One document matched: draft-iab-research-funding-01.ps
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5 665 M
(Internet Engineering Task Force Ran Atkinson, Editor) s
5 654 M
(INTERNET DRAFT Sally Floyd, Editor) s
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(draft-iab-research-funding-01.txt Internet Architecture Board) s
5 632 M
( 29 June 2003) s
5 577 M
( IAB Concerns & Recommendations Regarding Internet Research & Evolution) s
5 544 M
( Status of this Memo) s
5 511 M
( This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with) s
5 500 M
( all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.) s
5 478 M
( Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering) s
5 467 M
( Task Force \(IETF\), its areas, and its working groups. Note that) s
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( other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-) s
5 445 M
( Drafts.) s
5 423 M
( Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months) s
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( and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any) s
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( time. It is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts as reference) s
5 390 M
( material or to cite them other than as "work in progress.") s
5 368 M
( The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at) s
5 357 M
( http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt) s
5 335 M
( The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at) s
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( http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.) s
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(Abstract) s
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( This document discusses IAB concerns that ongoing research is needed) s
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( to further the evolution of the Internet infrastructure, and that) s
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( consistent, sufficient non-commercial funding is needed to enable) s
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( such research.) s
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( Feedback can be sent to the IAB mailing list at iab@ietf.org, or to) s
5 214 M
( the editors at rja@extremenetworks.com and floyd@icir.org. Feedback) s
5 203 M
( can also be sent to the mailing list set up for feedback at research-) s
5 192 M
( funding@ietf.org. Requests to join can be sent to research-funding-) s
5 181 M
( request@ietf.org, with "subscribe research-funding" in the body of) s
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( the request.) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 1]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
5 665 M
(Table of Contents) s
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(IAB Informational [Page 2]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
5 665 M
( 1. Introduction) s
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( 1.1. Document Organization) s
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( 1.2. IAB Concerns) s
5 632 M
( 1.3. Contributions to this Document) s
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( 2. History of Internet Research & Research Funding) s
5 610 M
( 2.1. Prior to 1980) s
5 599 M
( 2.2. 1980s and early 1990s) s
5 588 M
( 2.3. Mid-1990s to 2003) s
5 577 M
( 2.4. Current Status) s
5 566 M
( 3. Open Internet Research Topics) s
5 555 M
( 3.1. Scope & Limitations) s
5 544 M
( 3.2. Naming) s
5 533 M
( 3.2.1. Domain Name System \(DNS\)) s
5 522 M
( 3.2.2. New Namespaces) s
5 511 M
( 3.3. Routing) s
5 500 M
( 3.3.1. Inter-domain Routing) s
5 489 M
( 3.3.2. Routing Integrity) s
5 478 M
( 3.3.3. Routing Algorithms) s
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( 3.3.4. Mobile & Ad-Hoc Routing) s
5 456 M
( 3.4. Security) s
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( 3.4.1. Freely Distributable Prototypes) s
5 434 M
( 3.4.2. Formal Methods) s
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( 3.4.3. Key Management) s
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( 3.4.4 Cryptography) s
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( 3.4.5 Security for Distributed Computing) s
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( 3.4.6. Deployment Considerations in Security) s
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( 3.4.7. Denial of Service Protection) s
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( 3.5. Network Management) s
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( 3.5.1. Configuration Management) s
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( 3.5.1. Enhanced Monitoring Capabilities) s
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( 3.5.2. Managing Networks, Not Devices) s
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( 3.5.3. Improving the Scalability of Network Management) s
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( 3.6. Quality of Service) s
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( 3.6.1. Inter-Domain QoS Architecture) s
5 291 M
( 3.6.2. New Queuing Disciplines) s
5 280 M
( 3.7. Congestion control.) s
5 269 M
( 3.8. Studying the Evolution of the Internet Infrastructure) s
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( 3.9. Middleboxes) s
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( 3.10. Internet Measurement) s
5 236 M
( 3.11. Meeting the Needs of the Future) s
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( 3.12. Additional topics) s
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( 4. Conclusions) s
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( 5. Acknowledgements) s
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( 6. Security Considerations) s
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( 7. IANA Considerations) s
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( 9. AUTHORS' ADDRESSES) s
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(IAB Informational [Page 3]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
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(1. Introduction) s
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( This document discusses the history of funding for Internet research,) s
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( expresses concern about the current state of such funding, and) s
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( outlines several specific areas that the IAB believes merit) s
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( additional research. Current funding levels for Internet research) s
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( are not generally adequate, and several important research areas are) s
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( significantly underfunded. This situation needs to be rectified for) s
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( the Internet to continue its evolution and development.) s
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(1.1. Document Organization) s
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( The first part of the document is a high-level discussion of the) s
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( history of funding for Internet research to provide some historical) s
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( context to this document. The early funding of Internet research was) s
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( largely from the U.S. government, followed by a period in the second) s
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( half of the 1990s of commercial funding and of funding from several) s
