, CA 94089 USA)-.25 E 7.5(Phone: \(919\))97 282 R(807-0023)2.5 E 7.5
(EMail: pusateri@juniper)97 294 R(.net)-.55 E F1 2.5(9. Ackno)72 330 R
(wledgments)-.1 E F0(The author w)97 357.6 Q(ould lik)-.1 E 2.5(et)-.1 G
2.5(oa)-2.5 G(ckno)-2.5 E
(wledge the original designers of the protocol, Ste)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve D)
-.25 H(eering, Craig P).15 E(artridge,)-.15 E(and Da)97 369.6 Q(vid W)
-.2 E 2.5(aitzman. V)-.8 F(ersion 3 of the protocol w)-1.11 E
(ould not ha)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
(een possible without the original w).15 E(ork of Ajit)-.1 E(Th)97 381.6
Q(yag)-.05 E(arajan and the ongoing \(and seemingly endless\) w)-.05 E
(ork of Bill Fenner)-.1 E 5(.C)-.55 G(redit also goes to Dann)-5 E 2.5
(yM)-.15 G(itzel)-2.5 E(and Da)97 393.6 Q .3 -.15(ve T)-.2 H
(haler for the careful re).15 E(vie)-.25 E 2.5(wo)-.25 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G
(his document and Nitin Jain, Da)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve L)-.2 H(eRo).15 E 1.3
-.65(y, C)-.1 H(harles Mumford, Ra).65 E(vi)-.2 E(Shekhar)97 405.6 Q 2.5
(,a)-.4 G(nd Shuching Shieh for their helpful comments.)-2.5 E 397.71
(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 28])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(10. A)72 84 R(ppendix A - Constants & Con\214gurable P)-.25 E
(arameters)-.1 E F0(The follo)97 117.6 Q(wing table pro)-.25 E
(vides a summary of the D)-.15 E(VMRP timing parameters:)-.4 E -.15(Pa)
241.02 141.6 S 76.19(rameter V).15 F(alue \(seconds\))-1.11 E .4 LW
443.12 146.1 196.76 146.1 DL(Probe Interv)196.76 161.6 Q 84.73(al 10)
-.25 F(Neighbor T)196.76 179.6 Q(ime-out Interv)-.35 E 30.92(al 35)-.25
F(Minimum Flash Update Interv)196.76 197.6 Q 12.5(al 5)-.25 F
(Route Report Interv)196.76 215.6 Q 54.45(al 60)-.25 F
(Route Expiration T)196.76 233.6 Q 49.54(ime 140)-.35 F(Route Hold-do)
196.76 251.6 Q 69.72(wn 2)-.25 F/F2 10/Symbol SF<b4>2.5 E F0
(Route Report Interv)2.5 E(al)-.25 E(Prune Lifetime)196.76 269.6 Q -.25
(va)83.64 G(riable \(< 2 hours\)).25 E(Prune Retransmission T)196.76
287.6 Q 30.65(ime 3)-.35 F(with e)2.5 E(xp. back-of)-.15 E(f)-.25 E
(Graft Retransmission T)196.76 305.6 Q 32.88(ime 5)-.35 F(with e)2.5 E
(xp. back-of)-.15 E(f)-.25 E 443.12 310.1 196.76 310.1 DL/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF -.92(Ta)260.05 349.6 S(ble 2 - P).92 E(ar)-.8 E
(ameter Summary)-.15 E F0 397.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 29])-.15 E 0
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(11. A)72 84 R(ppendix B - T)-.25 E(racing and T)-.74 E -.18(ro)-.74 G
(ubleshooting support).18 E F0(There are se)97 111.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ral pack).15 E(et types used to g)-.1 E(ather D)-.05 E
(VMRP speci\214c information.)-.4 E(The)5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G
(re generally used for)-2.5 E(diagnosing problems or g)97 123.6 Q
(athering topology information. The \214rst tw)-.05 E 2.5(om)-.1 G
(essages are no)-2.5 E 2.5(wo)-.25 G(bsoleted and should)-2.5 E
(not be used. The remaining tw)97 135.6 Q 2.5(om)-.1 G(essages pro)-2.5
E(vide a request/response mechanism to determine the v)-.15 E
