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[/Dest /194 /Title (16.3. Communicating the status of mutual authentication with users) /OUT pdfmark
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[/Dest /201 /Title (Appendix A. \(Informative\) Draft Remarks from Authors) /OUT pdfmark
[/Dest /202 /Title (Appendix B. \(Informative\) Draft Change Log) /OUT pdfmark
[/Dest /203 /Title (B.1. Changes in Httpauth WG Revision 01) /OUT pdfmark
[/Dest /204 /Title (B.2. Changes in Httpauth Revision 00) /OUT pdfmark
[/Dest /205 /Title (B.3. Changes in HttpBis Revision 00) /OUT pdfmark
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0.242513016 0 32 0 0 (This document specifies a mutual authentication method for the Hyper-text Transfer Protocol \(HTTP\).) A
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(1.) S
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( ) S
(Introduction) S
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1.403054 0 32 0 0 (This document specifies a mutual authentication method for Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol \(HTTP\).) A
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3.13020825 0 32 0 0 (The method, called "Mutual Authentication Protocol" in this document, provides a true mutual) A
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2.5744791 0 32 0 0 (authentication between an HTTP client and an HTTP server, using just a simple password as a) A
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(credential. ) S
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(The authentication method proposed in this document has the following main characteristics: ) S
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0.244791672 0 32 0 0 (It provides "true" mutual authentication: in addition to assuring the server that the user knows the) A
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0.257324219 0 32 0 0 (password, it also assures the user that the server truly knows the user's encrypted password at the) A
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0.953450501 0 32 0 0 (It uses only passwords as the user's credential: unlike public-key-based security algorithms, the) A
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0.600643396 0 32 0 0 (method does not rely on secret keys or other cryptographic data that have to be stored inside the) A
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2.08342624 0 32 0 0 (users' computers. The proposed method can be used as a drop-in replacement to the current) A
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0.331163198 0 32 0 0 (It is secure: when the server fails to authenticate with a user, the protocol will not reveal any tiny) A
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(password.) S
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( ) S
(Terminology) S
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(.) S
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0.310302734 0 32 0 0 (This document distinguishes the terms "client" and "user" in the following way: A "client" is an entity) A
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(a "user" is a \(usually natural\) person who wants to access data resources using "a ) S
(client".) S
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2.9309895 0 32 0 0 (The term "natural numbers" refers to the non-negative integers \(including zero\) throughout this ) A
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(document.) S
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(s.) S
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(1.2.) S
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( Document Structure and Related ) S
(Documents) S
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(The entire document is organized as follows: ) S
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( presents an overview of the protocol design. ) S
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3.48737979 0 32 0 0 ( define a general framework of the Mutual authentication protocol. This) A
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2.85351562 0 32 0 0 ( describes properties needed for cryptographic algorithms used with this protocol) A
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3.65201831 0 32 0 0 (framework, and defines a few functions which will be shared among such cryptographic) A
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(algorithms. ) S
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(The sections after that contain general normative and informative information about the protocol. ) S
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(The appendices contain some information that may help developers to implement the ) S
(protocol.) S
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(In addition, there are two companion documents which are referred from/related to this specification: ) S
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0.778515637 0 32 0 0 (: defines a cryptographic primitives which can be used with this) A
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(with another crypto in future.] ) S
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4.74921894 0 32 0 0 (: defines a small but useful extensions to the current HTTP) A
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2.5951705 0 32 0 0 (authentication framework so that it can support application-level semantics of existing Web ) A
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(systems.) S
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(2.) S
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( Protocol ) S
(Overview) S
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6.85909605 0 32 0 0 (The protocol, as a whole, is designed as a natural extension to the ) A
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0.330078125 0 32 0 0 (. Internally, the) A
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0.908691406 0 32 0 0 (server and the client will first perform a cryptographic key exchange, using the secret password as a) A
0 -407 M
0.269775391 0 32 0 0 ("tweak" to the exchange. The key-exchange will only succeed when the secrets used by the both peers) A
0 -420.2 M
3.06891751 0 32 0 0 (are correctly related \(i.e. generated from the same password\). Then, both peers will verify the) A
0 -433.4 M
0.948939741 0 32 0 0 (authentication results by confirming the sharing of the exchanged key. This section describes a brief) A
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(image of the protocol and the exchanged messages. ) S
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13 2 Nf
(2.1.) S
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( Messages ) S
(Overview) S
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11 0 Nf
1.71647131 0 32 0 0 (The authentication protocol uses seven kinds of messages to perform mutual authentication. These) A
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(messages have specific names within this specification. ) S
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4.54166651 0 32 0 0 (Authentication request messages: used by the servers to request clients to start mutual) A
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(authentication. ) S
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0.213281244 0 32 0 0 (401-INIT message: a general message to start the authentication protocol. It is also used as a) A
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(message indicating an authentication failure. ) S
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(401-STALE message: a message indicating that it has to start a new authentication ) S
(trial.) S
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2.14908862 0 32 0 0 (Authenticated key exchange messages: used by both peers to perform authentication and the) A
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(sharing of a cryptographic secret. ) S
33 -627.6 M
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(req-KEX-C1 message: a message sent from the client. ) S
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2.43149042 0 32 0 0 (401-KEX-S1 message: a message sent from the server as a response to a req-KEX-C1 ) A
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(message.) S
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(Authentication verification messages: used by both peers to verify the authentication results. ) S
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1.00488281 0 32 0 0 (req-VFY-C message: a message used by the client, requesting that the server authenticates) A
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(and authorizes the client. ) S
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1.27854562 0 32 0 0 (200-VFY-S message: a successful response used by the server, and also asserting that the) A
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(server is authentic to the client ) S
(simultaneously.) S
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1.87706804 0 32 0 0 (In addition to the above, either a request or a response without any HTTP headers related to this) A
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(specification will be hereafter called a "normal request" or a "normal response", respectively. ) S
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(2.2.) S
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( Typical Flows of the ) S
(Protocol) S
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11 0 Nf
0.602294922 0 32 0 0 (In typical cases, the client access to a resource protected by the Mutual authentication will follow the) A
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(following protocol ) S
(sequence.) S
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( Client Server) S
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( | |) S
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( | ---- \(1\) normal request ---------> |) S
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( GET / HTTP/1.1 |) S
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( | |) S
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( | <---------------- \(2\) 401-INIT --- |) S
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( | 401 Authentication Required) S
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( | WWW-Authenticate: Mutual realm="a realm") S
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( | |) S
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([user, | |) S
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( pass]-->| |) S
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( | ---- \(3\) req-KEX-C1 -------------> |) S
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( GET / HTTP/1.1 |) S
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( Authorization: Mutual user="john", |--> [user DB]) S
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( kc1="...", ... |<-- [user info]) S
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( | |) S
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( | <-------------- \(4\) 401-KEX-S1 --- |) S
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( | 401 Authentication Required) S
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( | WWW-Authenticate: Mutual sid=..., ks1="...", ...) S
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( | |) S
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( [compute] \(5\) compute session secret [compute]) S
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( | |) S
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( | |) S
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( | ---- \(6\) req-VFY-C --------------> |) S
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( GET / HTTP/1.1 |--> [verify \(6\)]) S
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( Authorization: Mutual sid=..., |<-- OK) S
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( vkc="...", ... |) S
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( | |) S
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( | <--------------- \(7\) 200-VFY-S --- |) S
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([verify | 200 OK |) S
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( \(7\)]<--| Authentication-Info: Mutual vks="...") S
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( | |) S
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( v v) S
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7.63889 2 Nf
(\240Figure\2401: Typical communication flow for first access to ) S
(resource\240) S
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11 0 Nf
1.02026367 0 32 0 0 (As usual in general HTTP protocol designs, a client will at first request a resource without any) A
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0.176682696 0 32 0 0 (authentication attempt \(1\). If the requested resource is protected by the Mutual authentication, the) A
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(server will respond with a message requesting authentication \(401-INIT\) \(2\). ) S
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0.360814154 0 32 0 0 (The client processes the body of the message, and waits for the user to input the user name and a) A
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0.0629595593 0 32 0 0 (password. If the user name and the password are available, the client will send a message with the) A
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(authenticated key exchange \(req-KEX-C1\) to start the authentication \(3\). ) S
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11 0 Nf
1.08203125 0 32 0 0 (If the server has received a req-KEX-C1 message, the server looks up the user's authentication) A
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0.968202829 0.968202829 scale
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(information within its user database. Then the server creates a new session identifier \(sid\) that will be) S
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(used to identify sets of the messages that follow it, and responds back with a message containing a) S
1.00256801 1.00256801 scale
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(server-side authenticated key exchange value \(401-KEX-S1\) \(4\). ) S
11 -77.1 M
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0.421630859 0 32 0 0 (At this point \(5\), both peers calculate a shared "session secret" using the exchanged values in the) A
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1.29827011 0 32 0 0 (key exchange messages. Only when both the server and the client have used secret credentials) A
22 -93.9 M
0.997528613 0.997528613 scale
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(generated from the same password,the session secret values will match. This session secret will be) S
1.00247753 1.00247753 scale
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(used for access authentication of every individual request after this point. ) S
11 -130.9 M
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0.013521635 0 32 0 0 (The client will send a request with a client-side authentication verification value \(req-VFY-C\) \(6\),) A
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0.980312526 0.980312526 scale
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(generated from the client-owned session secret. The server will check the validity of the verification) S
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(value using its own session secret. ) S
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2.69614959 0 32 0 0 (If the authentication verification value from the client was correct, it means that the client) A
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2.45572925 0 32 0 0 (definitely owns the credential based on the expected password \(i.e. the client authentication) A
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(succeeded.\) The server will respond with a successful message \(200-VFY-S\) \(7\). Contrary to the usual) S
1.04629624 1.04629624 scale
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5.95138884 0 32 0 0 (one-way authentication \(e.g. HTTP Basic authentication or ) A
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([RFC1939]\), this message also contains a server-side authentication verification value. ) S
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1.8483665 0 32 0 0 (When the client's verification value is incorrect \(e.g.\240because the user-supplied password was) A
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(incorrect\), the server will respond with the 401-INIT message \(the same one as used in \(2\)\) instead. ) S
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2.40625 0 32 0 0 (The client MUST first check the validity of the server-side authentication verification value) A
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0.162841797 0 32 0 0 (contained in the message \(7\). If the value was equal to the expected one, the server authentication) A
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(succeeded. ) S
22 -307.1 M
0.90625 0 32 0 0 (If it is not the value expected, or if the message does not contain the authentication verification) A
22 -307.1 M
0.96025 0.96025 scale
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(value, it means that the mutual authentication has been broken for some unexpected reason. The client) S
1.04139543 1.04139543 scale
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(MUST\240NOT process any body or header values contained in this case. \(Note: This case should not) S
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(happen between a correctly-implemented server and a client without any interventions. Possible cause) S
1.03994858 1.03994858 scale
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(of such cases might be either a man-in-the-middle attack or a mis-implementation.\) ) S
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(2.3.) S
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( Alternative ) S
(Flows) S
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1.75330532 0 32 0 0 (To reduce the protocol overhead, the protocol enables several short-cut flows which require fewer ) A
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(messages.) S
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1.51855469 0 32 0 0 (\(case A\) If the client knows that the resource is likely to require the authentication, the client) A
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4.54199219 0 32 0 0 (MAY omit the first unauthenticated request \(1\) and immediately send a key exchange) A
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(\(req-KEX-C1 message\). This will reduce one round-trip of messages. ) S
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0.099724263 0 32 0 0 (\(case B\) If both the client and the server previously shared a session secret associated with a valid) A
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1.46664667 0 32 0 0 (session identifier \(sid\), the client MAY directly send a req-VFY-C message using the existing) A
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1.87076819 0 32 0 0 (session identifier and corresponding session secret. This will further reduce one round-trip of) A
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(messages. ) S
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0.028645834 0 32 0 0 (In such cases, the server MAY have thrown out the corresponding sessions from the session table.) A
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0.558854163 0 32 0 0 (In this case, the server will respond with a 401-STALE message, indicating a new key exchange) A
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(is required. The client SHOULD retry constructing a req-KEX-C1 message in this case. ) S
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6.4268465 0 32 0 0 ( depicts the shortcut flows described above. Under the appropriate settings and) A
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0.0473632812 0 32 0 0 (implementations, most of the requests to resources are expected to meet both the criteria, and thus only) A