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( governments. [Add a citation.] However, the commercial funding for) s
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( Internet research has been reduced due to the recent economic) s
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( downturn.) s
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( The second part of the document provides an incomplete set of open) s
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( Internet research topics. These are only examples, intended to) s
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( illustrate the breadth of open research topics. This second section) s
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( supports the general thesis that ongoing research is needed to) s
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( further the evolution of the Internet infrastructure. This includes) s
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( research on the medium-time-scale evolution of the Internet) s
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( infrastructure as well as research on longer-time-scale grand) s
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( challenges. This also includes many research issues that are already) s
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( being actively investigated in the Internet research community.) s
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( Areas that are discussed in this section include the following:) s
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( naming, routing, security, network management, and transport. Issues) s
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( that require more research also include more general architectural) s
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( issues such as layering and communication between layers. In) s
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( addition, general topics discussed in this section include modeling,) s
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( measurement, simulation, test-beds, etc. We are focusing on topics) s
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( that are related to the IETF and IRTF \(Internet Research Task Force\)) s
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( agendas. \(E.g., issues related to the global grid are not discussed) s
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( in this document because these issues are addressed through the) s
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( Global Grid Forum and other grid-specific organizations, not in the) s
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( IETF.\)) s
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( Where at all possible, the examples in the paper point to separate) s
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( documents on these issues, and only give a high-level summary of the) s
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( issues raised in those documents.) s
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(IAB Informational [Page 4]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
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(1.2. IAB Concerns) s
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( Recently, in the aftermath of September 11 2001, there seems to be a) s
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( renewed interest by governments in funding research for Internet-) s
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( related security issues. From [J02]: "It is generally agreed that) s
5 610 M
( the security and reliability of the basic protocols underlying the) s
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( Internet have not received enough attention because no one has a) s
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( proprietary interest in them".) s
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( That quote brings out a key issue in funding for Internet research,) s
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( which is that because no single organization \(e.g., no single) s
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( government, software company, equipment vendor, or network operator\)) s
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( has a sense of ownership of the global Internet infrastructure,) s
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( research on the general issues of the Internet infrastructure are) s
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( often not adequately funded. In our current challenging economic) s
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( climate, it is not surprising that commercial funding sources are) s
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( more likely to fund that research that leads to a direct competitive) s
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( advantage.) s
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( The principal thesis of this document is that if commercial funding) s
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( is the main source of funding for future Internet research, the) s
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( future of the Internet infrastructure could be in trouble. In) s
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( addition to issues about which projects were funded, the funding) s
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( source can also affect the content of the research, for example,) s
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( towards or against the development of open standards, or taking) s
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( varying degrees of care about the effect of the developed protocols) s
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( on the other traffic on the Internet.) s
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( At the same time, many significant research contributions in) s
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( networking have come from commercial funding. However, for most of) s
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( the topics in this document, relying solely on commercially-funded) s
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( research would not be adequate. Much of today's commercial funding) s
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( is focused on technology transition, taking results from non-) s
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( commercial research and putting them into shipping commercial) s
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( products. We have not tried to delve into each of the research) s
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( issues below to discuss, for each issue, what are the potentials and) s
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( limitations of commercial funding for research in that area.) s
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( On a more practical note, if there was no commercial funding for) s
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( Internet research, then few research projects would be taken to) s
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( completion with implementations, deployment, and follow-up) s
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( evaluation.) s
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( While it is theoretically possible for there to be too much funding) s