(ersions and)-.15 E(capabilities of a particular D)97 147.6 Q
(VMRP router)-.4 E(.)-.55 E 40.885(Code P)186.115 183.6 R(ack)-.15 E
(et T)-.1 E 74.36(ype Description)-.8 F .4 LW 456.265 188.1 183.615
188.1 DL 23.055(3D)194.17 203.6 S(VMRP Ask Neighbors)-23.455 E(Obsolete)
22.5 E 23.055(4D)194.17 221.6 S(VMRP Neighbors)-23.455 E(Obsolete)41.11
E 23.055(5D)194.17 239.6 S(VMRP Ask Neighbors 2)-23.455 E
(Request Neighbor List)15 E 23.055(6D)194.17 257.6 S(VMRP Neighbors 2)
-23.455 E(Respond with Neighbor List)33.61 E 456.265 262.1 183.615 262.1
DL/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.92(Ta)252.175 301.6 S(ble 3 - Deb).92 E(ug)
-.2 E(ging P)-.1 E(ac)-.8 E -.1(ke)-.2 G 2.5(tT).1 G(ypes)-3.24 E F1 2.5
(11.1. D)72 361.6 R(VMRP Ask Neighbors2)-.4 E F0
(The Ask Neighbors2 pack)97 389.2 Q(et is a unicast request pack)-.1 E
(et directed at a D)-.1 E(VMRP router)-.4 E 2.5(.T)-.55 G
(he destination should)-2.5 E(respond with a unicast Neighbors2 message\
 back to the sender of the Ask Neighbors2 message.)97 401.2 Q 64(081)
189.44 431.2 S 103(63)-64 G(1)-103 E 455.44 435.7 184.44 435.7 DL -.8
(Ty)206.565 445.2 S 46.07(pe Code).8 F 42.34(\(0x13\) \(0x5\))203.11
457.2 R(Checksum)367.83 451.2 Q 455.44 461.7 184.44 461.7 DL 250.94
435.7 250.94 461.7 DL 41.78(Minor Major)341.94 471.2 R -1.11(Ve)339.165
483.2 S 35.95(rsion V)1.11 F(ersion)-1.11 E(Reserv)232.41 477.2 Q(ed)
-.15 E 455.44 487.7 184.44 487.7 DL 455.44 435.7 455.44 487.7 DL 388.94
461.7 388.94 487.7 DL 319.94 435.7 319.94 487.7 DL 184.44 435.7 184.44
487.7 DL F2 -.45(Fi)235.79 515.2 S(gur).45 E 2.5(e8-A)-.37 G
(sk Neighbor)-2.5 E 2.5(s2P)-.1 G(ac)-3.3 E -.1(ke)-.2 G 2.5(tF).1 G
(ormat)-3.55 E F1 2.5(11.2. D)72 551.2 R(VMRP Neighbors2)-.4 E F0
(The format of a Neighbors2 response pack)97 578.8 Q(et is sho)-.1 E
(wn belo)-.25 E 1.3 -.65(w. T)-.25 H
(his is sent as a unicast message back to the).65 E
(sender of an Ask Neighbors2 message.)97 590.8 Q
(There is a common header at the top follo)5 E(wed by the routers)-.25 E
2.5(capabilities. One)97 602.8 R(or more sections follo)2.5 E 2.5(wt)
-.25 G(hat contain an entry for each logical interf)-2.5 E 2.5(ace. The)
-.1 F(interf)2.5 E(ace)-.1 E(parameters are listed along with a v)97
614.8 Q(ariable list of neighbors learned on each interf)-.25 E(ace.)-.1
E(If the interf)97 638.8 Q(ace is do)-.1 E(wn or disabled, list a singl\
e neighbor with an address of 0.0.0.0 for ph)-.25 E(ysical interf)-.05 E
(aces or)-.1 E
(the remote tunnel endpoint address for tunnel pseudo-interf)97 650.8 Q
(aces.)-.1 E 397.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 30])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E 82(081)153.44 84 S 139(63)
-82 G(1)-139 E .4 LW 491.44 88.5 148.44 88.5 DL -.8(Ty)179.565 98 S
64.07(pe Code).8 F 60.34(\(0x13\) \(0x6\))176.11 110 R(Checksum)385.83
104 Q 491.44 114.5 148.44 114.5 DL 59.78(Minor Major)350.94 124 R -1.11
(Ve)348.165 136 S 53.95(rsion V)1.11 F(ersion)-1.11 E(Reserv)170.91 130
Q 42.08(ed Capabilities)-.15 F 491.44 140.5 148.44 140.5 DL 406.94 114.5
406.94 140.5 DL 319.94 88.5 319.94 140.5 DL 232.94 88.5 232.94 140.5 DL
(Local Addr 1)293.28 158 Q 491.44 162.5 148.44 162.5 DL(Metric 1)172.36