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( \(A\) omit first request) S
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( \(2 round trips\)) S
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( Client Server) S
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( | |) S
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( | --- req-KEX-C1 ----> |) S
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( | |) S
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( | <---- 401-KEX-S1 --- |) S
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( | |) S
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( | ---- req-VFY-C ----> |) S
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( | |) S
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( | <----- 200-VFY-S --- |) S
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( | |) S
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( \(B\) reusing session secret \(re-authentication\)) S
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( \(B-1\) key available \(B-2\) key expired) S
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( \(1 round trip\) \(3 round trips\)) S
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( Client Server Client Server) S
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( | | | |) S
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( | ---- req-VFY-C ----> | | --- req-VFY-C -------> |) S
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( | | | |) S
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( | <----- 200-VFY-S --- | | <------- 401-STALE --- |) S
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( | | | |) S
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( | --- req-KEX-C1 ------> |) S
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( | |) S
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( | <------ 401-KEX-S1 --- |) S
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( | |) S
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( | --- req-VFY-C -------> |) S
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( | |) S
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( | <------- 200-VFY-S --- |) S
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( | |) S
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(\240Figure\2402: Several alternative flows on ) S
(protocol\240) S
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(For more details, see Sections ) S
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( and ) S
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(. ) S
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(3.) S
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( Message ) S
(Syntax) S
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11 0 Nf
0.806490362 0 32 0 0 (Throughout this specification, The syntax is denoted in the extended augmented BNF syntax defined) A
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5.54730892 0 32 0 0 (in ) A
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5.54730892 0 32 0 0 ( and ) A
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5.54730892 0 32 0 0 (. The following elements are quoted from ) A
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4.91210938 0 32 0 0 (, ) A
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4.91210938 0 32 0 0 ( and ) A
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4.91210938 0 32 0 0 (: DIGIT, ALPHA, SP,) A
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(auth-scheme, quoted-string, auth-param, header-field, token, challenge, and ) S
(credential.) S
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0.708451688 0 32 0 0 (The Mutual authentication protocol uses three headers: WWW-Authenticate \(in responses with status) A
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1.15722656 0 32 0 0 (code 401\), Authorization \(in requests\), and Authentication-Info \(in responses other than 401 status\).) A
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3.01210928 0 32 0 0 (These headers follow a common framework described in ) A
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3.01210928 0 32 0 0 (. The detailed) A
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(meanings for these headers are contained in ) S
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(. ) S
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1.70039058 0 32 0 0 (The framework in ) A
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1.70039058 0 32 0 0 ( defines the syntax for the headers WWW-Authenticate) A
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5.98007822 0 32 0 0 (and Authorization as the syntax elements "challenge" and "credentials", respectively. The) A
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0.879261374 0 32 0 0 ("auth-scheme" contained in those headers MUST be "Mutual" throughout this protocol specification.) A
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1.36077011 0 32 0 0 (The syntax for "challenge" and "credentials" to be used with the "Mutual" auth-scheme SHALL be) A
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(. ) S
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1.66741073 0 32 0 0 (The Authentication-Info: header used in this protocol SHALL contain the value in same syntax as) A
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5.98366499 0 32 0 0 (In HTTP, the WWW-Authenticate header may contain more than one challenges. Client) A
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(3.1.) S
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( ) S
(Values) S
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0.739483178 0 32 0 0 (HTTP semantics \(especially un-quoting of the string parameter values\). In this protocol, those values) A
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0.370768219 0 32 0 0 (are further categorized into the following value types: tokens \(bare-token and extensive-token\), string,) A
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(integer, hex-fixed-number, and ) S
(base64-fixed-number.) S
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1.01278412 0 32 0 0 (For clarity, implementations are RECOMMENDED to use the canonical representations specified in) A
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0.898763 0 32 0 0 (the following subsections for sending values. Recipients SHOULD accept both quoted and unquoted) A
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(representations interchangeably as specified in ) S
(HTTP.) S
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(3.1.1.) S
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( ) S
(Tokens) S
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3.21623874 0 32 0 0 (For sustaining both security and extensibility at the same time, this protocol defines a stricter) A
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1.90324521 0 32 0 0 (sub-syntax for the "token" to be used. The extensive-token values SHOULD follow the following) A
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(syntax \(after HTTP value parsing\): ) S
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( = 1*\() S
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(DIGIT) S
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( / ) S
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(ALPHA) S
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( / "-" / "_"\)) S
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9.0 4 Nf
( ) S
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(extension-token) S
9.0 4 Nf
( = "-" ) S
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(bare-token) S
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( 1*\("." ) S
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(\)) S
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9.0 4 Nf
( ) S
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(extensive-token) S
9.0 4 Nf
( = ) S
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(bare-token) S
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( / ) S
9.0 5 Nf
(extension-token) S
163 -383.5 M
7.63889 2 Nf
(\240Figure\2403: BNF syntax for token ) S
(values\240) S
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1.79459631 0 32 0 0 (The tokens \(bare-token and extension-token\) are case insensitive; Senders SHOULD send these in) A
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2.85787249 0 32 0 0 (lower-case, and receivers MUST accept both upper- and lower-cases. When tokens are used as) A
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(\(partial\) inputs to any hash or other mathematical functions, it MUST always be used in lower-case. ) S
0 -472.2 M
4.59314919 0 32 0 0 (Extensive-tokens are used in this protocol where the set of acceptable tokens may include) A
0 -485.4 M
6.2718749 0 32 0 0 (non-standard extensions. Any non-standard extensions of this protocol SHOULD use the) A
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1.95800781 0 32 0 0 (extension-tokens with format "-<bare-token>.<domain-name>", where <domain-name> is a validly) A
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(registered \(sub-\)domain name on the Internet owned by the party who defines the extensions. ) S
0 -536 M
0.296596 0 32 0 0 (Bare-tokens and extensive-tokens are also used for parameter names \(of course in the unquoted form\).) A
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(Requirements for using the extension-token for the parameter names are the same as the ) S
(above.) S
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(The canonical format for bare-tokens and tokens are unquoted ) S
(tokens.) S
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(3.1.2.) S
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( ) S
(Strings) S
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0.557552099 0 32 0 0 (All character strings MUST be encoded to octet strings using the ) A
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0.557552099 0 32 0 0 ( [RFC3629] for the ) A
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1.0923295 0 32 0 0 (ISO 10646-1 character ) A
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4.9899087 0 32 0 0 (characters \(ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE, U+FEFF or EF BB BF\). Both peers are) A
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0.0348307304 0 32 0 0 (RECOMMENDED to reject any invalid UTF-8 sequences that might cause decoding ambiguities \(e.g.,) A
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(containing <"> in the second or later bytes of the UTF-8 encoded characters\). ) S
0 -37.4 M
11 0 Nf
1.0703125 0 32 0 0 (If strings are representing a domain name or URI that contains non-ASCII characters, the host parts) A
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0.763327181 0 32 0 0 (SHOULD be encoded as it is used in the HTTP protocol layer \(e.g.\240in a Host: header\); under current) A
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(standards it will be the one defined in ) S
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(. It SHOULD use lower-case ASCII characters. ) S
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2.24895835 0 32 0 0 (The canonical format for strings are quoted-string \(as it may contain equal signs, plus signs and ) A
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(slashes\).) S
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( ) S
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(The following syntax definitions gives a syntax for number-type ) S
(values:) S
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( = "0" / \(%x31-39 *) S
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(DIGIT) S
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(\) ) S
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(; no leading zeros) S
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( ) S
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(hex-fixed-number) S
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( = 1*\(2\() S
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( / %x41-46 / %x61-66\)\)) S
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( ) S
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(base64-fixed-number) S
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( = 1*\( ) S
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(ALPHA) S
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( / ) S
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(DIGIT) S
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( / "+" / "/" \) 0*2"=") S
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7.63889 2 Nf
(\240Figure\2404: BNF syntax for number ) S
(types\240) S
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1.88560271 0 32 0 0 (The syntax definition of the integers only allows representations that do not contain extra leading) A
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(zeros. ) S
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1.58864188 0 32 0 0 (The numbers represented as a hex-fixed-number MUST include an even number of characters \(i.e.) A
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0.469029 0 32 0 0 (multiples of eight bits\). Those values are case-insensitive, and SHOULD be sent in lower-case. When) A
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0.591947138 0 32 0 0 (these values are generated from any cryptographic values, they SHOULD have their "natural length":) A
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1.36547852 0 32 0 0 (if these are generated from a hash function, these lengths SHOULD correspond to the hash size; if) A
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0.540625 0 32 0 0 (these are representing elements of a mathematical set \(or group\), its lengths SHOULD be the shortest) A
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0.241727948 0 32 0 0 (for representing all the elements in the set. For example, any results of SHA-256 hash function will be) A
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1.38560271 0 32 0 0 (represented by 64 characters, and any elements in 2048-bit prime field \(modulo a 2048-bit integer\)) A
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1.62706804 0 32 0 0 (will be represented by 512 characters, regardless of how much 0's will be appear in front of such) A
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1.20849609 0 32 0 0 (representations. Session-identifiers and other non-cryptographically generated values are represented) A
0 -423.6 M
0.024522569 0 32 0 0 (in any \(even\) length determined by the side who generates it first, and the same length SHALL be used) A
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(throughout the all communications by both peers. ) S
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0.0600961521 0 32 0 0 (The numbers represented as base64-fixed-number SHALL be generated as follows: first, the number is) A
0 -474.2 M
3.04352689 0 32 0 0 (converted to a big-endian radix-256 binary representation as an octet string. The length of the) A
0 -487.4 M
0.965625 0 32 0 0 (representation is determined in the same way as mentioned above. Then, the string is encoded using ) A
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3.39595175 0 32 0 0 ( [RFC4648] without any spaces and newlines. Implementations decoding) A
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3.34548616 0 32 0 0 (base64-fixed-number SHOULD reject any input data with invalid characters, excess/insufficient) A
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(paddings, or non-canonical pad bits \(See Sections 3.1 to 3.5 of ) S
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(\). ) S
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5.2320962 0 32 0 0 (The canonical format for integer and hex-fixed-number are unquoted tokens, and that for) A
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(base64-fixed-number is ) S
(quoted-string.) S
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(4.) S
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( ) S
(Messages) S
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0.961914062 0 32 0 0 (In this section we define the seven kinds of messages used in the authentication protocol along with) A
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(the formats and requirements of the headers for each message. ) S
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(To determine which message are expected to be sent, see Sections ) S
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(parameter SHALL appear in each headers exactly once at most. ) S
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0.14993991 0 32 0 0 (sections. Recipients who do not understand such parameters MUST silently ignore those. However, all) A
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(credentials and challenges MUST meet the following ) S
(criteria:) S
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0.453683048 0 32 0 0 (For responses, the parameters "reason", any "ks*" \(where * stands for any decimal integers\), and) A
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0.408854157 0 32 0 0 ("vks" are mutually exclusive: any challenge MUST\240NOT contain two or more parameters among) A
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(them. They MUST\240NOT contain any "kc*" and "vkc" parameters. ) S
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2.17829251 0 32 0 0 (For requests, the parameters "kc*" \(where * stands for any decimal integers\), and "vkc" are) A
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0.417317718 0 32 0 0 (mutually exclusive and any challenge MUST\240NOT contain two or more parameters among them.) A
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(They MUST\240NOT contain any "ks*" and "vks" parameters. ) S
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0.470572919 0 32 0 0 (Every message in this section contains a "version" field, to detect future incompatible revisions of the) A
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0.949519217 0 32 0 0 (protocol. Implementations of the protocol described in this specification MUST always send a token) A
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2.16556501 0 32 0 0 ("-wg-draft01", and recipients MUST reject messages which contain any other value as a version,) A
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0.207589284 0 32 0 0 (unless another specification defines a behavior for that version. [[Editorial Note: This token is updated) A
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0.115337171 0 32 0 0 (on every draft revisions which will affect the wire protocol. It will \(shall\) be updated to "1" in the final) A
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(published RFC.]] ) S
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(4.1.) S
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( 401-INIT and ) S
(401-STALE) S
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3.64950275 0 32 0 0 (Every 401-INIT or 401-STALE message SHALL be a valid HTTP 401-status \(Authentication) A
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9.42226601 0 32 0 0 (Required\) message containing one \(and only one: hereafter not explicitly noticed\)) A
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3.81523442 0 32 0 0 ("WWW-Authenticate" header containing a "reason" parameter in the challenge. The challenge) A
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1.52974761 0 32 0 0 (SHALL contain all of the parameters marked "mandatory" below, and MAY contain those marked) A
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("non-mandatory". ) S
11 -463.2 M
(version: ) S
33 -476.4 M
(\(mandatory extensive-token\) should be the token "-wg-draft01". ) S
11 -489.6 M
(algorithm: ) S
33 -502.8 M
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5.11406231 0 32 0 0 (MUST be one of the tokens specified in ) A
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5.11406231 0 32 0 0 ( or other) A
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(supplemental specification documentation. ) S