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( for Internet research, that is far from the current problem. There) s
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( is also much that could be done within the network research community) s
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( to make Internet research more focused and productive, but that would) s
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( belong in a separate document.) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
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(1.3. Contributions to this Document) s
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( A number of people have directly contributed text for this document,) s
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( even though, following current conventions, the official RFC author) s
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( list includes only the key editors of the document. The) s
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( Acknowledgements section at the end of the document thanks other) s
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( people who contributed to this document in some form.) s
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(2. History of Internet Research & Research Funding) s
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(2.1. Prior to 1980) s
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( Most of the early research into packet-switched networks was) s
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( sponsored by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) s
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( \(DARPA\) [CSTB99]. This includes the initial design, implementation,) s
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( and deployment of the ARPAnet connecting several universities and) s
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( other DARPA contractors. The ARPAnet originally came online in the) s
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( late 1960s. It grew in size during the 1970s, still chiefly with) s
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( DARPA funding, and demonstrated the utility of packet-switched) s
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( networking.) s
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(2.2. 1980s and early 1990s) s
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( The ARPAnet converted to the Internet Protocol on January 1, 1983,) s
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( approximately 20 years before this document was written. Throughout) s
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( the 1980s, the U.S. Government continued strong research and) s
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( development funding for Internet technology. DARPA continued to be) s
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( the key funding source, but was supplemented by other DoD \(US) s
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( Department of Defense\) funding \(e.g. via DCA's Defense Data Network) s
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( \(DDN\) program\) and other U.S. Government funding \(e.g. US Department) s
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( of Energy \(DoE\) funding for research networks at DoE national) s
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( laboratories, \(US\) National Science Foundation \(NSF\) funding for) s
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( academic institutions\). This funding included basic research,) s
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( applied research \(including freely distributable prototypes\), the) s
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( purchase of IP-capable products, and operating support for the IP-) s
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( based government networks such as ARPAnet, ESnet, MILnet, and NSFnet.) s
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( In the late 1980s, the U.S. DoD desired to leave the business of) s
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( providing operational network services to academic institutions, so) s
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( funding for many academic activities moved over to the NSF. NSF) s
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( funding included research projects into networking, as well as) s
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( creating the NSFnet backbone and sponsoring the creation of several) s
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( NSF regional networks \(e.g. SURAnet\) and interconnections with) s
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( several international research networks.) s
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( Most research funding outside the U.S. during the 1980s and early) s
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( 1990s was focused on the ISO OSI networking project or on then-new) s
5 148 M
( forms of network media \(e.g. wireless, broadband access\). The) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 6]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
5 665 M
( European Union was a significant source of research funding for the) s
5 654 M
( networking community in Europe during this period. Some of the best) s
5 643 M
( early work in gigabit networking was undertaken in the UK and Sweden.) s
5 621 M
(2.3. Mid-1990s to 2003) s
5 599 M
( Starting in the middle 1990s, U.S. Government funding for Internet) s
5 588 M
( research and development was significantly reduced. The premise for) s
5 577 M
( this was that the growing Internet industry would pay for whatever) s
5 566 M
( research and development that was needed. Some funding for Internet) s
5 555 M
( research and development has continued in this period from European) s
5 544 M
( and Asian organizations \(e.g., the WIDE Project in Japan [WIDE]\).) s
5 533 M
( Reseaux IP Europeens [RIPE] is an example of market-funded networking) s
5 522 M
( research in Europe during this period.) s
5 500 M
( Experience during this period has been that commercial firms have) s
5 489 M
( often focused on donating equipment to academic institutions and) s
5 478 M
( promoting somewhat vocationally-focused educational projects. Many) s
5 467 M
( of the commercially-funded research and development projects appear) s
5 456 M
( to have been selected because they appeared likely to give the) s
5 445 M
( funding source a specific short-term economic advantage over its) s
5 434 M
( competitors. Higher risk, more innovative research proposals) s
5 423 M
( generally have not been funded by industry. A common view in Silicon) s
5 412 M
( Valley has been that established commercial firms are not very good) s
5 401 M
( at transitioning cutting edge research into products, but were) s
5 390 M
( instead good at buying small startup firms who had successfully) s
5 379 M
( transitioned such cutting edge research into products.) s
5 368 M
( Unfortunately, small startup companies are generally unable) s
5 357 M
( financially to fund any research themselves.) s
5 335 M
(2.4. Current Status) s
5 313 M
( The result of reduced U.S. Government funding and profit-focused,) s
5 302 M
( low-risk, short-term industry funding has been a decline in higher-) s
5 291 M
( risk but more innovative research activities. Industry has also been) s
5 280 M
( less interested in research to evolve the overall Internet) s
5 269 M
( architecture, because such work does not translate into a competitive) s
5 258 M
( advantage for the firm funding such work.) s