180 Q(Threshold 1)45.895 E(Flags 1)48.39 E(Nbr Count 1)47.415 E 491.44
184.5 148.44 184.5 DL 406.94 162.5 406.94 184.5 DL 319.94 162.5 319.94
184.5 DL 232.94 162.5 232.94 184.5 DL(Nbr 1)308.415 202 Q 491.44 206.5
148.44 206.5 DL(...)317.44 224 Q 491.44 228.5 148.44 228.5 DL(Nbr m)
307.025 246 Q 491.44 250.5 148.44 250.5 DL(Local Addr N)292.17 268 Q
491.44 272.5 148.44 272.5 DL(Metric N)171.25 290 Q(Threshold N)43.675 E
(Flags N)46.17 E(Nbr Count N)45.195 E 491.44 294.5 148.44 294.5 DL
406.94 272.5 406.94 294.5 DL 319.94 272.5 319.94 294.5 DL 232.94 272.5
232.94 294.5 DL(Nbr 1)308.415 312 Q 491.44 316.5 148.44 316.5 DL(...)
317.44 334 Q 491.44 338.5 148.44 338.5 DL(Nbr k)308.415 356 Q 491.44
360.5 148.44 360.5 DL 491.44 88.5 491.44 360.5 DL 148.44 88.5 148.44
360.5 DL/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.45(Fi)244.26 404 S(gur).45 E 2.5
(e9-N)-.37 G(eighbor)-2.5 E 2.5(s2P)-.1 G(ac)-3.3 E -.1(ke)-.2 G 2.5(tF)
.1 G(ormat)-3.55 E F0
(The capabilities of the local router are de\214ned as follo)97 444 Q
(ws:)-.25 E 17.77(Bit Flag)207.505 490 R(Description)74.1 E 432.375
494.5 207.505 494.5 DL 22.23(0L)207.505 512 S 22.5(eaf This)-22.23 F
(is a leaf router)2.5 E 22.23(1P)207.505 532 S 17.49(rune This)-22.23 F
(router understands pruning)2.5 E 22.23(2G)207.505 552 S 13.61
(enID This)-22.23 F(router sends Generation Id')2.5 E(s)-.55 E 22.23(3M)
207.505 572 S 12.5(trace This)-22.23 F(router handles Mtrace requests)
2.5 E 22.23(4S)207.505 592 S 17.48(nmp This)-22.23 F
(router supports the D)2.5 E(VMRP MIB)-.4 E 432.375 596.5 207.505 596.5
DL F1 -.92(Ta)243.795 640 S(ble 4 - D).92 E(VMRP Router Capabilities)-.4
E F0 397.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 31])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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(The \215ags associated with a particular interf)97 92 Q(ace are:)-.1 E
30.69(Bit Flag)194.16 138 R(Description)87.445 E .4 LW 445.72 142.5
194.16 142.5 DL 22.23(0T)194.16 160 S 38.78(unnel Neighbor)-22.68 F
(reached via tunnel)2.5 E 22.23(1S)194.16 180 S(ource Route)-22.23 E
-.45(Tu)15 G(nnel uses IP source routing).45 E 22.23(2R)194.16 200 S
(eserv)-22.23 E 29.6(ed No)-.15 F(longer used)2.5 E 22.23(3R)194.16 220
S(eserv)-22.23 E 29.6(ed No)-.15 F(longer used)2.5 E 22.23(4D)194.16 240
S -.25(ow)-22.23 G 44.97(nO).25 G(perational status do)-44.97 E(wn)-.25
E 22.23(5D)194.16 260 S 31.11(isabled Administrati)-22.23 F .3 -.15
(ve s)-.25 H(tatus do).15 E(wn)-.25 E 22.23(6Q)194.16 280 S 36.12
(uerier Querier)-22.23 F(for interf)2.5 E(ace)-.1 E 22.23(7L)194.16 300
S 48.34(eaf No)-22.23 F(do)2.5 E(wnstream neighbors on interf)-.25 E
(ace)-.1 E 445.72 304.5 194.16 304.5 DL/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.92(Ta)
254.41 348 S(ble 5 - D).92 E(VMRP Interface \215a)-.4 E(gs)-.1 E F0
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(12. A)72 84 R(ppendix C - V)-.25 E(ersion Compatibility)-1 E F0
(There ha)97 111.6 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een tw).15 E 2.5(op)-.1 G(re)
-2.5 E(vious major v)-.25 E(ersions of D)-.15 E
(VMRP with implementations still in circulation. If the)-.4 E