11 -542.4 M
(validation: ) S
33 -555.6 M
1.34339488 0 32 0 0 (\(mandatory extensive-token\) specifies the method of host validation. The value MUST be) A
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2.42818499 0 32 0 0 (one of the tokens described in ) A
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33 -582 M
(specification documentation. ) S
11 -595.2 M
(auth-domain: ) S
33 -608.4 M
1.41015625 0 32 0 0 (\(non-mandatory string\) specifies the authentication domain, the set of hosts for which the) A
33 -621.6 M
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(the value is omitted, it is assumed to be the "single-server" type domain in ) S
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1.43652344 0 32 0 0 (\(mandatory string\) is a UTF-8 encoded string representing the name of the authentication) A
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0.594140649 0 32 0 0 (realm inside the authentication domain. As specified in ) A
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(MUST always be sent in the quoted-string form. ) S
11 -66 M
(pwd-hash: ) S
33 -79.2 M
1.1789062 0 32 0 0 (\(non-mandatory extensive-token\) specifies the hash algorithm \(hereafter referred to by ph\)) A
33 -92.4 M
(used for additionally hashing the password. The valid tokens are ) S
44 -103 M
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(none: ph\(p\) = p ) S
44 -117.2 M
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55 -120.8 M
(md5: ph\(p\) = MD5\(p\) ) S
44 -131.4 M
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55 -135 M
0.602050781 0 32 0 0 (digest-md5: ph\(p\) = MD5\(username | ":" | realm | ":" | p\), the same value as MD5\(A1\)) A
55 -148.2 M
(for "MD5" algorithm in ) S
gsave
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([RFC2617]) S
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(. ) S
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55 -162.4 M
(sha1: ph\(p\) = ) S
(SHA1\(p\)) S
33 -175.6 M
(If omitted, the value "none" is assumed. The use of "none" is desirable. ) S
11 -188.8 M
(reason: ) S
33 -202 M
2.01649308 0 32 0 0 (\(mandatory extensive-token\) SHALL be an extensive-token which describes the possible) A
33 -215.2 M
5.58029509 0 32 0 0 (reason of the failed authentication/authorization. Both servers and clients SHALL) A
33 -228.4 M
(understand and support the following three tokens: ) S
44 -239 M
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55 -242.6 M
1.28320312 0 32 0 0 (initial: authentication was not tried because there was no Authorization header in the) A
55 -255.8 M
(corresponding request. ) S
44 -266.4 M
gsave
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55 -270 M
0.923270106 0 32 0 0 (stale-session: the provided sid; in the request was either unknown to or expired in the) A
55 -283.2 M
(server. ) S
44 -293.8 M
gsave
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55 -297.4 M
3.45348 0 32 0 0 (auth-failed: authentication trial was failed by some reasons, possibly with a bad) A
55 -310.6 M
(authentication ) S
(credentials.) S
33 -323.8 M
0.13125 0 32 0 0 (Implementations MAY support the following tokens or any extensive-tokens defined outside) A
33 -337 M
0.362680286 0 32 0 0 (this specification. If clients has received any unknown tokens, these SHOULD treat these as) A
33 -350.2 M
(if it were "auth-failed" or "initial". ) S
44 -360.8 M
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55 -364.4 M
0.630642354 0 32 0 0 (reauth-needed: server-side application requires a new authentication trial, regardless of) A
55 -377.6 M
(the current status. ) S
44 -388.2 M
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55 -391.8 M
1.23671877 0 32 0 0 (invalid-parameters: authentication was not even tried in the server-side because some) A
55 -405 M
(parameters are not acceptable. ) S
44 -415.6 M
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55 -419.2 M
0.115559898 0 32 0 0 (internal-error: authentication was not even tried in the server-side because there is some) A
55 -432.4 M
(troubles on the server-side. ) S
44 -443 M
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55 -446.6 M
0.7890625 0 32 0 0 (user-unknown: a special case of auth-failed, suggesting that the provided user-name is) A
55 -459.8 M
0.284765631 0 32 0 0 (invalid. The use of this parameter is NOT\240RECOMMENDED for security implications,) A
55 -473 M
(except for special-purpose applications which makes this value sense. ) S
44 -483.6 M
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55 -487.2 M
4.96614599 0 32 0 0 (invalid-credential: ditto, suggesting that the provided user-name was valid but) A
55 -500.4 M
0.759943187 0 32 0 0 (authentication was failed. The use of this parameter is NOT\240RECOMMENDED as the) A
55 -513.6 M
(same as the above. ) S
44 -524.2 M
gsave
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55 -527.8 M
1.12428975 0 32 0 0 (authz-failed: authentication was successful, but access to the specified resource is not) A
55 -541 M
0.801432312 0 32 0 0 (authorized to the specific authenticated user. \(It is different from 403 responses which) A
55 -554.2 M
(suggest that the reason of inaccessibility is other that ) S
(authentication.\)) S
0 -578.4 M
0.172135413 0 32 0 0 (The algorithm specified in this header will determine the types \(among those defined in ) A
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0.172135413 0 32 0 0 (\) and) A
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(the values for ) S
(K) S
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(c1) S
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(, ) S
(K) S
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(s1) S
0.0 2.2 RM
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(, ) S
(VK) S
1.2 0.0 RM
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8.36798 0 Nf
(c) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
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( and ) S
(VK) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(s) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
(. ) S
0.0 -2.2 RM
0 -618 M
2.94050479 0 32 0 0 (Among these messages, those with the reason parameter of value "stale-session" will be called) A
0 -631.2 M
3.44108081 0 32 0 0 ("401-STALE" messages hereafter, because these have a special meaning in the protocol flow.) A
0 -644.4 M
(Messages with any other reason parameters will be called "401-INIT" messages. ) S
0 -644.4 M
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(4.2.) S
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( ) S
(req-KEX-C1) S
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0.384440094 0 32 0 0 (Every req-KEX-C1 message SHALL be a valid HTTP request message containing an "Authorization") A
0 -53 M
(header with a credential containing a "kc1" parameter. ) S
0 -77.2 M
(The credential SHALL contain the parameters with the following names: ) S
11 -101.4 M
(version: ) S
33 -114.6 M
(\(mandatory, extensive-token\) should be the token "-wg-draft01". ) S
11 -127.8 M
(algorithm, validation, auth-domain, realm: ) S
33 -141 M
(MUST be the same value as it is when received from the server. ) S
11 -154.2 M
(user: ) S
33 -167.4 M
0.581542969 0 32 0 0 (\(mandatory, string\) is the UTF-8 encoded name of the user. If this name comes from a user) A
33 -180.6 M
10.3613281 0 32 0 0 (input, client software SHOULD prepare the string using ) A
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10.3613281 0 32 0 0 (HTTPAUTHprep) A
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1.74956596 0 32 0 0 ([I-D.oiwa-precis-httpauthprep] before encoding it to UTF-8. [[Editorial: merger with new) A
33 -207 M
0.555524528 0 32 0 0 (SASLprep is being considered and discussed in precis WG. Replace the reference once it is) A
33 -220.2 M
(done.]] ) S
11 -233.4 M
(kc1: ) S
33 -246.6 M
11 0 Nf
2.62011719 0 32 0 0 (\(mandatory, algorithm-determined\) is the client-side key exchange value ) A
2.62011719 0 32 0 0 (K) A
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2.62011719 0 32 0 0 (c1) A
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2.62011719 0 32 0 0 (, which is) A
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(specified by the algorithm that is used. ) S
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(4.3.) S
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( ) S
(401-KEX-S1) S
0 -312.8 M
11 0 Nf
0.484019876 0 32 0 0 (Every 401-KEX-S1 message SHALL be a valid HTTP 401-status \(Authentication Required\) response) A
0 -326 M
(message containing a "WWW-Authenticate" header with a challenge containing a "ks1" parameter. ) S
0 -350.2 M
(The challenge SHALL contain the parameters with the following names: ) S
11 -374.4 M
(version: ) S
33 -387.6 M
(\(mandatory, extensive-token\) should be the token "-wg-draft01". ) S
11 -400.8 M
(algorithm, validation, auth-domain, realm: ) S
33 -414 M
(MUST be the same value as it is when received from the client. ) S
11 -427.2 M
(sid: ) S
33 -440.4 M
1.51171875 0 32 0 0 (\(mandatory, hex-fixed-number\) MUST be a session identifier, which is a random integer.) A
33 -453.6 M
0.197753906 0 32 0 0 (The sid SHOULD have uniqueness of at least 80 bits or the square of the maximal estimated) A
33 -466.8 M
1.4016335 0 32 0 0 (transactions concurrently available in the session table, whichever is larger. See ) A
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33 -480 M
(for more details. ) S
11 -493.2 M
(ks1: ) S
33 -506.4 M
11 0 Nf
2.42285156 0 32 0 0 (\(mandatory, algorithm-determined\) is the server-side key exchange value ) A
2.42285156 0 32 0 0 (K) A
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
2.42285156 0 32 0 0 (s1) A
0.0 2.2 RM
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11 0 Nf
2.42285156 0 32 0 0 (, which is) A
0.0 -2.2 RM
33 -521.8 M
(specified by the algorithm. ) S
11 -535 M
(nc-max: ) S
33 -548.2 M
(\(mandatory, integer\) is the maximal value of nonce counts that the server accepts. ) S
11 -561.4 M
(nc-window: ) S
33 -574.6 M
1.72716343 0 32 0 0 (\(mandatory, integer\) the number of available nonce slots that the server will accept. The) A
33 -587.8 M
(value of the nc-window parameter is RECOMMENDED to be 32 or more. ) S
11 -601 M
(time: ) S
33 -614.2 M
0.670072138 0 32 0 0 (\(mandatory, integer\) represents the suggested time \(in seconds\) that the client can reuse the) A
33 -627.4 M
1.03662109 0 32 0 0 (session represented by the sid. It is RECOMMENDED to be at least 60. The value of this) A
33 -640.6 M
1.69947922 0 32 0 0 (parameter is not directly linked to the duration that the server keeps track of the session) A
33 -653.8 M
(represented by the sid. ) S
33 -653.8 M
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11 -13.2 M
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(path: ) S
33 -26.4 M
1.61425781 0 32 0 0 (\(non-mandatory, string\) specifies which path in the URI space the same authentication is) A
33 -39.6 M
0.565716922 0 32 0 0 (expected to be applied. The value is a space-separated list of URIs, in the same format as it) A
33 -52.8 M
1.10481775 0 32 0 0 (was specified in domain parameter ) A
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1.10481775 0 32 0 0 ( for the Digest authentications. The all path) A
33 -66 M
2.22493482 0 32 0 0 (elements contained in the parameter MUST be inside the specified auth-domain; if not,) A
33 -79.2 M
4.53359365 0 32 0 0 (clients SHOULD ignore such elements. For better performance, recognition of this) A
33 -92.4 M
(parameter by clients are significantly important. ) S
0 -103.4 M
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(4.4.) S
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( ) S
(req-VFY-C) S
0 -143.2 M
11 0 Nf
0.893229187 0 32 0 0 (Every req-VFY-C message SHALL be a valid HTTP request message containing an "Authorization") A
0 -156.4 M
(header with a credential containing a "vkc" parameter. ) S
0 -180.6 M
(The parameters contained in the header are as follows: ) S
11 -204.8 M
(version: ) S
33 -218 M
(\(mandatory, extensive-token\) should be the token "-wg-draft01". ) S
11 -231.2 M
(algorithm, validation, auth-domain, realm: ) S
33 -244.4 M
(MUST be the same value as it is when received from the server for the session. ) S
11 -257.6 M
(sid: ) S
33 -270.8 M
0.903846145 0 32 0 0 (\(mandatory, hex-fixed-number\) MUST be one of the sid values that was received from the) A
33 -284 M
(server for the same authentication realm. ) S
11 -297.2 M
(nc: ) S
33 -310.4 M
0.10963542 0 32 0 0 (\(mandatory, integer\) is a nonce value that is unique among the requests sharing the same sid.) A
33 -323.6 M
(The values of the nonces SHOULD satisfy the properties outlined in ) S
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(. ) S
11 -336.8 M
(vkc: ) S
33 -350 M
11 0 Nf
0.822021484 0 32 0 0 (\(mandatory, algorithm-determined\) is the client-side authentication verification value ) A
0.822021484 0 32 0 0 (VK) A
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
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0.822021484 0 32 0 0 (c) A
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1.5 0.0 RM
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0.822021484 0 32 0 0 (,) A
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33 -365.4 M
(which is specified by the algorithm. ) S
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(4.5.) S
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( ) S
(200-VFY-S) S
0 -416.2 M
11 0 Nf
0.923958361 0 32 0 0 (Every 200-VFY-S message SHALL be a valid HTTP message that is not of the 401 \(Authentication) A
0 -429.4 M
(Required\) status, containing an "Authentication-Info" header with a "vks" parameter. ) S
0 -453.6 M
(The parameters contained in the header are as follows: ) S
11 -477.8 M
(version: ) S
33 -491 M
(\(mandatory, extensive-token\) should be the token "-wg-draft01". ) S
11 -504.2 M
(sid: ) S
33 -517.4 M
(\(mandatory, hex-fixed-number\) MUST be the value received from the client. ) S
11 -530.6 M
(vks: ) S
33 -543.8 M
11 0 Nf
0.575439453 0 32 0 0 (\(mandatory, algorithm-determined\) is the server-side authentication verification value ) A
0.575439453 0 32 0 0 (VK) A
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
0.575439453 0 32 0 0 (s) A
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1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
0.575439453 0 32 0 0 (,) A
0.0 -2.2 RM
33 -559.2 M
(which is specified by the algorithm. ) S
0 -583.4 M
2.99080873 0 32 0 0 (The header MUST be sent before the content body: it MUST\240NOT be sent in the trailer of a) A
0 -596.6 M
6.90039062 0 32 0 0 (chunked-encoded response. If a "100 Continue" response is sent from the server, the) A
0 -609.8 M
(Authentication-Info header SHOULD be included in that response, instead of the final response. ) S
0 -620.8 M
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0 -621.8 M
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(5.) S
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( Authentication ) S
(Realms) S
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0.740349293 0 32 0 0 (In this protocol, an "authentication realm" is defined as a set of resources \(URIs\) for which the same) A
0 -55.4 M
0.259033203 0 32 0 0 (set of user names and passwords is valid for. If the server requests authentication for an authentication) A
0 -68.6 M
4.71304083 0 32 0 0 (realm that the client is already authenticated for, the client will automatically perform the) A
0 -81.8 M
0.960582376 0 32 0 0 (authentication using the already-known secrets. However, for the different authentication realms, the) A
0 -95 M
(clients MUST\240NOT automatically reuse the user names and passwords for another realm. ) S
0 -119.2 M
0.645833313 0 32 0 0 (Just like in Basic and Digest access authentication protocols, Mutual authentication protocol supports) A
0 -132.4 M
0.860491097 0 32 0 0 (multiple, separate protection spaces to be set up inside each host. Furthermore, the protocol supports) A
0 -145.6 M
(that a single authentication realm spans over several hosts within the same Internet domain. ) S
0 -169.8 M
0.777043283 0 32 0 0 (Each authentication realm is defined and distinguished by the triple of an "authentication algorithm",) A
0 -183 M
8.33554649 0 32 0 0 (an "authentication domain", and a "realm" parameter. However, server operators are) A
0 -196.2 M
1.16685271 0 32 0 0 (NOT\240RECOMMENDED to use the same pair of an authentication domain and a realm for different) A
0 -209.4 M
(authentication algorithms. ) S
0 -233.6 M
0.967708349 0 32 0 0 (The realm parameter is a string as defined in ) A
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0.967708349 0 32 0 0 (. Authentication domains are described in the) A
0 -246.8 M
(remainder of this section. ) S
0 -271 M
0.457291663 0 32 0 0 (An authentication domain specifies the range of hosts that the authentication realm spans over. In this) A
0 -284.2 M
(protocol, it MUST be one of the following strings. ) S
11 -304.8 M
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22 -308.4 M
0.881944418 0 32 0 0 (Single-server type: The string in format "<scheme>://<host>:<port>", where <scheme>, <host>,) A
22 -321.6 M
0.283447266 0 32 0 0 (and <port> are the corresponding URI parts of the request URI. Even if the request-URI does not) A
22 -334.8 M
1.56578946 0 32 0 0 (have a port part, the string will include one \(i.e. 80 for http and 443 for https\). The port part) A
22 -348 M
3.11523438 0 32 0 0 (MUST\240NOT contain leading zeros. Use this when authentication is only valid for specific) A
22 -361.2 M
(protocol \(such as https\). ) S
11 -371.8 M
gsave
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22 -375.4 M
0.763950884 0 32 0 0 (Single-host type: The "host" part of the requested URI. This is the default value. Authentication) A
22 -388.6 M
1.22963166 0 32 0 0 (realms within this kind of authentication domain will span over several protocols \(i.e. http and) A
22 -401.8 M
(https\) and ports, but not over different hosts. ) S
11 -412.4 M
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1.58810759 0 32 0 0 (Wildcard-domain type: The string in format "*.<domain-postfix>", where <domain-postfix> is) A
22 -429.2 M
0.887408078 0 32 0 0 (either the host part of the requested URI or any domain in which the requested host is included) A
22 -442.4 M
0.577473938 0 32 0 0 (\(this means that the specification "*.example.com" is valid for all of hosts "www.example.com",) A
22 -455.6 M
2.15429688 0 32 0 0 ("web.example.com", "www.sales.example.com" and "example.com"\). The domain-postfix sent) A
22 -468.8 M
0.636948526 0 32 0 0 (from the servers MUST be equal to or included in a valid Internet domain assigned to a specific) A
22 -482 M
0.879743278 0 32 0 0 (organization: if clients know, by some means such as a blacklist for ) A
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0.879743278 0 32 0 0 (HTTP ) A
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363.9 -483.1 M
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0.879743278 0 32 0 0 (cookies) A
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0.879743278 0 32 0 0 ( [RFC6265],) A
22 -495.2 M
2.0979166 0 32 0 0 (that the specified domain is not to be assigned to any specific organization \(e.g. "*.com" or) A
22 -508.4 M
("*.jp"\), the clients are RECOMMENDED to reject the authentication request. ) S
0 -532.6 M
1.05524552 0 32 0 0 (In the above specifications, every "scheme", "host", and "domain" MUST be in lower-case, and any) A
0 -545.8 M
1.49278843 0 32 0 0 (internationalized domain names beyond the ASCII character set SHALL be represented in the way) A
0 -559 M
0.225360572 0 32 0 0 (they are sent in the underlying HTTP protocol, represented in lower-case characters; i.e.\240these SHALL) A
0 -572.2 M
0.202473953 0 32 0 0 (be in the form of the LDH labels in ) A
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0.202473953 0 32 0 0 ( [RFC5890]. All "port"s MUST be in the shortest, unsigned,) A
0 -585.4 M
1.51399744 0 32 0 0 (decimal number notation. Not obeying these requirements will cause failure of valid authentication) A
0 -598.6 M
(attempts. ) S
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(5.1.) S