5 236 M
( The IAB believes that it would be helpful for governments and other) s
5 225 M
( non-commercial sponsors to increase their funding of both basic) s
5 214 M
( research and applied research relating to the Internet. Furthermore,) s
5 203 M
( those increased funding levels should be sustained and protected) s
5 192 M
( against inflation going forward.) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 7]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
5 665 M
(3. Open Internet Research Topics) s
5 643 M
( This section primarily discusses some specific topics that the IAB) s
5 632 M
( believes merit additional research. Research, of course, includes) s
5 621 M
( not just devising a theory, algorithm, or mechanism to accomplish a) s
5 610 M
( goal, but also evaluating the general efficacy of the approach and) s
5 599 M
( then the benefits vs. the costs of deploying that algorithm or) s
5 588 M
( mechanism. Important cautionary notes about this discussion are) s
5 577 M
( given in the next sub-section. This particular set of topics is not) s
5 566 M
( intended to be comprehensive, but instead is intended to demonstrate) s
5 555 M
( the breadth of open Internet research questions.) s
5 533 M
(3.1. Scope & Limitations) s
5 511 M
( This document is NOT intended as a guide for funding organizations as) s
5 500 M
( to exactly which projects or proposals should or should not be) s
5 489 M
( funded.) s
5 467 M
( In particular, this document is NOT intended to be a comprehensive) s
5 456 M
( list of *all* of the research questions that are important to further) s
5 445 M
( the evolution of the Internet; that would be a daunting task, and) s
5 434 M
( would presuppose a wider and more intensive effort than we have) s
5 423 M
( undertaken in this document.) s
5 401 M
( Similarly, this document is not intended to list the research) s
5 390 M
( questions that are judged to be only of peripheral importance, or to) s
5 379 M
( survey the current \(global; governmental, commercial, and academic\)) s
5 368 M
( avenues for funding for Internet research, or to make specific) s
5 357 M
( recommendations about which areas need additional funding. The) s
5 346 M
( purpose of the document is to persuade the reader that ongoing) s
5 335 M
( research is needed towards the continued evolution of the Internet) s
5 324 M
( infrastructure; the purpose is not to make binding pronouncements) s
5 313 M
( about which specific areas are and are not worthy of future funding.) s
5 291 M
( For some research clearly relevant to the future evolution of the) s
5 280 M
( Internet, there are grand controversies between competing proposals) s
5 269 M
( or competing schools of thought; it is not the purpose of this) s
5 258 M
( document to take positions in these controversies, or to take) s
5 247 M
( positions on the nature of the solutions for areas needing further) s
5 236 M
( research.) s
5 214 M
( That all carefully noted, the remainder of this section discusses a) s
5 203 M
( broad set of research areas, noting a subset of particular topics of) s
5 192 M
( interest in each of those research areas. Again, this list is NOT) s
5 181 M
( comprehensive, but rather is intended to suggest that a broad range) s
5 170 M
( of ongoing research is needed, and to propose some candidate topics.) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 8]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
5 665 M
(3.2. Naming) s
5 643 M
( The Internet currently has several different namespaces, including IP) s
5 632 M
( addresses, sockets \(specified by the IP address, upper-layer) s
5 621 M
( protocol, and upper-layer port number\), and the Fully-Qualified) s
5 610 M
( Domain Name \(FQDN\). Many of the Internet's namespaces are supported) s
5 599 M
( by the widely deployed Domain Name System [RFC refs] or by various) s
5 588 M
( Internet applications [RFC-2407, Section 4.6.2.1]) s
5 566 M
(3.2.1. Domain Name System \(DNS\)) s
5 544 M
( The DNS system, while it works well given its current constraints,) s
5 533 M
( has several stress points.) s
5 511 M
( The current DNS system relies on UDP for transport, rather than SCTP) s
5 500 M
( or TCP. Given the very large number of clients using a typical DNS) s
5 489 M
( server, it is desirable to minimise the state on the DNS server side) s
5 478 M
( of the connection. UDP does this well, so is a reasonable choice,) s
5 467 M
( though this has other implications, for example a reliance on UDP) s
5 456 M
( fragmentation. With IPv6, intermediate fragmentation is not allowed) s
5 445 M
( and Path MTU Discovery is mandated. However, the amount of state) s
5 434 M
( required to deploy Path MTU Discovery for IPv6 on a DNS server might) s
5 423 M
( be a significant practical problem.) s
5 401 M
( One implication of this is that research into alternative transport) s
5 390 M
( protocols, designed more for DNS-like applications where there are) s
5 379 M
( very many clients using each server, might be useful. Of particular) s
5 368 M
( interest would be transport protocols with little burden for the DNS) s
5 357 M
( server, even if that increased the burden somewhat for the DNS) s
5 346 M
( client.) s
5 324 M
( Additional study of DNS caching, both currently available caching) s
5 313 M
( techniques and also of potential new caching techniques, might be) s
5 302 M
( helpful in finding ways to reduce the offered load for a typical DNS) s
5 291 M
( server. In particular, examination of DNS caching through typical) s
5 280 M
( commercial firewalls might be interesting if it lead to alternative) s
5 269 M
( firewall implementations that were less of an obstacle to DNS) s
5 258 M
( caching.) s
5 236 M
( The community lacks a widely agreed upon set of metrics for measuring) s
5 225 M
( DNS server performance. It would be helpful if people would) s
5 214 M
( seriously consider what characteristics of the DNS system should be) s
5 203 M
( measured.) s
5 181 M
( Some in the community would advocate replacing the current DNS system) s
5 170 M
( with something better. Past attempts to devise a better approach) s
5 159 M
( have not yielded results that persuaded the community to change.) s
5 148 M
( Proposed work in this are could be very useful, but might require) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 9]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
5 665 M
( careful scrutiny to avoid falling into historic design pitfalls.) s
5 643 M
( With regards to DNS security, major technical concerns include) s
5 632 M
( finding practical methods for signing very large DNS zones \(e.g.) s
5 621 M
( .COM\), practical methods for incremental deployment of DNS security,) s
5 610 M
( and tools to make it easier to manage secure DNS infrastructure.) s
5 588 M
(3.2.2. New Namespaces) s
5 566 M
( Additionally, the Namespace Research Group \(NSRG\) of the Internet) s
5 555 M
( Research Task Force \(IRTF\) studied adding one or more additional) s
5 544 M
( namespaces to the Internet Architecture [LD2002]. Many participants) s
5 533 M
( in the IRTF NSRG membership believe that there would be significant) s
5 522 M
( architectural benefit to adding one or more additional namespaces to) s
5 511 M
( the Internet Architecture. Because smooth consensus on that question) s
5 500 M
( or on the properties of a new namespace was not obtained, the IRTF) s
5 489 M
( NSRG did not make a formal recommendation to the IETF community) s
5 478 M
( regarding namespaces. The IAB believes that this is an open research) s
5 467 M
( question worth examining further.) s
5 445 M
( Finally, we believe that future research into the evolution of) s
5 434 M
( Internet-based distributed computing might well benefit from studying) s