(receipt of a Probe message re)97 123.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(als a major v)
.15 E
(ersion of 1 or 2, then it can be assumed that this neighbor does not)
-.15 E
(support pruning or the use of the Generation ID in the Probe message.)
97 135.6 Q(Ho)5 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .8 -.4(r, s).15 H
(ince these older).4 E(implementations are kno)97 147.6 Q(wn to safely \
ignore the Generation ID and neighbor information in the Probe pack)-.25
E(et, it)-.1 E(is not necessary to send specially formatted Probe pack)
97 159.6 Q(ets to these neighbors.)-.1 E(There were three minor v)97
183.6 Q(ersions \(0, 1, and 2\) of major v)-.15 E
(ersion 3 that did support pruning b)-.15 E(ut did not support)-.2 E
(the Generation ID or capability \215ags.)97 195.6 Q
(These special cases will ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.5(ob).15 G 2.5(ea)
-2.5 G(ccounted for)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E(An)97 219.6 Q 2.5(yo)-.15 G
(ther minor v)-2.5 E(ersions of major v)-.15 E
(ersion 3 closely compare to this speci\214cation.)-.15 E
(In addition, cisco Systems is kno)97 243.6 Q(wn to use their softw)-.25
E(are major and minor release number as the D)-.1 E(VMRP)-.4 E
(major and minor v)97 255.6 Q(ersion number)-.15 E 2.5(.T)-.55 G
(hese will typically be 10 or 11 for the major v)-2.5 E(ersion number)
-.15 E 2.5(.P)-.55 G(runing w)-2.5 E(as)-.1 E(introduced in V)97 267.6 Q
(ersion 11.)-1.11 E
(Implementations prior to this speci\214cation may not w)97 291.6 Q
(ait to send route reports until probe messages ha)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve b)
-.2 H(een).15 E(recei)97 303.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the ro\
uters address listed. Reports SHOULD be sent to these neighbors without\
 \214rst requiring a)-2.5 E(recei)97 315.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dp).15 G
(robe with the routers address in it as well as reports from these neig\
hbors SHOULD be accepted.)-2.5 E(Although, this allo)97 327.6 Q
(ws one-w)-.25 E(ay neighbor relationships to occur)-.1 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G
2.5(td)-2.5 G(oes maintain backw)-2.5 E(ard compatibility)-.1 E(.)-.65 E
(It may be necessary to form neighbor relationships based solely on Rou\
te Report messages. Neighbor time-out)97 351.6 Q -.25(va)97 363.6 S
(lues may need to be con\214gured to a v).25 E
(alue greater than the Route Report Interv)-.25 E
(al for these neighbors.)-.25 E(Implementations that do not monitor Gen\
eration ID changes can create more noticeable black holes when)97 387.6
Q(using long prune lifetimes such as ~2 hours.)97 399.6 Q
(This happens when a long prune is sent upstream and then the)5 E(route\
r that sent the long prune restarts. If the upstream router ignores the\
 ne)97 411.6 Q 2.5(wG)-.25 G(eneration ID, the prune)-2.5 E(recei)97
423.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(db).15 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G
(he upstream router will not be \215ushed and the do)-2.5 E
(wnstream router will ha)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(ok).15 G(no)-2.5
E(wledge of the)-.25 E(upstream prune. F)97 435.6 Q