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( Resolving ) S
(Ambiguities) S
0 -39.8 M
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0.315885425 0 32 0 0 (In the above definitions of authentication domains, several domains will overlap each other. If a client) A
0 -53 M
0.794921875 0 32 0 0 (has already been authenticated to several realms applicable to the same server, the client may have a) A
0 -66.2 M
1.7109375 0 32 0 0 (multiple list of the "path" parameters received with the "401-KEX-S1" message \(see ) A
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1.7109375 0 32 0 0 (\). If) A
0 -79.4 M
0.366268396 0 32 0 0 (these path lists have any overlap, a single URI may belong to multiple possible candidate of realms to) A
0 -92.6 M
0.505615234 0 32 0 0 (be authenticated to. In such cases, clients faces an ambiguity on deciding which credentials to be sent) A
0 -105.8 M
(for a new request \(in steps 3 and 4 of the decision procedure presented in ) S
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(\). ) S
0 -130 M
0.53010112 0 32 0 0 (In such cases, clients MAY send requests which belongs to any of these candidate realms freely, or it) A
0 -143.2 M
3.63309145 0 32 0 0 (MAY simply send an unauthenticated request and see for which realm the server request an) A
0 -156.4 M
4.89209 0 32 0 0 (authentication. Server operators are RECOMMENDED to provide properly-configured "path") A
0 -169.6 M
0.3375 0 32 0 0 (parameters \(more precisely, disjoint path sets for each realms\) for clients so that such ambiguities will) A
0 -182.8 M
(not occur. ) S
0 -207 M
(The following procedure are one of the possible tactics for resolving ambiguity in such ) S
(cases.) S
11 -227.6 M
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0.296185672 0 32 0 0 (If the client has previously sent a request to the same URI, and if it remembers the authentication) A
22 -244.4 M
(realm requested by 401-INIT messages at that time, use that realm. ) S
11 -255 M
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2.12535501 0 32 0 0 (In other cases, use one of authentication realms representing the most-specific authentication) A
22 -271.8 M
2.33503604 0 32 0 0 (domains. From the list of possible domain specifications shown above, each one earlier has) A
22 -285 M
(priority over ones described after that. ) S
22 -298.2 M
2.12860584 0 32 0 0 (If there are several choices with different domain-postfix specifications, the one that has the) A
22 -311.4 M
(longest domain-postfix has priority over ones with a shorter domain-postfix. ) S
11 -322 M
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1.19192708 0 32 0 0 (If there are realms with the same authentication domain, there is no defined priority: the client) A
22 -338.8 M
(MAY choose any one of the possible choices. ) S
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(6.) S
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( Session ) S
(Management) S
0 -393 M
11 0 Nf
2.62304688 0 32 0 0 (In the Mutual authentication protocol, a session represented by an sid is set up using first four) A
0 -406.2 M
4.08842325 0 32 0 0 (messages \(first request, 401-INIT, req-KEX-C1 and 401-KEX-S1\), and a "session secret" \(z\)) A
0 -419.4 M
1.02656245 0 32 0 0 (associated with the session is established. After sharing a session secret, this session, along with the) A
0 -432.6 M
1.21571183 0 32 0 0 (secret, can be used for one or more requests for resources protected by the same realm in the same) A
0 -445.8 M
0.293887854 0 32 0 0 (server. Note that session management is only an inside detail of the protocol and usually not visible to) A
0 -459 M
1.11778843 0 32 0 0 (normal users. If a session expires, the client and server SHOULD automatically re-establish another) A
0 -472.2 M
(session without informing the users. ) S
0 -496.4 M
0.423023909 0 32 0 0 (Sessions and session identifiers are local to each server \(defined by scheme, host and port\), even if an) A
0 -509.6 M
0.827473938 0 32 0 0 (authentication domain covers multiple servers; the clients MUST establish separate sessions for each) A
0 -522.8 M
0.125 0 32 0 0 (port of a host to be accessed. Furthermore, sessions and identifiers are also local to each authentication) A
0 -536 M
1.01041663 0 32 0 0 (realm, even if these are provided from the same server. The same session identifiers provided either) A
0 -549.2 M
(from different servers or for different realms MUST be treated as independent ones. ) S
0 -573.4 M
1.07083333 0 32 0 0 (The server SHOULD accept at least one req-VFY-C request for each session, given that the request) A
0 -586.6 M
0.621875 0 32 0 0 (reaches the server in a time window specified by the timeout parameter in the 401-KEX-S1 message,) A
0 -599.8 M
0.423483461 0 32 0 0 (and that there are no emergent reasons \(such as flooding attacks\) to forget the sessions. After that, the) A
0 -613 M
0.0294270832 0 32 0 0 (server MAY discard any session at any time and MAY send 401-STALE messages for any req-VFY-C) A
0 -626.2 M
(requests. ) S
0 -637.2 M
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0.78010112 0 32 0 0 (The client MAY send two or more requests using a single session specified by the sid. However, for) A
0 -26.4 M
3.39088535 0 32 0 0 (all such requests, each value of the nonce \(in the nc parameter\) MUST satisfy the following) A
0 -39.6 M
(conditions: ) S
11 -60.2 M
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(It is a natural number. ) S
11 -74.4 M
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(The same nonce was not sent within the same session. ) S
11 -88.6 M
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22 -92.2 M
0.619574666 0 32 0 0 (It is not larger than the nc-max value that was sent from the server in the session represented by) A
22 -105.4 M
(the sid. ) S
11 -116 M
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0.374267578 0 32 0 0 (It is larger than \(largest-nc - nc-window\), where largest-nc is the maximal value of nc which was) A
22 -132.8 M
0.00807291642 0 32 0 0 (previously sent in the session, and nc-window is the value of the nc-window parameter which was) A
22 -146 M
(received from the server in the ) S
(session.) S
0 -170.2 M
1.14375 0 32 0 0 (The last condition allows servers to reject any nonce values that are "significantly" smaller than the) A
0 -183.4 M
0.0197610296 0 32 0 0 ("current" value \(defined by the value of nc-window\) of the nonce used in the session involved. In other) A
0 -196.6 M
2.6373198 0 32 0 0 (words, servers MAY treat such nonces as "already received". This restriction enables servers to) A
0 -209.8 M
(implement duplicated nonce detection in a constant amount of memory \(for each session\). ) S
0 -234 M
1.3338542 0 32 0 0 (Servers MUST check for duplication of the received nonces, and if any duplication is detected, the) A
0 -247.2 M
0.596819222 0 32 0 0 (server MUST discard the session and respond with a 401-STALE message, as outlined in ) A
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0.596819222 0 32 0 0 (.) A
0 -260.4 M
1.84228516 0 32 0 0 (The server MAY also reject other invalid nonce values \(such as ones above the nc-max limit\) by) A
0 -273.6 M
(sending a 401-STALE message. ) S
0 -297.8 M
1.22886026 0 32 0 0 (For example, assume the nc-window value of the current session is 32, nc-max is 100, and that the) A
0 -311 M
1.6854167 0 32 0 0 (client has already used the following nonce values: {1-20, 22, 24, 30-38, 45-60, 63-72}. Then the) A
0 -324.2 M
0.115885414 0 32 0 0 (nonce values that can be used for next request is one of the following set: {41-44, 61-62, 73-100}. The) A
0 -337.4 M
0.100694448 0 32 0 0 (values {0, 21, 23, 25-29, 39-40} MAY be rejected by the server because they are not above the current) A
0 -350.6 M
("window limit" \(40 = 72 - 32\). ) S
0 -374.8 M
0.903320312 0 32 0 0 (Typically, clients can ensure the above property by using a monotonically-increasing integer counter) A
0 -388 M
(that counts from zero upto the value of nc-max. ) S
0 -412.2 M
1.04947913 0 32 0 0 (The values of the nonces and any nonce-related values MUST always be treated as natural numbers) A
0 -425.4 M
6.76996517 0 32 0 0 (within an infinite range. Implementations which uses fixed-width integer representations,) A
0 -438.6 M
1.75898433 0 32 0 0 (fixed-precision floating numbers or similar representations SHOULD\240NOT reject any larger values) A
0 -451.8 M
0.111653648 0 32 0 0 (which overflow such representative limits, and MUST\240NOT silently truncate it using any modulus-like) A
0 -465 M
2.34514499 0 32 0 0 (rounding operation \(e.g. by mod 2^32\). Instead, the whole protocol is carefully designed so that) A
0 -478.2 M
0.602539062 0 32 0 0 (recipients MAY replace any such overflowed values \(e.g. 2^80\) with some reasonably-large maximal) A
0 -491.4 M
(representative integer \(e.g. 2^31 - 1 or others\). ) S
0 -502.4 M
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(7.) S
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( Host Validation ) S
(Methods) S
0 -545.6 M
11 0 Nf
0.173677891 0 32 0 0 (The "validation method" specifies a method to "relate" \(or "bind"\) the mutual authentication processed) A
0 -558.8 M
0.839006722 0 32 0 0 (by this protocol with other authentications already performed in the underlying layers and to prevent) A
0 -572 M
(man-in-the-middle attacks. It decides the value vh that is an input to the authentication protocols. ) S
0 -596.2 M
2.03125 0 32 0 0 (When HTTPS or other possible secure transport is used, this corresponds to the idea of "channel) A
0 -609.4 M
0.309495181 0 32 0 0 (binding" described in ) A
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0.309495181 0 32 0 0 ([RFC5929]) A
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0.309495181 0 32 0 0 (. Even when HTTP is used, similar, but somewhat limited, "binding") A
0 -622.6 M
0.0114746094 0 32 0 0 (is performed to prevent a malicious server from trying to authenticate themselves to another server as a) A
0 -635.8 M
(valid user by forwarding the received credentials. ) S
0 -635.8 M
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(The valid tokens for the validation parameter and corresponding values of vh are as follows: ) S
11 -37.4 M
(host: ) S
33 -50.6 M
2.89753604 0 32 0 0 (host-name validation: The value vh will be the ASCII string in the following format:) A
33 -63.8 M
0.1796875 0 32 0 0 ("<scheme>://<host>:<port>", where <scheme>, <host>, and <port> are the URI components) A
33 -77 M
1.13378906 0 32 0 0 (corresponding to the currently accessing resource. The scheme and host are in lower-case,) A
33 -90.2 M
0.447509766 0 32 0 0 (and the port is in a shortest decimal representation. Even if the request-URI does not have a) A
33 -103.4 M
(port part, v will include the default port number. ) S
11 -116.6 M
(tls-server-end-point: ) S
33 -129.8 M
0.436458319 0 32 0 0 (TLS endpoint \(certificate\) validation: The value vh will be the octet string of the hash value) A
33 -143 M
2.66436291 0 32 0 0 (of the server's public key certificate used in the underlying ) A
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2.66436291 0 32 0 0 (TLS) A
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2.66436291 0 32 0 0 ( [RFC5246] \(or SSL\)) A
33 -156.2 M
(connection, processed as specified in Section 4.1 of ) S
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([RFC5929]) S
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(. ) S
33 -169.4 M
1.51139319 0 32 0 0 ([[Pending editorial issue: a small security issue is pending around here, awaiting analysis) A
33 -182.6 M
(and WG discussions for final adoption.]] ) S
11 -195.8 M
(tls-unique: ) S
33 -209 M
1.06700718 0 32 0 0 (TLS shared-key validation: The value v will be the channel binding material derived from) A
33 -222.2 M
(the Finished messages, as defined in Section 3.1 of ) S
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(.) S
0 -246.4 M
0.083984375 0 32 0 0 (If the HTTP protocol is used on a non-encrypted channel \(TCP and SCTP, for example\), the validation) A
0 -259.6 M
0.153738841 0 32 0 0 (type MUST be "host". If ) A
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0.153738841 0 32 0 0 (HTTP/TLS) A
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0.153738841 0 32 0 0 ( [RFC2818] \(HTTPS\) protocol is used with the server certificates,) A
0 -272.8 M
0.0234375 0 32 0 0 (the validation type MUST be "tls-server-end-point". If HTTP/TLS protocol is used with an anonymous) A
0 -286 M
(Diffie-Hellman key exchange, the validation type MUST be "tls-unique" \(see the note below\). ) S
0 -310.2 M
0.869673312 0 32 0 0 (Implementations supporting a Mutual authentication over the HTTPS protocol SHOULD support the) A
0 -323.4 M
3.13671875 0 32 0 0 ("tls-server-end-point" validation. Support for "tls-unique" validation is OPTIONAL for both the) A
0 -336.6 M
(servers and clients. ) S
0 -360.8 M
0.498197109 0 32 0 0 (If the validation type "tls-server-end-point" is used, the server certificate provided on TLS connection) A
0 -374 M
1.28955078 0 32 0 0 (MUST be verified at least to make sure that the server actually owns the corresponding secret key.) A
0 -387.2 M
3.13461542 0 32 0 0 (\(Note: this verification is automatic in some RSA-based key exchanges but NOT automatic in) A
0 -400.4 M
(Diffie-Hellman-based key exchanges with separate exchange for server verifications.\) ) S
0 -424.6 M
(Clients MUST validate this parameter upon reception of the 401-INIT messages. ) S
0 -448.8 M
2.37409854 0 32 0 0 (Note: The protocol defines two variants for validation on the TLS connections. The "tls-unique") A
0 -462 M
3.32389331 0 32 0 0 (method is more secure. However, there are some situations where tls-server-end-point is more ) A
0 -475.2 M
(preferable.) S
11 -495.8 M
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0.297135413 0 32 0 0 (When TLS accelerating proxies are used, it is difficult for the authenticating server to acquire the) A
22 -512.6 M
2.09099269 0 32 0 0 (TLS key information that is used between the client and the proxy. This is not the case for) A
22 -525.8 M
(client-side "tunneling" proxies using a CONNECT method extension of HTTP. ) S
11 -536.4 M
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(When a black-box implementation of the TLS protocol is used on either peer. ) S
0 -551 M
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(7.1.) S
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( Applicability ) S
(notes) S
0 -590.8 M
11 0 Nf
1.23072922 0 32 0 0 (When the client is a Web browser with any scripting capabilities, the underlying TLS channel used) A
0 -604 M
4.67542601 0 32 0 0 (with HTTP/TLS MUST provide server identity verification. This means \(1\) the anonymous) A
0 -617.2 M
0.742788434 0 32 0 0 (Diffie-Hellman key exchange cipher-suite MUST\240NOT be used, and \(2\) the verification of the server) A
0 -630.4 M
(certificate provided from the server MUST be performed. ) S
0 -630.4 M
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1.07728791 0 32 0 0 (For other systems, when the underlying TLS channel used with HTTP/TLS does not perform server) A
0 -26.4 M
0.773995519 0 32 0 0 (identity verification, the client SHOULD ensure that all the responses are validated using the Mutual) A
0 -39.6 M
(authentication protocol, regardless of the existence of the 401-INIT responses. ) S
0 -50.6 M
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(7.2.) S
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( Interoperability notes on ) S
(tls-unique) S
0 -90.4 M
11 0 Nf
1.74879813 0 32 0 0 (As described in the interoperability note in the above channel binding specification, the tls-unique) A
0 -103.6 M
0.316731781 0 32 0 0 (verification value will be changed by possible TLS renegotiation, causing an interoperability problem.) A
0 -116.8 M
1.28645837 0 32 0 0 (TLS re-negotiations are used in several HTTPS server implementations for enforcing some security) A
0 -130 M
(properties \(such as cryptographic strength\) for some specific responses. ) S
0 -154.2 M
1.52769887 0 32 0 0 (If an implementation supports "tls-unique" verification method, the following caution SHOULD be) A
0 -167.4 M
(taken: ) S
11 -188 M
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2.46943927 0 32 0 0 (Both peers must be aware that the values vh used for vkc \(in req-VFY-C\) and for vks \(in) A
22 -204.8 M
1.20898438 0 32 0 0 (200-VFY-S\) may be different. These values MUST be retrieved from underlying TLS libraries) A
22 -218 M
(each time it is used. ) S
11 -228.6 M
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0.597355783 0 32 0 0 (After calculating value vh and vkc to send a req-VFY-C request, Clients SHOULD\240NOT initiate) A
22 -245.4 M
0.622395813 0 32 0 0 (TLS renegotiation until the end of the corresponding response header is received. Exceptionally,) A
22 -258.6 M
0.709263384 0 32 0 0 (Clients can and SHOULD perform TLS re-negotiation as a response to server's request for TLS) A
22 -271.8 M
(renegotiation, occurring before the top of response ) S
(header.) S
0 -282.8 M
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(8.) S
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( Authentication ) S
(Extensions) S
0 -326 M
11 0 Nf
2.150213 0 32 0 0 (Interactive clients \(e.g. Web browsers\) supporting this protocol are RECOMMENDED to support) A
0 -339.2 M
14.6367188 0 32 0 0 (non-mandatory authentication and the Authentication-Control header defined in ) A
0 -352.4 M
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3.75097656 0 32 0 0 ([I-D.ietf-httpauth-extension]) A
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3.75097656 0 32 0 0 (, except the "auth-style" parameter. This specification also proposes) A
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0.24254261 0 32 0 0 (\(however, not mandates\) default "auth-style" to be "non-modal". Web applications SHOULD however) A
0 -378.8 M
(consider the security impacts of the behaviors of clients that do not support these headers. ) S
0 -403 M
3.15087891 0 32 0 0 (Authentication-initializing messages with the Optional-WWW-Authenticate header are used only) A
0 -416.2 M
0.05078125 0 32 0 0 (where 401-INIT response is valid. It will not replace other 401-type messages such as 401-STALE and) A
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(401-KEX-S1. ) S
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15 2 Nf
(9.) S
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( Decision Procedure for ) S
(Clients) S
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0.688058 0 32 0 0 (To securely implement the protocol, the user client must be careful about accepting the authenticated) A
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1.74916291 0 32 0 0 (responses from the server. This also holds true for the reception of "normal responses" \(responses) A
0 -510 M
(which do not contain Mutual-related headers\) from HTTP servers. ) S
0 -534.2 M
3.08919263 0 32 0 0 (Clients SHOULD implement a decision procedure equivalent to the one shown below. \(Unless) A
0 -547.4 M
1.42940843 0 32 0 0 (implementers understand what is required for the security, they should not alter this.\) In particular,) A
0 -560.6 M
0.892578125 0 32 0 0 (clients SHOULD\240NOT accept "normal responses" unless explicitly allowed below. The labels on the) A
0 -573.8 M
0.119977675 0 32 0 0 (steps are for informational purposes only. Action entries within each step are checked in top-to-bottom) A
0 -587 M
(order, and the first clause satisfied SHOULD be taken. ) S
11 -611.2 M
(Step 1 \(step_new_request\): ) S
33 -624.4 M
1.3976562 0 32 0 0 (If the client software needs to access a new Web resource, check whether the resource is) A
33 -637.6 M
3.08894229 0 32 0 0 (expected to be inside some authentication realm for which the user has already been) A
33 -650.8 M
1.35993302 0 32 0 0 (authenticated by the Mutual authentication scheme. If yes, go to Step 2. Otherwise, go to) A
33 -664 M
(Step 5. ) S
33 -664 M
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(Step 2: ) S
33 -26.4 M
0.988020837 0 32 0 0 (Check whether there is an available sid for the authentication realm you expect. If there is) A
33 -39.6 M
(one, go to Step 3. Otherwise, go to Step 4. ) S
11 -52.8 M
(Step 3 \(step_send_vfy_1\): ) S
33 -66 M