5 423 M
( adding additional namespaces as part of a new approach to distributed) s
5 412 M
( computing.) s
5 390 M
(3.3. Routing) s
5 368 M
( The currently deployed unicast routing system works reasonably well) s
5 357 M
( for most users. However, the current unicast routing architecture is) s
5 346 M
( suboptimal in several areas, including the following: end-to-end) s
5 335 M
( convergence times in global-scale catenets \(a system of networks) s
5 324 M
( interconnected via gateways\); the ability of the existing inter-) s
5 313 M
( domain path-vector algorithm to scale well beyond 200K prefixes; the) s
5 302 M
( ability of both intra-domain and inter-domain routing to use multiple) s
5 291 M
( metrics and multiple kinds of metrics concurrently; and the ability) s
5 280 M
( of IPv4 and IPv6 to support widespread site multi-homing without) s
5 269 M
( undue adverse impact on the inter-domain routing system. Integrating) s
5 258 M
( policy into routing is also a general concern, both for intra-domain) s
5 247 M
( and inter-domain routing. In many cases, routing policy is directly) s
5 236 M
( tied to economic issues for the network operators, so applied) s
5 225 M
( research into routing ideally would consider economic considerations) s
5 214 M
( as well as technical considerations..) s
5 181 M
(3.3.1. Inter-domain Routing) s
5 159 M
( The current operational inter-domain routing system has between) s
5 148 M
( 150,000 and 200,000 routing prefixes in the default-free zone \(DFZ\)) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 10]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
5 665 M
( [RFC-3221]. ASIC technology obviates concerns about the ability to) s
5 654 M
( forward packets at very high speeds. ASIC technology also obviates) s
5 643 M
( concerns about the time required to perform longest-prefix-match) s
5 632 M
( computations. However, some senior members of the Internet routing) s
5 621 M
( community have concerns that the end-to-end convergence properties of) s
5 610 M
( the global Internet might hit algorithmic limitations \(i.e. not) s
5 599 M
( hardware limitations\) when the DFZ is somewhere between 200,000 and) s
5 588 M
( 300,000 prefixes. Research into whether this concern is well-founded) s
5 577 M
( in scientific terms seems very timely.) s
5 555 M
( The current approach to site multi-homing has the highly undesirable) s
5 544 M
( side-effect of significantly increasing the growth rate of prefix) s
5 533 M
( entries in the DFZ \(by impairing the deployment of prefix) s
5 522 M
( aggregation\). Research is needed into new routing architectures that) s
5 511 M
( can support large-scale site multi-homing without the undesirable) s
5 500 M
( impacts on inter-domain routing of the current multi-homing) s
5 489 M
( technique.) s
5 467 M
(3.3.2. Routing Integrity) s
5 445 M
( Recently there has been increased awareness of the longstanding issue) s
5 434 M
( of deploying strong authentication into the Internet inter-domain) s
5 423 M
( routing system. Currently deployed mechanisms \(e.g. BGP TCP MD5) s
5 412 M
( [RFC2385], OSPF MD5, RIP MD5 [RFC2082]\) provide cryptographic) s
5 401 M
( authentication of routing protocol messages, but no authentication of) s
5 390 M
( the actual routing data. Current proposals \(e.g. S-BGP [KLMS2000]\)) s
5 379 M
( for improving this in inter-domain routing are unduly challenging to) s
5 368 M
( deploy across the Internet because of their reliance on a single) s
5 357 M
( trust hierarchy \(e.g., a single PKI\). Similar proposals \(e.g. OSPF) s
5 346 M
( with Digital Signatures, [RFC2154]\) for intra-domain routing are) s
5 335 M
( argued to be computationally infeasible to deploy in a large network.) s
5 313 M
( Alternative approaches to authentication of data in the routing) s
5 302 M
( system need to be developed. In particular, the ability to perform) s
5 291 M
( partial authentication of routing data would facilitate incremental) s
5 280 M
( deployment of routing authentication mechanisms. Also, the ability) s
5 269 M
( to use non-hierarchical trust models \(e.g. the web of trust used in) s
5 258 M
( the PGP application\) might facilitate incremental deployment and) s
5 247 M
( might resolve existing concerns about centralized administration of) s
5 236 M
( the routing system, hence merits additional study and consideration.) s
5 214 M
(3.3.3. Routing Algorithms) s
5 192 M
( The current Internet routing system relies primarily on only three) s
5 181 M
( algorithms. Link-state routing uses the Dijkstra algorithm) s
5 170 M
( [Dijkstra59]. The Distance-Vector and Path-Vector algorithms use the) s
5 159 M
( Bellman-Ford algorithm [Bellman1957, FF1962]. Additional ongoing) s
5 148 M
( basic research into graph theory as applied to routing is worthwhile) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 11]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
5 665 M
( and might yield algorithms that would enable a new routing) s
5 654 M
( architecture or otherwise provide improvements to the routing system.) s
5 632 M
( Currently deployed multicast routing relies on the Deering RPF) s
5 621 M
( algorithm [Deering1988]. Ongoing research into alternative multicast) s
5 610 M
( routing algorithms and protocols might help alleviate current) s
5 599 M
( concerns with the scalability of multicast routing.) s
5 577 M
( The deployed Internet routing system assumes that the shortest path) s
5 566 M
( is always the best path. This is provably false, however it is a) s
5 555 M
( reasonable compromise given the routing protocols currently) s
5 544 M
( available. The Internet lacks deployable approaches for policy-based) s
5 533 M
( routing or routing with alternative metrics \(i.e. some metric other) s
5 522 M
( than the number of hops to the destination\). Examples of alternative) s
5 511 M
( policies include: the path with lowest monetary cost; the path with) s
5 500 M
( the lowest probability of packet loss; the path with minimized) s
5 489 M
( jitter; and the path with minimized latency. Policy metrics also) s
5 478 M
( need to take business relationships into account. Historic work on) s
5 467 M
( QoS-based routing has tended to be unsuccessful in part because it) s
5 456 M
( did not adequately consider economic/commercial considerations of the) s
5 445 M
( routing system and in part because of inadequate consideration of) s
5 434 M
( security implications.) s
5 390 M
(3.3.4. Mobile & Ad-Hoc Routing) s
5 368 M
( Mobile routing [IM1993] and mobile ad-hoc routing [RFC2501] are) s
5 357 M
( relatively recent arrivals in the Internet, and are not yet widely) s
5 346 M
( deployed. The current approaches are not the last word in either of) s
5 335 M
( those arenas. We believe that additional research into routing) s
5 324 M
( support for mobile hosts and mobile networks is needed. Additional) s
5 313 M
( research for ad-hoc mobile hosts and mobile networks is also) s
5 302 M
( worthwhile. Ideally, mobile routing and mobile ad-hoc routing) s
5 291 M
( capabilities should be native inherent capabilities of the Internet) s
5 280 M
( routing architecture. This probably will require a significant) s
5 269 M
( evolution from the existing Internet routing architecture. \(NB: The) s
5 258 M
( term "mobility" as used here is not limited to mobile telephones, but) s
5 247 M
( instead is very broadly defined, including laptops that people carry,) s
5 236 M
( cars/trains/aircraft, and so forth.\)) s
5 214 M
( Included in this topic are a wide variety of issues. The more) s
5 203 M
( distributed and dynamic nature of partially or completely self-) s
5 192 M
( organizing routing systems \(including the associated end nodes\)) s