(or this reason, prunes sent upstream to routers that are kno)-.15 E
(wn to ignore Generation ID)-.25 E(changes should ha)97 447.6 Q .3 -.15
(ve s)-.2 H(hort lifetimes.).15 E(If the router must run IGMP v)97 471.6
Q(ersion 1 on an interf)-.15 E(ace for backw)-.1 E(ards compatibility)
-.1 E 2.5(,D)-.65 G(VMRP must elect the)-2.9 E -.4(DV)97 483.6 S
(MRP router with the highest IP address as the IGMP querier).4 E(.)-.55
E(Some implementations of tools that send D)97 507.6 Q
(VMRP Ask Neighbors2 requests and recei)-.4 E .3 -.15(ve N)-.25 H
(eighbors2 response).15 E(messages require a neighbor address of 0.0.0.\
0 when no neighbors are listed in the response pack)97 519.6 Q
(et. \(Mrinfo\))-.1 E(When D)97 543.6 Q(VMRP protocol pack)-.4 E(ets ar\
e sent to tunnel endpoints, some implementations do not accept pack)-.1
E(ets)-.1 E(addressed to the All-D)97 555.6 Q(VMRP-Routers address and \
then encapsulated with the tunnel endpoint address.)-.4 E(Mrouted v)97
567.6 Q(ersions 3.9beta2 and earlier are kno)-.15 E(wn to ha)-.25 E .3
-.15(ve t)-.2 H(his problem.).15 E 397.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 33])
-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 48 Q 111.015(-DRAFT D)-.92 F(VMRP V)
-.4 E(ersion 3)-1.11 E(August 2000)146.195 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(13. Intellectual)72 84 R(Pr)2.5 E(operty Rights Notice)-.18 E F0
(The IETF tak)97 111.6 Q(es no position re)-.1 E -.05(ga)-.15 G
(rding the v).05 E(alidity or scope of an)-.25 E 2.5(yi)-.15 G
(ntellectual property or other rights that)-2.5 E(might be claimed to)97
123.6 Q(pertain to the implementation or use of the technology describe\
d in this document or the)5 E -.15(ex)97 135.6 S(tent to which an).15 E
2.5(yl)-.15 G(icense under such rights might or might not be a)-2.5 E
-.25(va)-.2 G(ilable; neither does it represent that it).25 E
(has made an)97 147.6 Q 2.5(ye)-.15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ort to identify an)
.25 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(uch rights.)-2.5 E(Information on the IETF')5 E 2.5
(sp)-.55 G(rocedures with respect to rights in)-2.5 E(standards-track a\
nd standards-related documentation can be found in BCP-11.)97 159.6 Q
(Copies of claims of rights made)5 E -.2(av)97 171.6 S
(ailable for publication and an)-.05 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G
(ssurances of licenses to be made a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable, or the result of an attempt made).25 E(to obtain a general lic\
ense or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implemento\
rs or users of this)97 183.6 Q
(speci\214cation can be obtained from the IETF Secretariat.)97 195.6 Q
(The IETF in)97 219.6 Q(vites an)-.4 E 2.5(yi)-.15 G
(nterested party to bring to its attention an)-2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(op)
-2.5 E(yrights, patents or patent applications, or)-.1 E
(other proprietary rights which may co)97 231.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rt)
.15 G(echnology that may be required to practice this standard.)-2.5 E
(Please)5 E(address the information to the IETF Ex)97 243.6 Q(ecuti)-.15