(Send a req-VFY-C request. ) S
44 -76.6 M
gsave
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0.395833343 0 32 0 0 (If you receive a 401-INIT message with a different authentication realm than expected,) A
55 -93.4 M
(go to Step 6. ) S
44 -104 M
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(If you receive a 401-STALE message, go to Step 9. ) S
44 -118.2 M
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(If you receive a 401-INIT message, go to Step 13. ) S
44 -132.4 M
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55 -136 M
(If you receive a 200-VFY-S message, go to Step 14. ) S
44 -146.6 M
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(If you receive a normal response, go to Step ) S
(11.) S
11 -163.4 M
(Step 4 \(step_send_kex1_1\): ) S
33 -176.6 M
(Send a req-KEX-C1 request. ) S
44 -187.2 M
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0.395833343 0 32 0 0 (If you receive a 401-INIT message with a different authentication realm than expected,) A
55 -204 M
(go to Step 6. ) S
44 -214.6 M
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(If you receive a 401-KEX-S1 message, go to Step 10. ) S
44 -228.8 M
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0.990792394 0 32 0 0 (If you receive a 401-INIT message with the same authentication realm, go to Step 13) A
55 -245.6 M
(\(see Note 1\). ) S
44 -256.2 M
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(If you receive a normal response, go to Step ) S
(11.) S
11 -273 M
(Step 5 \(step_send_normal_1\): ) S
33 -286.2 M
(Send a request without any Mutual authentication headers. ) S
44 -296.8 M
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(If you receive a 401-INIT message, go to Step 6. ) S
44 -311 M
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(If you receive a normal response, go to Step ) S
(11.) S
11 -327.8 M
(Step 6 \(step_rcvd_init\): ) S
33 -341 M
0.41015625 0 32 0 0 (Check whether you know the user's password for the requested authentication realm. If yes,) A
33 -354.2 M
(go to Step 7. Otherwise, go to Step 12. ) S
11 -367.4 M
(Step 7: ) S
33 -380.6 M
0.988020837 0 32 0 0 (Check whether there is an available sid for the authentication realm you expect. If there is) A
33 -393.8 M
(one, go to Step 8. Otherwise, go to Step 9. ) S
11 -407 M
(Step 8 \(step_send_vfy\): ) S
33 -420.2 M
(Send a req-VFY-C request. ) S
44 -430.8 M
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(If you receive a 401-STALE message, go to Step 9. ) S
44 -445 M
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(If you receive a 401-INIT message, go to Step 13. ) S
44 -459.2 M
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(If you receive a 200-VFY-S message, go to Step ) S
(14.) S
11 -476 M
(Step 9 \(step_send_kex1\): ) S
33 -489.2 M
(Send a req-KEX-C1 request. ) S
44 -499.8 M
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(If you receive a 401-KEX-S1 message, go to Step 10. ) S
44 -514 M
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(If you receive a 401-INIT message, go to Step 13 \(See Note ) S
(1\).) S
11 -530.8 M
(Step 10 \(step_rcvd_kex1\): ) S
33 -544 M
(Send a req-VFY-C request. ) S
44 -554.6 M
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(If you receive a 401-INIT message, go to Step 13. ) S
44 -568.8 M
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(If you receive a 200-VFY-S message, go to Step ) S
(14.) S
11 -585.6 M
(Step 11 \(step_rcvd_normal\): ) S
33 -598.8 M
4.3088727 0 32 0 0 (The requested resource is out of the authenticated area. The client will be in the) A
33 -612 M
0.308203131 0 32 0 0 ("UNAUTHENTICATED" status. If the response contains a request for authentications other) A
33 -625.2 M
(than Mutual, it MAY be handled normally. ) S
11 -638.4 M
(Step 12 \(step_rcvd_init_unknown\): ) S
33 -651.6 M
5.07682276 0 32 0 0 (The requested resource requires a Mutual authentication, and the user is not yet) A
33 -664.8 M
7.17734385 0 32 0 0 (authenticated. The client will be in the "AUTH-REQUESTED" status, and is) A
33 -664.8 M
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11 0 Nf
1.31145835 0 32 0 0 (RECOMMENDED to process the content sent from the server, and to ask user for a user) A
33 -26.4 M
11 0 Nf
(name and a password. When those are supplied from the user, proceed to Step 9. ) S
11 -39.6 M
(Step 13 \(step_rcvd_init_failed\): ) S
33 -52.8 M
0.689903855 0 32 0 0 (For some reason the authentication failed: possibly the password or the username is invalid) A
33 -66 M
1.28004813 0 32 0 0 (for the authenticated resource. Forget the password for the authentication realm and go to) A
33 -79.2 M
(Step 12. ) S
11 -92.4 M
(Step 14 \(step_rcvd_vfy\): ) S
33 -105.6 M
0.126802891 0 32 0 0 (The received message is the 200-VFY-S message, which SHALL always contain a vks field.) A
33 -118.8 M
11 0 Nf
0.790096521 0 32 0 0 (Check the validity of the received ) A
0.790096521 0 32 0 0 (VK) A
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9.39595127 0 32 0 0 (that the mutual authentication has succeeded. The client will be in the) A
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("AUTH-SUCCEEDED" status. ) S
33 -160.6 M
(If the value is unexpected, it is a fatal communication error. ) S
33 -173.8 M
0.143798828 0 32 0 0 (If a user explicitly requests to log out \(via user interfaces\), the client MUST forget the user's) A
33 -187 M
(password, go to step 5 and reload the current resource without an authentication header. ) S
11 -200.2 M
(Note 1: ) S
33 -213.4 M
1.1484375 0 32 0 0 (These transitions MAY be accepted by clients, but NOT\240RECOMMENDED for servers to ) A
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(initiate.) S
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1.1690104 0 32 0 0 (Any kind of response \(including a normal response\) other than those shown in the above procedure) A
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1.49469864 0 32 0 0 (SHOULD be interpreted as a fatal communication error, and in such cases the clients MUST\240NOT) A
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0.624442 0 32 0 0 (process any data \(response body and other content-related headers\) sent from the server. However, to) A
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0.473632812 0 32 0 0 (handle exceptional error cases, clients MAY accept a message without an Authentication-Info header,) A
0 -303.6 M
0.494715065 0 32 0 0 (if it is a Server-Error \(5xx\) status. In such cases, they SHOULD be careful about processing the body) A
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6.70507812 0 32 0 0 (of the content \(ignoring it is still RECOMMENDED\), and the client will be in the) A
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("UNAUTHENTICATED" status then. ) S
0 -354.2 M
0.317382812 0 32 0 0 (If a request is a sub-request for a resource included in another resources \(e.g., embedded images, style) A
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6.453125 0 32 0 0 (sheets, frames etc.\), clients MAY treat an AUTH-REQUESTED status as the same as) A
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3.16894531 0 32 0 0 (UNAUTHENTICATED status. In other words, the client MAY ignore server's request to start) A
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(authentication with new credentials via sub-requests. ) S
0 -418 M
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GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(send) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(send) SH
GR
0 15 RM
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(req-VFY-C) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(req-VFY-C) SH
GR
GR
0 SG
GS
NP
250 355 M
45 0 atan DU cos 8.000 MU 250 exch SU
exch sin 8.000 MU 400 exch SU L
TGSM
1 W
S
GR
GS
TGSM
NP
250 400 8.000 3.000 0 45 TGAT
1 SG CP F
0 SG
NP
250 400 8.000 3.000 0 45 TGAT
CP F
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
190 715 M
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(UNAUTHENTICATED) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(UNAUTHENTICATED) DU TGSW EX SH
GS CURP M 0 2 RM NE 0 RL S GR
GR
GR
0 SG
GS
NP
200 430 M
180 480 L
215 0 atan DU cos 8.000 MU 180 exch SU
exch sin 8.000 MU 695 exch SU L
TGSM
1 W
S
GR
GS
TGSM
NP
180 695 8.000 3.000 0 215 TGAT
1 SG CP F
0 SG
NP
180 695 8.000 3.000 0 215 TGAT
CP F
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
225 640 M
GS
GS
0
/Times-BoldItalic FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(normal resonse) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-BoldItalic FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(normal resonse) SH
GR
GR
0 SG
GS
NP
300 425 M
0 90 atan DU cos 8.000 MU 390 exch SU
exch sin 8.000 MU 425 exch SU L
TGSM
1 W
S
GR
GS
TGSM
NP
390 425 8.000 3.000 90 0 TGAT
1 SG CP F
0 SG
NP
390 425 8.000 3.000 90 0 TGAT
CP F
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
345 420 M
GS
0 SG
/Times-BoldItalic FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(401-INIT) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
450 430 M
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(AUTH_REQUESTED) TGSW
AD
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(:) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(AUTH_REQUESTED) DU TGSW EX SH
GS CURP M 0 2 RM NE 0 RL S GR
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(:) SH
GR
0 15 RM
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(forget password) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(forget password) SH
GR
GR
0 SG
GS
NP
180 325 M
180 460 L
250 480 L
20 0 atan DU cos 8.000 MU 250 exch SU
exch sin 8.000 MU 500 exch SU L
TGSM
1 W
S
GR
GS
TGSM
NP
250 500 8.000 3.000 0 20 TGAT
1 SG CP F
0 SG
NP
250 500 8.000 3.000 0 20 TGAT
CP F
GR
0 SG
GS
GS
NP
284 500 M
300 500 300 550 16 AR
300 534 L
300 550 200 550 16 AR
216 550 L
200 550 200 500 16 AR
200 516 L
200 500 300 500 16 AR
CP
S
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
250 520 M
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(send) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(send) SH
GR
0 15 RM
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(req-KEX-C1) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(req-KEX-C1) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
170 335 M
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(NO) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(NO) SH
GR
GR
0 SG
GS
NP
200 525 M
180 555 L
140 0 atan DU cos 8.000 MU 180 exch SU
exch sin 8.000 MU 695 exch SU L
TGSM
1 W
S
GR
GS
TGSM
NP
180 695 8.000 3.000 0 140 TGAT
1 SG CP F
0 SG
NP
180 695 8.000 3.000 0 140 TGAT
CP F
GR
0 SG
GS
NP
450 600 M
-150 0 atan DU cos 8.000 MU 450 exch SU
exch sin 8.000 MU 450 exch SU L
TGSM
1 W
S
GR
GS
TGSM
NP
450 450 8.000 3.000 0 -150 TGAT
1 SG CP F
0 SG
NP
450 450 8.000 3.000 0 -150 TGAT
CP F
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
455 580 M
GS
0 SG
/Times-BoldItalic FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(401-INIT) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
450 720 M
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(AUTH_SUCCEED) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(AUTH_SUCCEED) DU TGSW EX SH
GS CURP M 0 2 RM NE 0 RL S GR
GR
GR
0 SG
GS
NP
250 550 M
80 150 atan DU cos 8.000 MU 400 exch SU
exch sin 8.000 MU 630 exch SU L
TGSM
1 W
S
GR
GS
TGSM
NP
400 630 8.000 3.000 150 80 TGAT
1 SG CP F
0 SG
NP
400 630 8.000 3.000 150 80 TGAT
CP F
GR
0 SG
GS
NP
295 445 M
250 105 atan DU cos 8.000 MU 400 exch SU
exch sin 8.000 MU 695 exch SU L
TGSM
1 W
S
GR
GS
TGSM
NP
400 695 8.000 3.000 105 250 TGAT
1 SG CP F
0 SG
NP
400 695 8.000 3.000 105 250 TGAT
CP F
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
340 547 M
GS
0 SG
/Times-BoldItalic FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(200-VFY-S) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
280 580 M
GS
GS
0
/Times-BoldItalic FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(401-KEX-S1) TGSW
AD
GR
NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-BoldItalic FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(401-KEX-S1) SH
GR
GR
0 SG
GS
GS
NP
484 600 M
500 600 500 650 16 AR
500 634 L
500 650 400 650 16 AR
416 650 L
400 650 400 600 16 AR
400 616 L
400 600 500 600 16 AR
CP
S
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
450 620 M
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(send) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(send) SH
GR
0 15 RM
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(req-A3) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(req-A3) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
455 662 M
GS
0 SG
/Times-BoldItalic FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(200-VFY-S) SH
GR
GR
0 SG
GS
NP
450 650 M
45 0 atan DU cos 8.000 MU 450 exch SU
exch sin 8.000 MU 695 exch SU L
TGSM
1 W
S
GR
GS
TGSM
NP
450 695 8.000 3.000 0 45 TGAT
1 SG CP F
0 SG
NP
450 695 8.000 3.000 0 45 TGAT
CP F
GR
0 SG
NP
650 295 M
580 325 L
650 355 L
720 325 L
CP
GS
GR
GS
S
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
650 320 M
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(session) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(session) SH
GR
0 15 RM
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(available?) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(available?) SH
GR
GR
0 SG
GS
GS
NP
684 400 M
700 400 700 450 16 AR
700 434 L
700 450 600 450 16 AR
616 450 L
600 450 600 400 16 AR
600 416 L
600 400 700 400 16 AR
CP
S
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
650 420 M
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(send) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(send) SH
GR
0 15 RM
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(req-VFY-C) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(req-VFY-C) SH
GR
GR
0 SG
GS
NP
650 355 M
45 0 atan DU cos 8.000 MU 650 exch SU
exch sin 8.000 MU 400 exch SU L
TGSM
1 W
S
GR
GS
TGSM
NP
650 400 8.000 3.000 0 45 TGAT
1 SG CP F
0 SG
NP
650 400 8.000 3.000 0 45 TGAT
CP F
GR
0 SG
GS
GS
NP
684 500 M
700 500 700 550 16 AR
700 534 L
700 550 600 550 16 AR
616 550 L
600 550 600 500 16 AR
600 516 L
600 500 700 500 16 AR
CP
S
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
650 520 M
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(send) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(send) SH
GR
0 15 RM
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(req-KEX-C1) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(req-KEX-C1) SH
GR
GR
0 SG
GS
NP
650 255 M
40 0 atan DU cos 8.000 MU 650 exch SU
exch sin 8.000 MU 295 exch SU L
TGSM
1 W
S
GR
GS
TGSM
NP
650 295 8.000 3.000 0 40 TGAT
1 SG CP F
0 SG
NP
650 295 8.000 3.000 0 40 TGAT
CP F
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
520 420 M
GS
0 SG
/Times-BoldItalic FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(401-INIT) SH
GR
GR
0 SG
GS
NP
600 425 M
0 -90 atan DU cos 8.000 MU 510 exch SU
exch sin 8.000 MU 425 exch SU L
TGSM
1 W
S
GR
GS
TGSM
NP
510 425 8.000 3.000 -90 0 TGAT
1 SG CP F
0 SG
NP
510 425 8.000 3.000 -90 0 TGAT
CP F
GR
0 SG
GS
NP
720 325 M
720 465 L
650 480 L
20 0 atan DU cos 8.000 MU 650 exch SU
exch sin 8.000 MU 500 exch SU L
TGSM
1 W
S
GR
GS
TGSM
NP
650 500 8.000 3.000 0 20 TGAT
1 SG CP F
0 SG
NP
650 500 8.000 3.000 0 20 TGAT
CP F
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
620 580 M
GS
0 SG
/Times-BoldItalic FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(401-KEX-S1) SH
GR
GR
0 SG
GS
NP
650 550 M
75 -150 atan DU cos 8.000 MU 500 exch SU
exch sin 8.000 MU 625 exch SU L
TGSM
1 W
S
GR
GS
TGSM
NP
500 625 8.000 3.000 -150 75 TGAT
1 SG CP F
0 SG
NP
500 625 8.000 3.000 -150 75 TGAT
CP F
GR
0 SG
GS
NP
605 445 M
250 -105 atan DU cos 8.000 MU 500 exch SU
exch sin 8.000 MU 695 exch SU L
TGSM
1 W
S
GR
GS
TGSM
NP
500 695 8.000 3.000 -105 250 TGAT
1 SG CP F
0 SG
NP
500 695 8.000 3.000 -105 250 TGAT
CP F
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
560 547 M
GS
GS
0
/Times-BoldItalic FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(200-VFY-S) TGSW
AD
GR
NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-BoldItalic FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(200-VFY-S) SH
GR
GR
0 SG
GS
NP
300 440 M
65 305 atan DU cos 8.000 MU 605 exch SU
exch sin 8.000 MU 505 exch SU L
TGSM
1 W
S
GR
GS
TGSM
NP
605 505 8.000 3.000 305 65 TGAT
1 SG CP F
0 SG
NP
605 505 8.000 3.000 305 65 TGAT
CP F
GR
0 SG
GS
NP
625 450 M
50 0 atan DU cos 8.000 MU 625 exch SU
exch sin 8.000 MU 500 exch SU L
TGSM
1 W
S
GR
GS
TGSM
NP
625 500 8.000 3.000 0 50 TGAT
1 SG CP F
0 SG
NP
625 500 8.000 3.000 0 50 TGAT
CP F
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
350 475 M
GS
0 SG
/Times-BoldItalic FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(401-STALE) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
630 465 M
GS
0 SG
/Times-BoldItalic FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(401-STALE) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
730 320 M
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(NO) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(NO) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
665 265 M
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(YES) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(YES) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
235 165 M
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(YES) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(YES) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
265 365 M
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(YES) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(YES) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
635 365 M
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(YES) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(YES) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
775 45 M
GS
GS
0
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(USER/PASS INPUTED) TGSW
AD
GR
2 DI NE 0 RM
0 SG
/Times-Roman FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(USER/PASS INPUTED) DU TGSW EX SH
GS CURP M 0 2 RM NE 0 RL S GR
GR
GR
0 SG
GS
NP
780 50 M
780 470 L
35 -85 atan DU cos 8.000 MU 695 exch SU
exch sin 8.000 MU 505 exch SU L
TGSM
1 W
S
GR
GS
TGSM
NP
695 505 8.000 3.000 -85 35 TGAT
1 SG CP F
0 SG
NP
695 505 8.000 3.000 -85 35 TGAT
CP F
GR
0 SG
GS
NP
295 405 M
330 355 L
330 180 L
0 325 atan DU cos 8.000 MU 655 exch SU
exch sin 8.000 MU 180 exch SU L
TGSM
1 W
S
GR
GS
TGSM
NP
655 180 8.000 3.000 325 0 TGAT
1 SG CP F
0 SG
NP
655 180 8.000 3.000 325 0 TGAT
CP F
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
345 160 M
GS
0 SG
/Times-BoldItalic FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(401-INIT, 200-Optional-INIT) SH
GR
0 15 RM
GS
0 SG
/Times-BoldItalic FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
( with different realm ) SH
GR
GR
0 SG
GS
NP
295 505 M
330 460 L
330 355 L
TGSM
1 W
S
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
195 105 M
GS
0 SG
/Helvetica FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(\(1\)) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
200 325 M
GS
0 SG
/Helvetica FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(\(2\)) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
210 415 M
GS
0 SG
/Helvetica FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(\(3\)) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
210 515 M
GS
0 SG
/Helvetica FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(\(4\)) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
610 115 M
GS
0 SG
/Helvetica FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(\(5\)) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
605 330 M
GS
0 SG
/Helvetica FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(\(7\)) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
610 415 M
GS
0 SG
/Helvetica FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(\(8\)) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
610 515 M
GS
0 SG
/Helvetica FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(\(9\)) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
600 230 M
GS
0 SG
/Helvetica FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(\(6\)) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