5 181 M
( creates unique security challenges \(especially relating to AAA and) s
5 170 M
( key management\). Scalability of wireless networks can be difficult) s
5 159 M
( to measure or to achieve. Enforced hierarchy is one approach, but) s
5 148 M
( can be very limiting. Alternative, less constraining approaches to) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 12]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
5 665 M
( wireless scalability are desired. Because wireless link-layer) s
5 654 M
( protocols usually have some knowledge of current link characteristics) s
5 643 M
( such as link quality, sublayer congestion conditions, or transient) s
5 632 M
( channel behavior, it is desirable to find ways to let network-layer) s
5 621 M
( routing use such data. This raises architectural questions of what) s
5 610 M
( the proper layering should be, which functions should be in which) s
5 599 M
( layer, and also practical considerations of how and when such) s
5 588 M
( information sharing should occur in real implementations.) s
5 566 M
(3.4. Security) s
5 544 M
( The Internet has a reputation for not having sufficient security. In) s
5 533 M
( fact, the Internet has a number of security mechanisms standardized,) s
5 522 M
( some of which are widely deployed. However, there are a number of) s
5 511 M
( open research questions relating to Internet security. In) s
5 500 M
( particular, security mechanisms need to be incrementally deployable) s
5 489 M
( and easy to use. "[Security] technology must be easy to use, or it) s
5 478 M
( will not be configured correctly. If mis-configured, security will) s
5 467 M
( be lost, but things will `work'" [S03].) s
5 445 M
(3.4.1. Freely Distributable Prototypes) s
5 423 M
( U.S.'s DARPA has historically funded development of freely) s
5 412 M
( distributable implementations of various security technologies, such) s
5 401 M
( as IP security, in a variety of operating systems. Experience has) s
5 390 M
( shown that a good way to speed deployment of a new technology is to) s
5 379 M
( provide an unencumbered, freely-distributable prototype. We believe) s
5 368 M
( that applied research projects in Internet security will have an) s
5 357 M
( increased probability of success if the research project teams make) s
5 346 M
( their resulting software implementations freely available for both) s
5 335 M
( commercial and non-commercial uses. Examples of successes here) s
5 324 M
( include the DARPA funding of TCP/IPv4 integration into the 4.x BSD) s
5 313 M
( operating system [MBKQ96] and DARPA/USN funding of ESP/AH design and) s
5 302 M
( integration into 4.4 BSD [Atk96].) s
5 280 M
(3.4.2. Formal Methods) s
5 258 M
( There is an ongoing need for funding of basic research relating to) s
5 247 M
( Internet security, including funding of formal methods research that) s
5 236 M
( relates to security algorithms, protocols, and systems. For example,) s
5 225 M
( while there has been significant work into hierarchical security) s
5 214 M
( models \(e.g. Bell-Lapadula\) [BL1976], there has not been adequate) s
5 203 M
( formal study of alternative security models \(e.g. PGP's Web-of-Trust) s
5 192 M
( model\). Use of a hierarchical trust model creates significant) s
5 181 M
( limitations in how one might approach securing components of the) s
5 170 M
( Internet, for example the DNS, or the inter-domain routing system.) s
5 159 M
( So research to develop new trust models or on the applicability of) s
5 148 M
( existing non-hierarchical trust models to existing problems would be) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 13]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
5 665 M
( worthwhile.) s
5 643 M
( While there has been some work on the application of formal methods) s
5 632 M
( to cryptographic algorithms and cryptographic protocols, existing) s
5 621 M
( techniques for formal evaluation of algorithms and protocols lack) s
5 610 M
( sufficient automation. This lack of automation means that many) s
5 599 M
( protocols aren't formally evaluated in a timely manner. This is) s
5 588 M
( problematic for the Internet because formal evaluation has often) s
5 577 M
( uncovered serious anomalies in cryptographic protocols. The creation) s
5 566 M
( of automated tools for applying formal methods to cryptographic) s
5 555 M
( algorithms and/or protocols would be very helpful.) s
5 533 M
(3.4.3. Key Management) s
5 511 M
( A recurring challenge to the Internet community is how to design,) s
5 500 M
( implement, and deploy key management appropriate to the myriad) s
5 489 M
( security contexts existing in the global Internet. Most current work) s
5 478 M
( in unicast key management has focused on hierarchical trust models,) s
5 467 M
( because much of the existing work has been driven by corporate or) s
5 456 M
( military "top-down" operating models.) s
5 434 M
( The absence of key management methods applicable to non-hierarchical) s
5 423 M
( trust models \(see above\) is a significant constraint on the) s
5 412 M
( approaches that might be taken to secure components of the Internet.) s
5 401 M
( Research focused on removing those constraints by developing) s
5 390 M
( practical key management methods applicable to non-hierarchical trust) s
5 379 M
( models would be very helpful.) s
5 357 M
( Topics worthy of additional research include key management) s
5 346 M
( techniques, such as non-hierarchical key management architectures) s
5 335 M
( \(e.g. to support non-hierarchical trust models; see above\), that are) s
5 324 M
( useful by ad-hoc groups in mobile networks and/or distributed) s
5 313 M
( computing.) s
5 291 M
( Although some progress has been made in recent years, scalable) s
5 280 M
( multicast key management is far from being a solved problem.) s
5 269 M
( Existing approaches to scalable multicast key management add) s
5 258 M
( significant constraints on the problem scope in order to come up with) s
5 247 M
( a deployable technical solution. Having a more general approach to) s
5 236 M
( scalable multicast key management \(i.e. one having broader) s
5 225 M
( applicability and fewer constraints\) would enhance the Internet's) s
5 214 M
( capabilities.) s
5 192 M
( In many cases, attribute negotiation is an important capability of a) s
5 181 M
( key management protocol. Experience with the Internet Key Exchange) s
5 170 M
( \(IKE\) to date has been that it is unduly complex. Much of IKE's) s
5 159 M
( complexity derives from its very general attribute negotiation) s
5 148 M
( capabilities. A new key management approach that supported) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 14]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
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( significant attribute negotiation without creating challenging levels) s
5 654 M
( of deployment and operations complexity would be helpful.) s
5 632 M
(3.4.4 Cryptography) s
5 610 M
( There is an ongoing need to continue the open-world research funding) s
5 599 M
( into both cryptography and cryptanalysis. Most governments focus) s
5 588 M
( their cryptographic research in the military-sector. While this is) s
5 577 M
( understandable, those efforts often have limited \(or no\) publications) s
5 566 M
( in the open literature. Since the Internet engineering community) s
5 555 M
( must work from the open literature, it is important that open-world) s
5 544 M
( research continues in the future.) s
5 522 M
(3.4.5 Security for Distributed Computing) s
5 500 M
( MIT's Project Athena was an important and broadly successful research) s
5 489 M
( project into distributed computing. Project Athena developed the) s
5 478 M