E .3 -.15(ve D)-.25 H(irector).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 2.5(14. Full)72 279.6 R
(Copyright Statement)2.5 E F0(Cop)97 307.2 Q
(yright \(C\) The Internet Society \(date\). All Rights Reserv)-.1 E
(ed.)-.15 E(This document and translations of it may be copied and furn\
ished to others, and deri)97 331.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(ti).25 E .3 -.15
(ve w)-.25 H(orks that comment).05 E(on or otherwise e)97 343.2 Q(xplai\
n it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published\
 and distrib)-.15 E(uted, in)-.2 E
(whole or in part, without restriction of an)97 355.2 Q 2.5(yk)-.15 G
(ind, pro)-2.5 E(vided that the abo)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve c)-.15 H(op).15 E
(yright notice and this paragraph)-.1 E
(are included on all such copies and deri)97 367.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(ti)
.25 E .3 -.15(ve w)-.25 H 2.5(orks. Ho).05 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .8
-.4(r, t).15 H(his document itself may not be modi\214ed in).4 E(an)97
379.2 Q 2.5(yw)-.15 G(ay)-2.6 E 2.5(,s)-.65 G(uch as by remo)-2.5 E
(ving the cop)-.15 E
(yright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet)
-.1 E(or)97 391.2 Q -.05(ga)-.18 G(nizations, e).05 E
(xcept as needed for the)-.15 E(purpose of de)5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(loping Internet standards in which case the procedures).15 E(for cop)97
403.2 Q
(yrights de\214ned in the Internet Standards process must be follo)-.1 E
(wed, or as required to translate it into)-.25 E
(languages other than English.)97 415.2 Q
(The limited permissions granted abo)97 439.2 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
(re perpetual and will not be re).15 E -.2(vo)-.25 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db)
.1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G(he Internet Society or its)-2.5 E
(successors or assigns.)97 451.2 Q
(This document and the information contained herein is pro)97 475.2 Q
(vided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET)-.15 E
(SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING T)97 487.2 Q
(ASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL W)-.93 E(ARRANTIES,)-1.2 E
(EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING B)97 499.2 Q(UT NO)-.1 E 2.5(TL)-.4 G
(IMITED T)-2.5 E 2.5(OA)-.18 G(NY W)-2.5 E(ARRANTY THA)-1.2 E 2.5(TT)
-1.11 G(HE USE OF)-2.5 E(THE INFORMA)97 511.2 Q(TION HEREIN WILL NO)
-1.11 E 2.5(TI)-.4 G(NFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED W)-2.5 E
(ARRANTIES)-1.2 E(OF MERCHANT)97 523.2 Q(ABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A P)-.93
E(AR)-.92 E(TICULAR PURPOSE.)-.6 E 397.71(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age 34])
-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF -1.104(Ta)274.826 84 S(ble of Contents)1.104 E/F1
10/Times-Roman@0 SF(1. Introduction)97 120 Q -2.5 10
(............................. 2)8.94 H(1.1. Requirements T)97 132 Q
1.31(erminology .)-.7 F -2.5 10(....................... 2)10 H(1.2. Re)
97 144 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rse P).15 E(ath Multicasting)-.15 E -2.5 10