390 75 M
GS
0 SG
/Helvetica FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(\(11\)) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
130 695 M
GS
0 SG
/Helvetica FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(\(11\)) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
415 240 M
GS
0 SG
/Helvetica FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(\(12\)) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
395 410 M
GS
0 SG
/Helvetica FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(\(13\)) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
410 615 M
GS
0 SG
/Helvetica FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(\(10\)) SH
GR
GR
NP
0 SG
GS
1 W
410 700 M
GS
0 SG
/Helvetica FF [12 0 0 -12 0 0] MS
(\(14\)) SH
GR
GR
GR
tgifsavedpage restore
end
showpage
restore
grestore
400.0 0.0 RM
169 -416.9 M
%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold
7.63889 2 Nf
(\240Figure\2405: State diagram for ) S
(clients\240) S
0 -430.8 M
gsave
0.6 setlinewidth
0 setgray
454.0 0 RL
stroke
grestore
0.0 -11.0 RM
0 -441.8 M
[/View [/XYZ -4 315.151398 null] /Dest /59 /DEST pdfmark
0 -441.8 M
[/View [/XYZ -4 315.151398 null] /Dest /60 /DEST pdfmark
0 -460.8 M
15 2 Nf
(10.) S
[/View [/XYZ -4 314.151398 null] /Dest /182 /DEST pdfmark
( Decision Procedure for ) S
(Servers) S
0 -485 M
%%IncludeResource: font Times-Roman
11 0 Nf
0.0256076381 0 32 0 0 (Each server SHOULD have a table of session states. This table need not be persistent over a long term;) A
0 -498.2 M
0.69255513 0 32 0 0 (it MAY be cleared upon server restart, reboot, or others. Each entry in the table SHOULD contain at) A
0 -511.4 M
(least the following information: ) S
11 -532 M
gsave
0 setgray
newpath
11.0 -532.018616 2.75 0 360 arc
closepath
fill
grestore
22 -535.6 M
(The session identifier, the value of the sid parameter. ) S
11 -546.2 M
gsave
0 setgray
newpath
11.0 -546.218628 2.75 0 360 arc
closepath
fill
grestore
22 -549.8 M
(The algorithm used. ) S
11 -560.4 M
gsave
0 setgray
newpath
11.0 -560.41864 2.75 0 360 arc
closepath
fill
grestore
22 -564 M
(The authentication realm. ) S
11 -574.6 M
gsave
0 setgray
newpath
11.0 -574.618652 2.75 0 360 arc
closepath
fill
grestore
22 -578.2 M
(The state of the protocol: one of "key exchanging", "authenticated", "rejected", or "inactive". ) S
11 -588.8 M
gsave
0 setgray
newpath
11.0 -588.818665 2.75 0 360 arc
closepath
fill
grestore
22 -592.4 M
(The user name received from the client ) S
11 -603 M
gsave
0 setgray
newpath
11.0 -603.018677 2.75 0 360 arc
closepath
fill
grestore
22 -606.6 M
(The boolean flag noting whether or not the session is fake. ) S
11 -617.2 M
gsave
0 setgray
newpath
11.0 -617.218689 2.75 0 360 arc
closepath
fill
grestore
22 -620.8 M
11 0 Nf
(When the state is "key exchanging", the values of ) S
(K) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(c1) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
( and ) S
(S) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(s1) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
(. ) S
0.0 -2.2 RM
11 -633.6 M
gsave
0 setgray
newpath
11.0 -633.618713 2.75 0 360 arc
closepath
fill
grestore
22 -637.2 M
(When the state is "authenticated", the following information: ) S
33 -647.8 M
gsave
0 setgray
newpath
33.0 -647.818726 2.75 0 360 arc
closepath
stroke
grestore
44 -651.4 M
(The value of the session secret z ) S
33 -662 M
gsave
0 setgray
newpath
33.0 -662.018738 2.75 0 360 arc
closepath
stroke
grestore
44 -665.6 M
(The largest nc received from the client \(largest-nc\) ) S
44 -666.6 M
gsave
0 setgray
217.7 -712 M
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
8 8 Nf
(- 21 -) S
0 setgray
88 -8 M
grestore
pgsave restore N
%%Page: 22 22
%%PageResources: font Times-Roman Helvetica
%%BeginPageSetup
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11 0 Nf
3.39531255 0 32 0 0 (For each possible nc values between \(largest-nc\240-\240nc-window\240+\2401\) and max_nc, a flag) A
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11 0 Nf
(whether or not a request with the corresponding nc has been received. ) S
0 -50.6 M
(The table MAY contain other information. ) S
0 -74.8 M
1.36328125 0 32 0 0 (Servers SHOULD respond to the client requests according to the following procedure: \(See Note 1) A
0 -88 M
(below for 401-INIT message with * marks\) ) S
11 -108.6 M
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(When the server receives a normal request: ) S
33 -122.8 M
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2.40655041 0 32 0 0 (If the requested resource is not protected by the Mutual Authentication, send a normal) A
44 -139.6 M
(response. ) S
33 -150.2 M
gsave
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(If the resource is protected by the Mutual Authentication, send a 401-INIT ) S
(response.) S
11 -164.4 M
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(When the server receives a req-KEX-C1 request: ) S
33 -178.6 M
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2.40655041 0 32 0 0 (If the requested resource is not protected by the Mutual Authentication, send a normal) A
44 -195.4 M
(response. ) S
33 -206 M
gsave
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0.0323660709 0 32 0 0 (If the authentication realm specified in the req-KEX-C1 request is not the expected one, send) A
44 -222.8 M
(a 401-INIT response. ) S
33 -233.4 M
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(If the server cannot validate the parameter kc1, send a 401-INIT \(*\) response. ) S
33 -247.6 M
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0.818638384 0 32 0 0 (If the received user name is either invalid, unknown or unacceptable, create a new session,) A
44 -264.4 M
11 0 Nf
1.6470052 0 32 0 0 (mark it a "fake" session, compute a random value as ) A
1.6470052 0 32 0 0 (K) A
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
1.6470052 0 32 0 0 (s1) A
0.0 2.2 RM
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1.6470052 0 32 0 0 (, and send a fake 401-KEX-S1) A
0.0 -2.2 RM
44 -279.8 M
(response. \(Note 2\) ) S
33 -290.4 M
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(Otherwise, create a new session, compute ) S
(K) S
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0.0 -2.2 RM
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(s1) S
0.0 2.2 RM
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( and send a 401-KEX-S1 ) S
(response.) S
0.0 -2.2 RM
22 -309.4 M
(The created session has the "key exchanging" state. ) S
11 -320 M
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(When the server receives a req-VFY-C request: ) S
33 -334.2 M
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2.40655041 0 32 0 0 (If the requested resource is not protected by the Mutual Authentication, send a normal) A
44 -351 M
(response. ) S
33 -361.6 M
gsave
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44 -365.2 M
0.468471 0 32 0 0 (If the authentication realm specified in the req-VFY-C request is not the expected one, send) A
44 -378.4 M
(a 401-INIT ) S
(response.) S
22 -391.6 M
0.752197266 0 32 0 0 (If none of above holds true, the server will lookup the session corresponding to the received sid) A
22 -404.8 M
(and the authentication realm. ) S
33 -415.4 M
gsave
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0.59260112 0 32 0 0 (If the session corresponding to the received sid could not be found, or it is in the "inactive") A
44 -432.2 M
(state, send a 401-STALE response. ) S
33 -442.8 M
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(If the session is in the "rejected" state, send either a 401-INIT \(*\) or a 401-STALE message. ) S
33 -457 M
gsave
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2.48291016 0 32 0 0 (If the session is in the "authenticated" state, and the request has an nc value that was) A
44 -473.8 M
0.671549499 0 32 0 0 (previously received from the client, send a 401-STALE message. The session SHOULD be) A
44 -487 M
(changed to the "inactive" status. ) S
33 -497.6 M
gsave
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0.138157889 0 32 0 0 (If the nc value in the request is larger than the nc-max parameter sent from the server, or if it) A
44 -514.4 M
0.262319714 0 32 0 0 (is not larger then \(largest-nc - nc-window\) \(when in "authenticated" status\), the server MAY) A
44 -527.6 M
0.4765625 0 32 0 0 (\(but not REQUIRED to\) send a 401-STALE message. The session SHOULD be changed to) A
44 -540.8 M
(the "inactive" status if so. ) S
33 -551.4 M
gsave
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0.155598953 0 32 0 0 (If the session is a "fake" session, or if the received vkc is incorrect, then send a 401-INIT \(*\)) A
44 -568.2 M
1.83203125 0 32 0 0 (response. If the session is in the "key exchanging" state, it SHOULD be changed to the) A
44 -581.4 M
0.769010425 0 32 0 0 ("rejected" state; otherwise, it MAY either be changed to the "rejected" status or kept in the) A
44 -594.6 M
(previous state. ) S
33 -605.2 M
gsave
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0.131138399 0 32 0 0 (Otherwise, send a 200-VFY-S response. If the session was in the "key exchanging" state, the) A
44 -622 M
0.698102653 0 32 0 0 (session SHOULD be changed to an "authenticated" state. The maximum nc and nc flags of) A
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(the state SHOULD be updated properly. ) S
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1.42135417 0 32 0 0 (At any time, the server MAY change any state entries with both the "rejected" and "authenticated") A
0 -26.4 M
1.48177087 0 32 0 0 (statuses to the "inactive" status, and MAY discard any "inactive" states from the table. The entries) A
0 -39.6 M
0.936035156 0 32 0 0 (with the "key exchanging" status SHOULD be kept unless there is an emergency situation such as a) A
0 -52.8 M
(server reboot or a table capacity overflow. ) S
0 -77 M
2.12555814 0 32 0 0 (Note 1: In relation with, and following the specification of the optional authentication defined in ) A
0 -90.2 M
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1.59978688 0 32 0 0 (, the 401-INIT messages marked with the asterisks can not be replaced) A
0 -103.4 M
0.905184686 0 32 0 0 (with a successful responses with an Optional-WWW-Authenticate header. Every other 401-INIT can) A
0 -116.6 M
(be a response with an Optional-WWW-Authenticate. ) S
0 -140.8 M
1.76586914 0 32 0 0 (Note 2: the server SHOULD\240NOT send a 401-INIT response in this case, because it will leak the) A
0 -154 M
2.4140625 0 32 0 0 (information to the client that the specified user will not be accepted. Instead, postpone it to the) A
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(response for the next req-VFY-C request. ) S
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(11.) S
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( Authentication ) S
(Algorithms) S
0 -221.4 M
11 0 Nf
0.647786438 0 32 0 0 (Cryptographic authentication algorithms which are used with this protocol will be defined separately.) A
0 -234.6 M
(The algorithm definition MUST at least provide a definitions for the following ) S
(functions:) S
11 -255.2 M
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(The server-side authentication credential J, derived from user-side authentication credential pi. ) S
11 -269.4 M
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11 0 Nf
(Key exchange values ) S
(K) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(c1) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
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(, ) S
(K) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(s1) S
0.0 2.2 RM
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( \(exchanged on wire\) and ) S
(S) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
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(c1) S
0.0 2.2 RM
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(, ) S
(S) S
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(s1) S
0.0 2.2 RM
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11 0 Nf
( \(kept secret in each peer\). ) S
0.0 -2.2 RM
11 -285.8 M
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(Shared secret z, to be computed in both server-side and client side. ) S
11 -300 M
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(A hash function H to be used with the ) S
(protocol.) S
0 -327.8 M
0.977539062 0 32 0 0 (All algorithm used with this protocol SHOULD provide secure mutual authentication between client) A
0 -341 M
1.234375 0 32 0 0 (and servers, and generate a cryptographically strong shared secret value z, equivalently strong to or) A
0 -354.2 M
1.65937495 0 32 0 0 (stronger than the hash function H. If any passwords \(or pass-phrases or any equivalents, i.e. weak) A
0 -367.4 M
1.37439907 0 32 0 0 (secrets\) are involved, these SHOULD\240NOT be guessable from any data transmitted in the protocol,) A
0 -380.6 M
7.18088961 0 32 0 0 (even if an attacker \(either an eavesdropper or an active server\) knows the possible) A
0 -393.8 M
2.95703125 0 32 0 0 (thoroughly-searchable candidate list of the passwords. Furthermore, if possible, the function for) A
0 -407 M
0.690805316 0 32 0 0 (deriving server-side authentication credential J is RECOMMENDED to be one-way so that pi should) A
0 -420.2 M
(not be easily computed from ) S
(J\(pi\).) S
0 -431.2 M
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13 2 Nf
(11.1.) S
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( Support Functions and ) S
(Notations) S
0 -471 M
11 0 Nf
1.49557292 0 32 0 0 (In this section we define several support functions and notations to be shared by several algorithm ) A
0 -484.2 M
(definitions:) S
0 -508.4 M
(The integers in the specification are in decimal, or in hexadecimal when prefixed with ) S
("0x".) S
0 -532.6 M
1.30009186 0 32 0 0 (The function octet\(c\) generates a single octet string whose code value is equal to c. The operator |,) A
0 -545.8 M
(when applied to octet strings, denotes the concatenation of two ) S
(operands.) S
0 -570 M
1.88616073 0 32 0 0 (The function VI encodes natural numbers into octet strings in the following manner: numbers are) A
0 -583.2 M
0.163783476 0 32 0 0 (represented in big-endian radix-128 string, where each digit is represented by a octet within 0x80\2350xff) A
0 -596.4 M
0.217285156 0 32 0 0 (except the last digit represented by a octet within 0x00\2350x7f. The first octet MUST\240NOT be 0x80. For) A
0 -609.6 M
0.31266275 0 32 0 0 (example, VI\(i\) = octet\(i\) for i < 128, and VI\(i\) = octet\(0x80 + \(i >> 7\)\) | octet\(i & 127\) for 128 <= i <) A
0 -622.8 M
1.04848349 0 32 0 0 (16384. This encoding is the same as the one used for the subcomponents of object identifiers in ) A
gsave
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1.04848349 0 32 0 0 (the) A
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0.721540153 0 32 0 0 (ASN.1 ) A
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0.721540153 0 32 0 0 (encoding) A
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0.721540153 0 32 0 0 ( [ITU.X690.1994], and available as a "w" conversion in the pack function of several) A
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(scripting languages. ) S
0 -649.2 M
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11 0 Nf
1.15820312 0 32 0 0 (The function VS encodes a variable-length octet string into a uniquely-decoded, self-delimited octet) A
0 -26.4 M
(string, as in the following manner: ) S
0 -50.6 M
(VS\(s\) = VI\(length\(s\)\) | s ) S
0 -74.8 M
(where length\(s\) is a number of octets \(not characters\) in s. ) S
0 -99 M
(Some ) S
(examples:) S
11 -123.2 M
(VI\(0\) = "\\000" \(in C string ) S
(notation\)) S
11 -147.4 M
(VI\(100\) = ) S
("d") S
11 -171.6 M
(VI\(10000\) = ) S
("\\316\\020") S
11 -195.8 M
(VI\(1000000\) = ) S
("\\275\\204@") S
11 -220 M
(VS\(""\) = ) S
("\\000") S
11 -244.2 M
(VS\("Tea"\) = ) S
("\\003Tea") S
11 -268.4 M
(VS\("Caf<e acute>" [in UTF-8]\) = ) S
("\\005Caf\\303\\251") S
11 -292.6 M
(VS\([10000 "a"s]\) = "\\316\\020aaaaa..." \(10002 ) S
(octets\)) S
0 -316.8 M
1.20735681 0 32 0 0 (\(Note: Unlike the colon-separated notion used in the Basic/Digest HTTP authentication scheme, the) A
0 -330 M
2.65066957 0 32 0 0 (string generated by a concatenation of the VS-encoded strings will be unique, regardless of the) A
0 -343.2 M
(characters included in the strings to be encoded.\) ) S
0 -367.4 M
1.48697913 0 32 0 0 (The function OCTETS converts an integer into the corresponding radix-256 big-endian octet string) A
0 -380.6 M
(having its natural length: See ) S
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( for the definition of "natural length". ) S
0 -404.8 M
0.568576396 0 32 0 0 (The function INT converts an octet string into a natural number, where the input string is treated as a) A
0 -418 M
0.00300480775 0 32 0 0 (radix-256 big-endian notation. The identity INT\(OCTETS\(n\)\) = n always holds for any natural number) A
0 -431.2 M
(n. ) S
0 -442.2 M
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(11.2.) S
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( Default Functions for ) S
(Algorithms) S
0 -482 M
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(The functions defined in this section are common default functions among authentication algorithms. ) S
0 -506.2 M
0.553185105 0 32 0 0 (The client-side password-based \(credential\) pi used by this authentication is a natural number derived) A
0 -519.4 M
(in the following manner: ) S
0 -543.6 M
(pi = INT\(H\(VS\(algorithm\) | VS\(auth-domain\) | VS\(realm\) | VS\(username\) | VS\(ph\(password\)\)\)\). ) S
0 -567.8 M
0.438281238 0 32 0 0 (The values of algorithm, realm, and auth-domain are taken from the values contained in the 401-INIT) A
0 -581 M
0.677490234 0 32 0 0 (message. The function ph is determined by the value of the pwd-hash parameter given in a 401-INIT) A
0 -594.2 M
5.29017878 0 32 0 0 (message. If the password comes from a user input, it SHOULD first be prepared using ) A
0 -607.4 M
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0.956321 0 32 0 0 ( [RFC4013]. Then, the password SHALL be encoded as a UTF-8 string) A
0 -620.6 M
(before passed to ph. ) S
0 -631.6 M
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(The values ) S
(VK) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(c) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
( and ) S
(VK) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(s) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
( are derived by the following equation. ) S
0.0 -2.2 RM
0 -39.6 M
11 0 Nf
(VK) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(c) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
( = INT\(H\(octet\(4\) | ) S
(OCTETS\(K) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(c1) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
(\) | ) S
(OCTETS\(K) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(s1) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
(\) | OCTETS\(z\) | VI\(nc\) | VS\(vh\)\)\) ) S
0.0 -2.2 RM
0 -55 M
11 0 Nf
(VK) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(s) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
( = INT\(H\(octet\(3\) | ) S
(OCTETS\(K) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(c1) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
(\) | ) S
(OCTETS\(K) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(s1) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
(\) | OCTETS\(z\) | VI\(nc\) | VS\(vh\)\)\) ) S
0.0 -2.2 RM
0 -81.4 M
0.495768219 0 32 0 0 (Specifications for cryptographic algorithms used with this framework MAY override the functions pi, ) A
0 -94.6 M
11 0 Nf
0.711718738 0 32 0 0 (VK) A
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
0.711718738 0 32 0 0 (c) A
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
0.711718738 0 32 0 0 (, and ) A
0.711718738 0 32 0 0 (VK) A
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
0.711718738 0 32 0 0 (s) A
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
0.711718738 0 32 0 0 ( defined above. In such cases implementations MUST use the ones defined with such) A
0.0 -2.2 RM
0 -110 M
(algorithm specifications. ) S
0 -121 M
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(12.) S