( Kerberos [RFC-1510] security system, which has significant deployment) s
5 467 M
( today in campus environments. However, inter-realm Kerberos is) s
5 456 M
( neither as widely deployed nor perceived as widely successful as) s
5 445 M
( single-realm Kerberos. The need for scalable inter-domain user) s
5 434 M
( authentication is increasingly acute as ad-hoc computing and mobile) s
5 423 M
( computing become more widely deployed. Thus, work on scalable) s
5 412 M
( mechanisms for mobile, ad-hoc, and non-hierarchical inter-domain) s
5 401 M
( authentication would be very helpful.) s
5 379 M
(3.4.6. Deployment Considerations in Security) s
5 357 M
( Lots of work has been done on theoretically perfect security that is) s
5 346 M
( impossible to deploy. Unfortunately, Kent's S-BGP proposal is an) s
5 335 M
( example of a good research product that has significant unresolved) s
5 324 M
( deployment challenges. It is far from obvious how one could widely) s
5 313 M
( deploy S-BGP without previously deploying a large-scale inter-domain) s
5 302 M
( public-key infrastructure and also centralising route advertisement) s
5 291 M
( policy enforcement in the Routing Information Registries or some) s
5 280 M
( similiar body. Historically, public-key infrastructures have been) s
5 269 M
( either very difficult or impossible to deploy at large scale. Some) s
5 258 M
( have recently suggested that the PGP web-of-trust authentication) s
5 247 M
( model should be applied to inter-domain advertisement of routing) s
5 236 M
( prefixes [Schiller03]. Security mechanisms that need additional) s
5 225 M
( infrastructure have not been deployed well. We desperately need) s
5 214 M
( security that is general, easy to install, and easy to manage.) s
5 192 M
(3.4.7. Denial of Service Protection) s
5 170 M
( Historically, the Internet community has mostly ignored pure Denial) s
5 159 M
( of Service \(DoS\) attacks. This was appropriate at one time since) s
5 148 M
( such attacks were rare and are hard to defend against. However, one) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 15]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
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( of the recent trends in malware \(viruses, worms, etc.\) has been the) s
5 654 M
( incorporation of features that turn the infected host into a) s
5 643 M
( "zombie". Such zombies can be remotely controlled to mount a) s
5 632 M
( distributed denial of service attack on some victim machine. This) s
5 621 M
( makes the design of anti-DoS measures of high importance to the) s
5 610 M
( Internet. Some work has been done on this front [Sav00], [MBFIPS01],) s
5 599 M
( but more is needed.) s
5 577 M
(3.5. Network Management) s
5 555 M
( The Internet had early success in network device monitoring with the) s
5 544 M
( Simple Network Management Protocol \(SNMP\) and its associated) s
5 533 M
( Management Information Base \(MIB\). There has been comparatively less) s
5 522 M
( success in managing networks, in contrast to the hierarchical) s
5 511 M
( monitoring of individual devices.) s
5 489 M
( Unfortunately, network management research has historically been very) s
5 478 M
( underfunded, because it is difficult to get funding bodies to) s
5 467 M
( recognize this as legitimate networking research.) s
5 445 M
(3.5.1. Configuration Management) s
5 423 M
( Operators at the IAB Network Management Workshop [RFC-3535] held in) s
5 412 M
( 2002 reported that scalable distributed configuration management for) s
5 401 M
( sets of network devices is a significant challenge today. An) s
5 390 M
( enhanced network management architecture that more fully supports) s
5 379 M
( real operational needs is desirable. Even individual improvements in) s
5 368 M
( configuration management for sets of networked devices would be very) s
5 357 M
( welcome. Such improvements would need to include an integrated) s
5 346 M
( approach to security for the configuration data.) s
5 324 M
(3.5.1. Enhanced Monitoring Capabilities) s
5 302 M
( SNMP does not scale very well to monitoring large numbers of objects) s
5 291 M
( in many devices in different parts of the network. An alternative) s
5 280 M
( approach worth exploring is how to provide scalable and distributed) s
5 269 M
( monitoring, not on individual devices, but instead on groups of) s
5 258 M
( devices and networks-as-a-whole.) s
5 236 M
(3.5.2. Managing Networks, Not Devices) s
5 214 M
( In particular, at present there are few or no good tools for managing) s
5 203 M
( a whole network of devices, though SNMP \(Simple Network Management) s
5 192 M
( Protocol\) and CMIP \(Common Management Information Protocol\) are fine) s
5 181 M
( for reading status of well-defined objects from individual boxes.) s
5 170 M
( Applied research into methods of managing sets of networked devices) s
5 159 M
( seems worthwhile. Ideally this configuration management approach) s
5 148 M
( would support distributed management, rather than being strictly) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 16]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
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( hierarchical.) s
5 643 M
( As an example, the current set of network management tools for) s
5 632 M
( managing multimedia \(voice and video\) IP networks is inadequate, and) s
5 621 M
( research would be useful in this area. The lack of appropriate) s
5 610 M
( network management tools has also been cited as one of the major) s
5 599 M
( barriers to the deployment of IP multicast [D00, SP03].) s
5 577 M
(3.5.3. Improving the Scalability of Network Management) s
5 555 M
( An open issue related to network management is helping users and) s
5 544 M
( others to identify and resolve problems in the network. If a user) s
5 533 M
( can't access a web page, it would be useful if the user could find) s
5 522 M
( out, easily, without having to run ping and traceroute, whether the) s
5 511 M
( problem was that the web server was down, that the network was) s
5 500 M
( partitioned due to a link failure, that there was heavy congestion) s
5 489 M
( along the path, that the DNS name couldn't be resolved, that the) s
5 478 M
( firewall prohibited the access, or something else. Current) s
5 467 M
( approaches to network management do not scale sufficiently, so) s
5 456 M
( network service providers and enterprises often have difficulty) s
5 445 M
( operating their network\(s\) as successfully and economically as) s
5 434 M
( desired. Hence, more work is needed to improve the scalability of) s
5 423 M
( network management systems. This might involve application of) s
5 412 M
( artificial intelligence, expert systems technology, or other) s
5 401 M
( mechanisms, for example.) s
5 379 M
(3.6. Quality of Service) s
5 357 M
( There has been an intensive body of research and development work on) s
5 346 M
( adding QoS to the Internet architecture for more than ten years now) s
5 335 M
( [RFC-1633, RFC-2474, RFC-3260, RFC-2205, RFC-2210], yet we still) s
5 324 M
( don't have end-to-end QoS in the Internet [RFC-2990]. The IETF is) s
5 313 M
( good at defining individual QoS mechanisms, but poor at work on) s
5 302 M
( deployable QoS architectures. Thus, while Differentiated Services) s
5 291 M
( \(DiffServ\) mechanisms have been standardized as per-hop behaviors,) s
5 280 M
( there is still much to be learned about the deployment of that or) s
5 269 M
( other QoS mechanisms for end-to-end QoS. In addition to work on) s
5 258 M
( purely technical issues, this includes close attention to the) s
5 247 M
( economic models and deployment strategies that would enable an) s
5 236 M
( increased deployment of QoS in the network.) s
5 214 M