(........................ 2)8.38 H(1.3. T)97 156 Q(unnel Encapsulation)
-.45 E -2.5 10(......................... 2)13.84 H(1.4. Document Ov)97
168 Q(ervie)-.15 E -2.88 5.19
(w. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)-.25 H(3)14.81 E
(2. Protocol Ov)97 180 Q(ervie)-.15 E -8.42 7.96
(w. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)-.25 H(3)12.04 E
(2.1. Neighbor Disco)97 192 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.81(ry .).15 F -2.5 10
(......................... 3)10 H(2.2. Source Location)97 204 Q -2.5 10
(........................... 3)10.06 H(2.3. Dependent Do)97 216 Q
(wnstream Routers)-.25 E -2.5 10(...................... 4)8.1 H
(2.4. Designated F)97 228 Q(orw)-.15 E 9.49(arder .)-.1 F -2.5 10
(........................ 4)10 H(2.5. Building Multicast T)97 240 Q
11.23(rees .)-.35 F -2.5 10(....................... 5)10 H
(2.6. Pruning Multicast T)97 252 Q 2.07(rees .)-.35 F -2.5 10
(........................ 5)10 H(2.7. Grafting Multicast T)97 264 Q
12.36(rees .)-.35 F -2.5 10(....................... 6)10 H
(3. Detailed Protocol Operation)97 276 Q -2.5 10
(........................ 6)8.12 H(3.1. Protocol Header)97 288 Q -2.5 10
(........................... 6)10.62 H(3.2. Probe Messages)97 300 Q -2.5
10(........................... 7)11.17 H(3.3. Multicast F)97 312 Q(orw)
-.15 E 11.69(arding .)-.1 F -7.5 10(........................ 1)10 H(1)
-10 E(3.4. Route Exchange)97 324 Q -7.5 10
(........................... 1)10.06 H(2)-10 E(3.5. Pruning)97 336 Q
-7.5 10(.............................. 1)6.71 H(8)-10 E(3.6. Grafting)97
348 Q -7.5 10(.............................. 2)4.5 H(2)-10 E
(3.7. Interf)97 360 Q 9.06(aces .)-.1 F -7.5 10
(............................ 2)10 H(5)-10 E(4. IAN)97 372 Q 2.5(AC)-.35
G 6.24(onsiderations .)-2.5 F -7.5 10(......................... 2)10 H
(5)-10 E(5. Netw)97 384 Q(ork Management Considerations)-.1 E -7.5 10
(..................... 2)6.28 H(6)-10 E(6. Security Considerations)97
396 Q -7.5 10(......................... 2)12.55 H(6)-10 E(7. References)
97 408 Q -7.5 10(............................. 2)13.96 H(7)-10 E
(8. Author')97 420 Q 2.5(sA)-.55 G 10.61(ddress .)-2.5 F -7.5 10
(.......................... 2)10 H(8)-10 E(9. Ackno)97 432 Q 6.14
(wledgments .)-.25 F -7.5 10(.......................... 2)10 H(8)-10 E
(10. Appendix A - Constants & Con\214gurable P)97 444 Q 4.66
(arameters .)-.15 F -7.5 10(............... 2)10 H(9)-10 E
(11. Appendix B - T)97 456 Q(racing and T)-.35 E(roubleshooting support)
-.35 E -7.5 10(................ 3)10.49 H(0)-10 E(11.1. D)97 468 Q
(VMRP Ask Neighbors2)-.4 E -7.5 10(........................ 3)5.45 H(0)
-10 E(11.2. D)97 480 Q(VMRP Neighbors2)-.4 E -7.5 10
(......................... 3)11.56 H(0)-10 E(12. Appendix C - V)97 492 Q
(ersion Compatibility)-1.11 E -7.5 10(..................... 3)7.82 H(3)
-10 E(13. Intellectual Property Rights Notice)97 504 Q -7.5 10
(..................... 3)13.67 H(4)-10 E(14. Full Cop)97 516 Q
(yright Statement)-.1 E -7.5 10(........................ 3)14.3 H(4)-10
E 404.93(Pusateri [P)72 696 R(age i])-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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