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( Application Channel ) S
(Binding) S
0 -164.2 M
11 0 Nf
3.67695308 0 32 0 0 (Applications and upper-layer communication protocols may need authentication binding to the) A
0 -177.4 M
0.434495181 0 32 0 0 (HTTP-layer authenticated user. Such applications MAY use the following values as a standard shared) A
0 -190.6 M
(secret. ) S
0 -214.8 M
1.21328127 0 32 0 0 (These values are parameterized with an optional octet string \(t\) which may be arbitrarily chosen by) A
0 -228 M
(each applications or protocols. If there is no appropriate value to be specified, use a null string for t. ) S
0 -252.2 M
1.23270094 0 32 0 0 (For applications requiring binding to either an authenticated user or a shared-key session \(to ensure) A
0 -265.4 M
11 0 Nf
(that the requesting client is certainly authenticated\), the following value ) S
(b) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(1) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
( MAY be used. ) S
0.0 -2.2 RM
0 -291.8 M
11 0 Nf
(b) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(1) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
( = H\(H\(octet\(6\) | ) S
(OCTETS\(K) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(c1) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
(\) | ) S
(OCTETS\(K) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(s1) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
(\) | OCTETS\(z\) | VI\(0\) | VS\(vh\)\) | VS\(t\)\). ) S
0.0 -2.2 RM
0 -318.2 M
0.0864257812 0 32 0 0 (For applications requiring binding to a specific request \(to ensure that the payload data is generated for) A
0 -331.4 M
11 0 Nf
(the exact HTTP request\), the following value ) S
(b) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(2) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
( MAY be used. ) S
0.0 -2.2 RM
0 -357.8 M
11 0 Nf
(b) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(2) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
( = H\(H\(octet\(7\) | ) S
(OCTETS\(K) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(c1) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
(\) | ) S
(OCTETS\(K) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(s1) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
(\) | OCTETS\(z\) | VI\(nc\) | VS\(vh\)\) | VS\(t\)\). ) S
0.0 -2.2 RM
0 -384.2 M
(Note: Channel bindings to lower-layer transports \(TCP and TLS\) are defined in ) S
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(. ) S
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15 2 Nf
(13.) S
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( Application for Proxy ) S
(Authentication) S
0 -438.4 M
11 0 Nf
1.30378604 0 32 0 0 (The authentication scheme defined by the previous sections can be applied \(with modifications\) for) A
0 -451.6 M
(proxy authentications. In such cases, the following alterations MUST be ) S
(applied:) S
11 -472.2 M
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22 -475.8 M
(The 407 status is to be sent and recognized for places where the 401 status is used, ) S
11 -486.4 M
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22 -490 M
(Proxy-Authenticate: header is to be used for places where WWW-Authenticate: is used, ) S
11 -500.6 M
gsave
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22 -504.2 M
(Proxy-Authorization: header is to be used for places where Authorization: is used, ) S
11 -514.8 M
gsave
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22 -518.4 M
(Proxy-Authentication-Info: header is to be used for places where Authentication-Info: is used, ) S
11 -529 M
gsave
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22 -532.6 M
1.76041663 0 32 0 0 (The auth-domain parameter is fixed to the host-name of the proxy, which means to cover all) A
22 -545.8 M
(requests processed through the specific proxy, ) S
11 -556.4 M
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22 -560 M
3.32301688 0 32 0 0 (The limitation for the paths contained in the path parameter of 401-KEX-S1 messages is) A
22 -573.2 M
(disregarded, ) S
11 -583.8 M
gsave
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22 -587.4 M
2.30175781 0 32 0 0 (The omission of the path parameter of 401-KEX-S1 messages means that the authentication) A
22 -600.6 M
(realm will potentially cover all requests processed by the proxy, ) S
11 -611.2 M
gsave
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22 -614.8 M
(The scheme, host name and the port of the proxy is used for host validation tokens, and ) S
11 -625.4 M
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22 -629 M
(Authentication extensions in ) S
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([I-D.ietf-httpauth-extension]) S
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( are not ) S
(applicable.) S
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(14.) S
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( Methods to Extend This ) S
(Protocol) S
0 -42.2 M
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11 0 Nf
1.2294271 0 32 0 0 (If a private extension to this protocol is implemented, it MUST use the extension-tokens defined in ) A
0 -55.4 M
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7.59126425 0 32 0 0 ( to avoid conflicts with this protocol and other extensions. \(standardized or) A
0 -68.6 M
(being-standardizing extensions MAY use either bare-tokens or extension-tokens.\) ) S
0 -92.8 M
1.421875 0 32 0 0 (Specifications defining authentication algorithms MAY use other representations for the parameters) A
0 -106 M
0.350446433 0 32 0 0 ("kc1", "ks1", "vkc", and "vks", replace those parameter names, and/or add parameters to the messages) A
0 -119.2 M
2.85507822 0 32 0 0 (containing those parameters in supplemental specifications, provided that syntactic and semantic) A
0 -132.4 M
0.987723231 0 32 0 0 (requirements in ) A
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0.987723231 0 32 0 0 (, ) A
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0.987723231 0 32 0 0 ([I-D.ietf-httpbis-p1-messaging]) A
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0.987723231 0 32 0 0 ( and ) A
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0.987723231 0 32 0 0 ( are satisfied.) A
0 -145.6 M
1.76646209 0 32 0 0 (Any parameters starting with "kc", "ks", "vkc" or "vks" and followed by decimal natural numbers) A
0 -158.8 M
1.09010422 0 32 0 0 (\(e.g.\240kc2, ks0, vkc1, vks3 etc.\) are reserved for this purpose. If those specifications use names other) A
0 -172 M
0.806490362 0 32 0 0 (than those mentioned above, it is RECOMMENDED to use extension-tokens to avoid any parameter) A
0 -185.2 M
(name conflict with the future extension of this protocol. ) S
0 -209.4 M
1.94759119 0 32 0 0 (Extension-tokens MAY be freely used for any non-standard, private, and/or experimental uses for) A
0 -222.6 M
(those parameters provided that the domain part in the token is appropriately used. ) S
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15 2 Nf
(15.) S
[/View [/XYZ -4 522.4 null] /Dest /189 /DEST pdfmark
( IANA ) S
(Considerations) S
0 -276.8 M
11 0 Nf
2.39960933 0 32 0 0 (When bare-tokens are used for the authentication-algorithm, pwd-hash, and validation parameters) A
0 -290 M
0.544433594 0 32 0 0 (MUST be allocated by IANA. To acquire registered tokens, a specification for the use of such tokens) A
0 -303.2 M
(MUST be available as an RFC, as outlined in ) S
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([RFC5226]) S
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(. ) S
0 -327.4 M
(Note: More formal declarations will be added in the future drafts to meet the RFC 5226 requirements. ) S
0 -338.4 M
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15 2 Nf
(16.) S
[/View [/XYZ -4 417.599976 null] /Dest /190 /DEST pdfmark
( Security ) S
(Considerations) S
0 -364.9 M
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13 2 Nf
(16.1.) S
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( Security ) S
(Properties) S
11 -404 M
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11 0 Nf
1.03027344 0 32 0 0 (The protocol is secure against passive eavesdropping and replay attacks. However, the protocol) A
22 -420.8 M
1.61490881 0 32 0 0 (relies on transport security including DNS integrity for data secrecy and integrity. HTTP/TLS) A
22 -434 M
0.198016822 0 32 0 0 (SHOULD be used where transport security is not assured and/or data confidentiality is important. ) A
11 -444.6 M
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22 -448.2 M
0.318509609 0 32 0 0 (When used with HTTP/TLS, if TLS server certificates are reliably verified, the protocol provides) A
22 -461.4 M
(true protection against active man-in-the-middle attacks. ) S
11 -472 M
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22 -475.6 M
0.580729187 0 32 0 0 (Even if the server certificate is not used or is unreliable, the protocol provides protection against) A
22 -488.8 M
1.015625 0 32 0 0 (active man-in-the-middle attacks for each HTTP request/response pair. However, in such cases,) A
22 -502 M
0.421223968 0 32 0 0 (JavaScript or similar scripting facilities can be used to affect the Mutually-authenticated contents) A
22 -515.2 M
0.858538 0 32 0 0 (from other contents not protected by this authentication mechanism. This is the reason why this) A
22 -528.4 M
(protocol requires that valid TLS server certificates MUST be presented ) S
(\() S
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(\). ) S
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13 2 Nf
(16.2.) S
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( Denial-of-service Attacks to ) S
(Servers) S
0 -579.2 M
11 0 Nf
0.717529297 0 32 0 0 (The protocol requires a server-side table of active sessions, which may become a critical point of the) A
0 -592.4 M
3.09014416 0 32 0 0 (server resource consumptions. For proper operation, the protocol requires that at least one key) A
0 -605.6 M
0.789963961 0 32 0 0 (verification request is processed for each session identifier. After that, servers MAY discard sessions) A
0 -618.8 M
2.75721145 0 32 0 0 (internally at any time, without causing any operational problems to clients. Clients will silently) A
0 -632 M
(reestablishes a new session then. ) S
0 -632 M
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1.60997593 0 32 0 0 (However, if a malicious client sends too many requests of key exchanges \(req-KEX-C1 messages\)) A
0 -26.4 M
1.55943084 0 32 0 0 (only, resource starvation might occur. In such critical situations, servers MAY discard any kind of) A
0 -39.6 M
0.661979139 0 32 0 0 (existing sessions regardless of these statuses. One way to mitigate such attacks are that servers MAY) A
0 -52.8 M
3.68125 0 32 0 0 (have a number and a time limits for unverified pending key exchange requests \(in the "key) A
0 -66 M
(exchanging" status\). ) S
0 -90.2 M
0.291927069 0 32 0 0 (This is a common weakness of authentication protocols with almost any kind of negotiations or states,) A
0 -103.4 M
3.79199219 0 32 0 0 (including Digest authentication method and most Cookie-based authentication implementations.) A
0 -116.6 M
1.49038458 0 32 0 0 (However, regarding the resource consumption, a situation of the mutual authentication method is a) A
0 -129.8 M
0.117745534 0 32 0 0 (slightly better than the Digest, because HTTP requests without any kind of authentication requests will) A
0 -143 M
1.74780273 0 32 0 0 (not generate any kind of sessions. Session identifiers are only generated after a client starts a key) A
0 -156.2 M
3.7232573 0 32 0 0 (negotiation. It means that simple clients such as web crawlers will not accidentally consume) A
0 -169.4 M
(server-side resources for session managements. ) S
0 -180.4 M
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(16.2.1.) S
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( On-line Active Password ) S
(Attacks) S
0 -220.2 M
11 0 Nf
3.81676126 0 32 0 0 (Although the protocol provides very strong protection against off-line dictionary attacks from) A
0 -233.4 M
0.173958331 0 32 0 0 (eavesdropped traffics, the protocol, by its nature, can not prevent an active password attacks which the) A
0 -246.6 M
(attackers sends so many authentication trial requests for every possible passwords. ) S
0 -270.8 M
4.92862225 0 32 0 0 (Possible countermeasures for preventing such attacks may be rate-limiting of the password) A
0 -284 M
0.431818187 0 32 0 0 (authentication trials, statistics-based intrusion detection measures or similar protection schemes. If the) A
0 -297.2 M
1.78466797 0 32 0 0 (server operators assume that the passwords of users are not strong enough, it may be desirable to) A
0 -310.4 M
(introduce such ad-hoc countermeasures. ) S
0 -321.4 M
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13 2 Nf
(16.3.) S
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( Communicating the status of mutual authentication with ) S
(users) S
0 -361.2 M
11 0 Nf
0.151654407 0 32 0 0 (This protocol is designed for two goals. The first goal is just providing a secure alternative for existing) A
0 -374.4 M
1.59301758 0 32 0 0 (Basic and Digest authentication. The second goal is to provide users a way to detect forged rogue) A
0 -387.6 M
1.82282364 0 32 0 0 (servers imitating user's registered account on server-side, commonly known as \(a part or kind of\)) A
0 -400.8 M
(Phishing attacks. ) S
0 -425 M
0.218994141 0 32 0 0 (For this protocol to effectively work as some countermeasures to such attacks, it is very important that) A
0 -438.2 M
0.676757812 0 32 0 0 (end users of clients will be notified of the result of mutual authentication performed by this protocol,) A
0 -451.4 M
0.452008933 0 32 0 0 (especially the three states "AUTH-SUCCEED", "UNAUTHENTICATED" and "AUTH-REQUIRED") A
0 -464.6 M
0.660644531 0 32 0 0 (defined in ) A
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0.660644531 0 32 0 0 (Section\2409) A
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0.660644531 0 32 0 0 (. The design of secure users' interfaces of the HTTP interactive clients are out of) A
0 -477.8 M
1.64177394 0 32 0 0 (the scope of this document, but if possible, having some kind of UI indication for the three states) A
0 -491 M
(above will be desirable for user's benefits on their security. ) S
0 -515.2 M
2.06770825 0 32 0 0 (Of course, in such cases, the user interfaces for asking passwords for this authentication shall be) A
0 -528.4 M
1.42996657 0 32 0 0 (clearly identifiable against imitation by other insecure password input fields \(such as forms\). If the) A
0 -541.6 M
0.943603516 0 32 0 0 (passwords are known to malicious attackers outside of the protocol, the protocol can not work as an) A
0 -554.8 M
(effective security measures. ) S
0 -565.8 M
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13 2 Nf
(16.4.) S
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( Implementation ) S
(Considerations) S
11 -602 M
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22 -605.6 M
11 0 Nf
0.289772719 0 32 0 0 (To securely implement the protocol, the Authentication-Info headers in the 200-VFY-S messages) A
22 -618.8 M
1.20898438 0 32 0 0 (MUST always be validated by the client. If the validation fails, the client MUST\240NOT process) A
22 -632 M
0.270089298 0 32 0 0 (any content sent with the message, including other headers and the body part. Non-compliance to) A
22 -645.2 M
(this requirement will allow phishing attacks. ) S
11 -655.8 M
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22 -659.4 M
2.05703115 0 32 0 0 (For HTTP/TLS communications, when a web form is submitted from Mutually-authenticated) A
22 -659.4 M
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11 0 Nf
1.33203125 0 32 0 0 (pages with the "tls-server-end-point" validation method to a URI that is protected by the same) A
22 -13.2 M
0.98036468 0.98036468 scale
0.0 -13.2 RM
11 0 Nf
(realm \(so indicated by the path parameter\), if the server certificate has been changed since the pages) S
1.02002859 1.02002859 scale
22 -26.1 M
0.96816045 0.96816045 scale
0.0 -13.2 RM
(were received, the peer is RECOMMENDED to be revalidated using a req-KEX-C1 message with an) S
1.03288662 1.03288662 scale
22 -52.1 M
0.322716355 0 32 0 0 ("Expect: 100-continue" header. The same applies when the page is received with the "tls-unique") A
22 -65.3 M
(validation method, and when the TLS session has expired. ) S
11 -75.9 M
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22 -79.5 M
3.068892 0 32 0 0 (For better protection against possible password database steal, Server-side storages of user) A
22 -79.5 M
0.998248935 0.998248935 scale
0.0 -13.2 RM
(passwords are better containing the values encrypted by one-way function J\(pi\), instead of the real) S
1.00175416 1.00175416 scale
22 -105.9 M
(passwords, those hashed by ph, or pi. ) S
0 -116.9 M
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(16.5.) S
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( Usage ) S
(Considerations) S
11 -153.1 M
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22 -156.7 M
11 0 Nf
1.49583328 0 32 0 0 (The user-names inputted by a user may be sent automatically to any servers sharing the same) A
22 -169.9 M
2.68131518 0 32 0 0 (auth-domain. This means that when host-type auth-domain is used for authentication on an) A
22 -183.1 M
0.989118278 0 32 0 0 (HTTPS site, and when an HTTP server on the same host requests Mutual authentication within) A
22 -196.3 M
0.790364563 0 32 0 0 (the same realm, the client will send the user-name in a clear text. If user-names have to be kept) A
22 -209.5 M
1.45273435 0 32 0 0 (secret against eavesdropping, the server must use full-scheme-type auth-domain parameter and) A
22 -222.7 M
(HTTPS. Contrarily, passwords are not exposed to eavesdroppers even on HTTP requests. ) S
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(1994.) S
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([RFC1939]) S
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(Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, ) S
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([RFC5890]) S
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165.7 -267 M
(Klensin, J., ) S
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(\).) S
8 -315.1 M
([RFC5929]) S
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(Altman, J., Williams, N., and L. Zhu, ) S
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(\).) S
8 -350.1 M
([RFC6265]) S
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165.7 -350.1 M
(Barth, A., ) S
(\233) S
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165.7 -363.3 M
(RFC\2406265, April\2402011 ) S
(\() S
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(Appendix) S
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( A. \(Informative\) Draft Remarks from ) S
(Authors) S
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11 0 Nf
(The following items are currently under consideration for future revisions by the authors. ) S
11 -446.8 M
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(Whether to keep TLS-unique validation or not. ) S
11 -461 M
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(Whether to introduce PBKDF2 or similar password strengthening hashes into the function pi\(\). ) S
11 -475.2 M
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11 -489.4 M
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(Adding test vectors for ensuring implementation correctness. ) S
11 -503.6 M
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(Possibly adding a method for servers to detect availability of Mutual authentication on ) S
(client-side.) S
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(Appendix) S
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( B. \(Informative\) Draft Change ) S
(Log) S
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(B.1.) S
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( Changes in Httpauth WG Revision ) S
(01) S
11 -587.8 M
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22 -604.6 M
(adopting RFC 5929. ) S
11 -615.2 M
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(Adopted ) S
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(. ) S
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22 -633 M
(Reverted reservation of "rekey-sid" and "rekey-method" parameters. ) S
11 -643.6 M
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(Degraded secure UI requirement to application note level, non-normative. ) S
11 -657.8 M
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(Added warning text for handling of exceptional 5XX responses. ) S
11 -23.8 M
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(Dropped several references for optional authentications, except one "Note". ) S
11 -38 M
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(Several textual fixes, improvements and ) S
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(B.2.) S
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( Changes in Httpauth Revision ) S
(00) S
11 -92.2 M
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(Changed the version token. ) S
11 -106.4 M
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22 -110 M
3.33333325 0 32 0 0 (Renamed "verification tokens" to "Host verification tokens" and variables "v" to "vh" for) A
22 -123.2 M
(clarification. \(Back-ported from ) S
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(B.3.) S
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( Changes in HttpBis Revision ) S
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11 0 Nf
(None.) S
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(B.4.) S
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( Changes in Revision ) S
(12) S
11 -228 M
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(Added a reason ) S
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(B.5.) S
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11 -282.2 M
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22 -299 M
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11 -337 M
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(Reserved "rekey-sid" and "rekey-method" parameters for future extensions. ) S
11 -351.2 M
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(Added descriptions for replacing/non-replacing existing ) S
(technologies.) S
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(B.6.) S
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( Changes in Revision ) S
(10) S
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22 -409 M
11 0 Nf
0.0503472239 0 32 0 0 (The authentication extension parts \(non-mandatory authentication and authentication controls\) are) A
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2.37890625 0 32 0 0 (The default auth-domain parameter is changed to the full scheme-host-port syntax, which is) A
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11 -460.2 M
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(Provision for application channel binding is added. ) S
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(Provision for proxy access authentication is added. ) S
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22 -492.2 M
2.36467624 0 32 0 0 (Bug fix: syntax specification of sid parameter was wrong: it was inconsistent with the type) A
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(specified in the main text \(the bug introduced in -07 draft\). ) S
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3.10798 0 32 0 0 (Terminologies for headers are changed to be in harmony with httpbis drafts \(e.g. field to) A
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22 -547 M
0.572115362 0 32 0 0 (Syntax definitions are changed to use HTTP-extended ABNF syntax, and only the header values) A
22 -560.2 M
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11 -570.8 M
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4.2080965 0 32 0 0 (Names of parameters and corresponding mathematical values are now renamed to more) A
22 -587.6 M
(informative ones. The following list shows correspondence between the new and the old names. ) S
74.5 -615.9 M
11 2 Nf
(new ) S
(name) S
130.2 -615.9 M
11 2 Nf
(old ) S
(name) S
179.4 -615.9 M
11 2 Nf
(description) S
74.5 -635.7 M
11 0 Nf
(S) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(c1) S
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1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
(, ) S
(S) S
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0.0 -2.2 RM
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(s1) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
130.2 -635.7 M
11 0 Nf
(s) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(a) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
(, ) S
(s) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(b) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
179.4 -636.8 M
11 0 Nf
(client/server-side secret ) S
(randoms) S
74.5 -657.6 M
11 0 Nf
(K) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(c1) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
(, ) S
(K) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(s1) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
130.2 -657.6 M
11 0 Nf
(w) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(a) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
(, ) S
(w) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(b) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
179.4 -658.7 M
11 0 Nf
(client/server-side exchanged key ) S
(components) S
179.4 -658.7 M
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217.7 -712 M
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358.7 -8 M
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74.5 -14 M
%%IncludeResource: font Times-Roman
11 0 Nf
(kc1, ) S
(ks1) S
130.2 -14 M
(wa, ) S
(wb) S
179.4 -14 M
(parameter names for ) S
(those) S
74.5 -33.8 M
11 0 Nf
(VK) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(c) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
(, ) S
(VK) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(s) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
130.2 -33.8 M
11 0 Nf
(o) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(a) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
(, ) S
(o) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(b) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
179.4 -34.9 M
11 0 Nf
(client/server-side key ) S
(verifiers) S
74.5 -55.7 M
(vkc, ) S
(vks) S
130.2 -55.7 M
(oa, ) S
(ob) S
179.4 -55.7 M
(parameter names for ) S
(those) S
74.5 -75.5 M
(z) S
130.2 -75.5 M
(z) S
179.4 -75.5 M
(session ) S
(secrets) S
0 -92.2 M
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0 -111.2 M
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15 2 Nf
(B.7.) S
[/View [/XYZ -4 663.8 null] /Dest /209 /DEST pdfmark
( Changes in Revision ) S
(09) S
11 -131.8 M
gsave
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11 0 Nf
(The \(default\) cryptographic algorithms are separated to another draft. ) S
11 -146 M
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22 -149.6 M
0.865104139 0 32 0 0 (Names of the messages are changed to more informative ones than before. The following is the) A
22 -162.8 M
(correspondence table of those ) S
(names:) S
49.7 -191.1 M
11 2 Nf
(new ) S
(name) S
140 -191.1 M
11 2 Nf
(old ) S
(name) S
221.3 -191.1 M
11 2 Nf
(description) S
49.7 -210.8 M
11 0 Nf
(401-INIT) S
140 -210.8 M
(401-B0) S
221.3 -210.8 M
(initial ) S
(response) S
49.7 -230.6 M
(401-STALE) S
140 -230.6 M
(401-B0-stale) S
221.3 -230.6 M
(session key ) S
(expired) S
49.7 -250.3 M
(req-KEX-C1) S
140 -250.3 M
(req-A1) S
221.3 -250.3 M
(client->server key ) S
(exchange) S
49.7 -270.1 M
(401-KEX-S1) S
140 -270.1 M
(401-B1) S
221.3 -270.1 M
(server->client key ) S
(exchange) S
49.7 -289.8 M
(req-VFY-C) S
140 -289.8 M
(req-A3) S
221.3 -289.8 M
(client->server auth. ) S
(verification) S
49.7 -309.6 M
(200-VFY-S) S
140 -309.6 M
(200-B4) S
221.3 -309.6 M
(server->client auth. ) S
(verification) S
49.7 -329.3 M
(200-Optional-INIT) S
140 -329.3 M
(200-Optional-B0) S
221.3 -329.3 M
(initial with non-mandatory ) S
(authentication) S
0 -346.1 M
[/View [/XYZ -4 410.900024 null] /Dest /134 /DEST pdfmark
0 -346.1 M
[/View [/XYZ -4 410.900024 null] /Dest /135 /DEST pdfmark
0 -365.1 M
15 2 Nf
(B.8.) S
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( Changes in Revision ) S
(08) S
11 -385.7 M
gsave
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(The English text has been revised. ) S
0 -400.3 M
[/View [/XYZ -4 356.7 null] /Dest /136 /DEST pdfmark
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[/View [/XYZ -4 356.7 null] /Dest /137 /DEST pdfmark
0 -419.3 M
15 2 Nf
(B.9.) S
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( Changes in Revision ) S
(07) S
11 -439.9 M
gsave
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22 -443.5 M
11 0 Nf
(Adapt to httpbis HTTP/1.1 drafts: ) S
33 -454.1 M
gsave
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33.0 -454.07 2.75 0 360 arc
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44 -457.7 M
(Changed definition of extensive-token. ) S
33 -468.3 M
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33.0 -468.27002 2.75 0 360 arc
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44 -471.9 M
(LWSP continuation-line \(%0D.0A.20\) ) S
(deprecated.) S
11 -482.5 M
gsave
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11.0 -482.470032 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -486.1 M
2.78605771 0 32 0 0 (To simplify the whole spec, the type of nonce-counter related parameters are change from) A
22 -499.3 M
(hex-integer to integer. ) S
11 -509.9 M
gsave
0 setgray
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11.0 -509.870056 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -513.5 M
(Algorithm tokens are renamed to include names of hash algorithms. ) S
11 -524.1 M
gsave
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11.0 -524.070068 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -527.7 M
(Clarified the session management, added details of server-side protocol decisions. ) S
11 -538.3 M
gsave
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22 -541.9 M
(The whole draft was reorganized; introduction and overview has been rewritten. ) S
0 -552.9 M
[/View [/XYZ -4 204.099915 null] /Dest /138 /DEST pdfmark
0 -552.9 M
[/View [/XYZ -4 204.099915 null] /Dest /139 /DEST pdfmark
0 -571.9 M
15 2 Nf
(B.10.) S
[/View [/XYZ -4 203.099915 null] /Dest /212 /DEST pdfmark
( Changes in Revision ) S
(06) S
11 -592.5 M
gsave
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11.0 -592.470093 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -596.1 M
11 0 Nf
(Integrated Optional Mutual Authentication to the main part. ) S
11 -606.7 M
gsave
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11.0 -606.670105 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -610.3 M
(Clarified the decision procedure for message recognitions. ) S
11 -620.9 M
gsave
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11.0 -620.870117 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -624.5 M
2.05649042 0 32 0 0 (Clarified that a new authentication request for any sub-requests in interactive clients may be) A
22 -637.7 M
(silently discarded. ) S
11 -648.3 M
gsave
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11.0 -648.270142 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -651.9 M
(Typos and confusing phrases are fixed. ) S
11 -662.5 M
gsave
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11.0 -662.470154 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -666.1 M
(Several "future considerations" are ) S
(added.) S
0 -666.1 M
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15 2 Nf
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( Changes in Revision ) S
(05) S
11 -38.6 M
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11.0 -38.57 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -42.2 M
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11 0 Nf
1.64753604 0 32 0 0 (A new parameter called "version" is added for supporting future incompatible changes with a) A
22 -55.4 M
(single implementation. In the \(first\) final specification its value will be changed to 1. ) S
11 -66 M
gsave
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11.0 -65.97 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -69.6 M
4.55546856 0 32 0 0 (A new header "Authentication-Control" is added for precise control of application-level) A
22 -82.8 M
(authentication ) S
(behavior.) S
0 -93.8 M
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0 -93.8 M
[/View [/XYZ -4 663.2 null] /Dest /143 /DEST pdfmark
0 -112.8 M
15 2 Nf
(B.12.) S
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( Changes in Revision ) S
(04) S
11 -133.4 M
gsave
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11.0 -133.37001 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -137 M
11 0 Nf
0.166145831 0 32 0 0 (Changed text of patent licenses: the phrase "once the protocol is accepted as an Internet standard") A
22 -150.2 M
(is removed so that the sentence also covers the draft versions of this protocol. ) S
11 -160.8 M
gsave
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22 -164.4 M
(The "tls-key" verification is now OPTIONAL. ) S
11 -175 M
gsave
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11.0 -174.97 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -178.6 M
(Several description fixes and ) S
(clarifications.) S
0 -189.6 M
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0 -208.6 M
15 2 Nf
(B.13.) S
[/View [/XYZ -4 566.4 null] /Dest /215 /DEST pdfmark
( Changes in Revision ) S
(03) S
11 -229.2 M
gsave
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22 -232.8 M
11 0 Nf
0.957465291 0 32 0 0 (Wildcard domain specifications \(e.g. "*.example.com"\) are allowed for auth-domain parameters ) A
22 -246 M
(\() S
gsave
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25.7 -247.1 M
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(Section\2404.1) S
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(\). ) S
11 -256.6 M
gsave
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11.0 -256.569977 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -260.2 M
(Specification of the tls-cert verification is updated \(incompatible change\). ) S
11 -270.8 M
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22 -274.4 M
(State transitions fixed. ) S
11 -285 M
gsave
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11.0 -284.97 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -288.6 M
11 0 Nf
(Requirements for servers concerning ) S
(w) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(a) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
( values are clarified. ) S
0.0 -2.2 RM
11 -301.4 M
gsave
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22 -305 M
(RFC references are ) S
(updated.) S
0 -316 M
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0 -316 M
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0 -335 M
15 2 Nf
(B.14.) S
[/View [/XYZ -4 439.999969 null] /Dest /216 /DEST pdfmark
( Changes in Revision ) S
(02) S
11 -355.6 M
gsave
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11.0 -355.570038 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -359.2 M
11 0 Nf
(Auth-realm is extended to allow full-scheme type. ) S
11 -369.8 M
gsave
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11.0 -369.77005 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -373.4 M
(A decision diagram for clients and decision procedures for servers are added. ) S
11 -384 M
gsave
0 setgray
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11.0 -383.970062 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -387.6 M
(401-B1 and req-A3 messages are changed to contain authentication realm information. ) S
11 -398.2 M
gsave
0 setgray
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11.0 -398.170074 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -401.8 M
11 0 Nf
(Bugs on equations for ) S
(o) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(A) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
( and ) S
(o) S
1.2 0.0 RM
0.0 -2.2 RM
8.36798 0 Nf
(B) S
0.0 2.2 RM
1.5 0.0 RM
11 0 Nf
( are fixed. ) S
0.0 -2.2 RM
11 -414.6 M
gsave
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11.0 -414.570099 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -418.2 M
(Detailed equations for the entire algorithm are included. ) S
11 -428.8 M
gsave
0 setgray
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11.0 -428.770111 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -432.4 M
(Elliptic-curve algorithms are updated. ) S
11 -443 M
gsave
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11.0 -442.970123 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -446.6 M
(Several clarifications and other minor ) S
(updates.) S
0 -457.6 M
[/View [/XYZ -4 299.399872 null] /Dest /148 /DEST pdfmark
0 -457.6 M
[/View [/XYZ -4 299.399872 null] /Dest /149 /DEST pdfmark
0 -476.6 M
15 2 Nf
(B.15.) S
[/View [/XYZ -4 298.399872 null] /Dest /217 /DEST pdfmark
( Changes in Revision ) S
(01) S
11 -497.2 M
gsave
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22 -500.8 M
11 0 Nf
(Several texts are rewritten for clarification. ) S
11 -511.4 M
gsave
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11.0 -511.370148 2.75 0 360 arc
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22 -515 M
(Added several security consideration ) S
(clauses.) S
0 -526 M
[/View [/XYZ -4 230.999878 null] /Dest /150 /DEST pdfmark
0 -545 M
15 2 Nf
(Authors') S
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( ) S
(Addresses) S
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(\240) S
44.6 -570.3 M
(Yutaka ) S
(Oiwa) S
0 -584.1 M
(\240) S
44.6 -584.1 M
(National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and ) S
(Technology) S
0 -597.8 M
(\240) S
44.6 -597.8 M
(Research Institute for Secure ) S
(Systems) S
0 -611.6 M
(\240) S
44.6 -611.6 M
(3-11-46 ) S
(Nakouji) S
0 -625.3 M
(\240) S
44.6 -625.3 M
(Amagasaki, ) S
(Hyogo) S
0 -639.1 M
(\240) S
44.6 -639.1 M
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12.6 -652.8 M
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44.6 -652.8 M
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44.6 -653.9 M
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44.6 -666.6 M
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44.6 -666.6 M
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89.3 -8 M
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44.6 -11 M
(Hajime ) S
(Watanabe) S
0 -24.8 M
(\240) S
44.6 -24.8 M
(National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and ) S
(Technology) S
0 -38.5 M
(\240) S
44.6 -38.5 M
(Research Institute for Secure ) S
(Systems) S
0 -52.2 M
(\240) S
44.6 -52.2 M
(Tsukuba Central ) S
(2) S
0 -66 M
(\240) S
44.6 -66 M
(1-1-1 ) S
(Umezono) S
0 -79.8 M
(\240) S
44.6 -79.8 M
(Tsukuba-shi, ) S
(Ibaraki) S
0 -93.5 M
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44.6 -93.5 M
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(\240) S
44.6 -107.2 M
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44.6 -121 M
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(Takagi) S
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(\240) S
44.6 -134.8 M
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(Technology) S
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44.6 -148.5 M
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(Systems) S
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(\240) S
44.6 -162.2 M
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44.6 -176 M
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44.6 -189.8 M
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44.6 -203.5 M
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0 -217.2 M
(\240) S
44.6 -217.2 M
(\240) S
0 -231 M
(\240) S
44.6 -231 M
(Tatsuya ) S
(Hayashi) S
0 -244.8 M
(\240) S
44.6 -244.8 M
(Lepidum Co. ) S
(Ltd.) S
0 -258.5 M
(\240) S
44.6 -258.5 M
(#602, Village Sasazuka ) S
(3) S
0 -272.2 M
(\240) S
44.6 -272.2 M
(1-30-3 ) S
(Sasazuka) S
0 -286 M
(\240) S
44.6 -286 M
(Shibuya-ku, ) S
(Tokyo) S
0 -299.8 M
(\240) S
44.6 -299.8 M
(JP) S
0 -313.5 M
(\240) S
44.6 -313.5 M
(\240) S
0 -327.2 M
(\240) S
44.6 -327.2 M
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0 -341 M
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44.6 -341 M
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