( In many cases, deployment of QoS mechanisms would significantly) s
5 203 M
( increase operational security risks [RFC-2990], so any new research) s
5 192 M
( on QoS mechanisms or architectures ought to specifically discuss the) s
5 181 M
( potential security issues associated with the new proposal\(s\) and how) s
5 170 M
( to mitigate those security issues.) s
5 148 M
( One of the factors that has blunted the demand for QoS has been the) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 17]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
5 665 M
( transition of the Internet infrastructure from heavy congestion in) s
5 654 M
( the early 1990s, to overprovisioning in backbones and in many) s
5 643 M
( international links now. Thus, research in QoS mechanisms also has) s
5 632 M
( to include some careful attention to the relative costs and benefits) s
5 621 M
( of QoS in different places in the network. Applied research into QoS) s
5 610 M
( should include explicit consideration of economic issues of deploying) s
5 599 M
( and operating a QoS-enabled IP network [Clark02].) s
5 577 M
(3.6.1. Inter-Domain QoS Architecture) s
5 555 M
( Deploying existing Quality-of-Service \(QoS\) mechanisms, for example) s
5 544 M
( Differentiated Services or Integrated Services, across an inter-) s
5 533 M
( domain boundary creates a significant and easily exploited denial-of-) s
5 522 M
( service vulnerability for any network that provides inter-domain QoS) s
5 511 M
( support. This has caused network operators to refrain from) s
5 500 M
( supporting inter-domain QoS. The Internet would benefit from) s
5 489 M
( additional research into alternative approaches to QoS, approaches) s
5 478 M
( that do not create such vulnerabilities and can be deployed end-to-) s
5 467 M
( end [RFC-2990].) s
5 445 M
( Also, current business models are not consistent with inter-domain) s
5 434 M
( QoS, in large part because it is impractical or impossible to) s
5 423 M
( authenticate the identity of the sender of would-be preferred traffic) s
5 412 M
( while still forwarding traffic at line-rate. Absent such an ability,) s
5 401 M
( it is unclear how a network operator could bill or otherwise recover) s
5 390 M
( costs associated with providing that preferred service. So any new) s
5 379 M
( work on inter-domain QoS mechanisms and architectures needs to) s
5 368 M
( carefully consider the economic and security implications of such) s
5 357 M
( proposals.) s
5 335 M
(3.6.2. New Queuing Disciplines) s
5 313 M
( The overall Quality-of-Service for traffic is in part determined by) s
5 302 M
( the scheduling and queue management mechanisms at the routers. While) s
5 291 M
( there are a number of existing mechanisms \(e.g. RED\) that work) s
5 280 M
( reasonably well, it is possible that improved queuing strategies) s
5 269 M
( might be devised. Mechanisms that lowered the implementation cost in) s
5 258 M
( IP routers might help increase deployment of active queue management,) s
5 247 M
( for example.) s
5 225 M
(3.7. Congestion control.) s
5 203 M
( TCP's congestion control mechanisms, from 1988 [J88], have been a key) s
5 192 M
( factor in maintaining the stability of the Internet, and are used by) s
5 181 M
( the bulk of the Internet's traffic. However, the congestion control) s
5 170 M
( mechanisms of the Internet need to be expanded and modified to meet a) s
5 159 M
( wide range of new stresses, from new applications such as streaming) s
5 148 M
( media and multicast to new environments such as wireless networks or) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 18]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
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( very high bandwidth paths, and new requirements for minimizing) s
5 654 M
( queueing delay. While there are significant bodies of work in) s
5 643 M
( several of these issues, considerably more needs to be done. \(We) s
5 632 M
( would note that research on TCP congestion control is also not yet) s
5 621 M
( "done", with much still to be accomplished in high-speed TCP, or in) s
5 610 M
( adding robust performance over paths with significant reordering,) s
5 599 M
( intermittent connectivity, non-congestive packet loss, and the like.\)) s
5 577 M
( Several of these issues bring up difficult fundamental questions) s
5 566 M
( about the potential costs and benefits of increased communication) s
5 555 M
( between layers. Would it help transport to receive hints or other) s
5 544 M
( information from routing, from link layers, or from other transport-) s
5 533 M
( level connections? If so, what would be the cost to robust operation) s
5 522 M
( across diverse environments?) s
5 500 M
( For congestion control mechanisms in routers, active queue management) s
5 489 M
( and Explicit Congestion Notification are generally not yet deployed,) s
5 478 M
( and there are a range of proposals, in various states of maturity, in) s
5 467 M
( this area. At the same time, there is a great deal that we still do) s
5 456 M
( not understand about the interactions of queue management mechanisms) s
5 445 M
( with other factors in the network. Router-based congestion control) s
5 434 M
( mechanisms are also needed for detecting and responding to aggregate) s
5 423 M
( congestion such as in Distributed Denial of Service attacks and flash) s
5 412 M
( crowds.) s
5 390 M
( As more applications have the need to transfer very large files over) s
5 379 M
( high delay-bandwidth-product paths, the stresses on current) s
5 368 M
( congestion control mechanisms raise the question of whether we need) s
5 357 M
( more fine-grained feedback from routers. This includes the challenge) s
5 346 M
( of allowing connections to avoid the delays of slow-start, and to) s
5 335 M
( rapidly make use of newly-available bandwidth.) s
5 313 M
( There is also a need for long-term research in congestion control) s
5 302 M
( that is separate from specific functional requirements like the ones) s
5 291 M
( listed above. We know very little about congestion control dynamics) s
5 280 M
( or traffic dynamics a large, complex network like the global) s
5 269 M
( Internet, with its heterogeneous and changing traffic mixes, link-) s
5 258 M
( level technologies, network protocols and router mechanisms, patterns) s
5 247 M
( of congestion, pricing models, and the like. Expanding our knowledge) s
5 236 M
( in this area seems likely to require a rich mix of measurement,) s
5 225 M
( analysis, simulations, and experimentation.) s
5 203 M
(3.8. Studying the Evolution of the Internet Infrastructure) s
5 181 M
( The evolution of the Internet infrastructure has been frustratingly) s
5 170 M
( slow and difficult, with long stories about the difficulties in) s
5 159 M
( adding IPv6, QoS, multicast, and other functionality to the Internet.) s
5 148 M
( We need a more scientific understanding of the evolutionary) s
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(IAB Informational [Page 19]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
5 665 M
( potentials and evolutionary difficulties of the Internet) s
5 654 M
( infrastructure.) s
5 632 M
( This evolutionary potential is affected not only by the technical) s
5 621 M
( issues of the layered IP architecture, but by other factors as well.) s
5 610 M
( These factors include the changes in the environment over time \(e.g.,) s
5 599 M
( the recent overprovisioning of backbones, the deployment of) s
5 588 M
( firewalls\), and the role of standardization process. Economic and) s
5 577 M
( public policy factors are also critical, including the central fact) s
5 566 M
( of the Internet as a decentralized system, with key players being not) s
5 555 M
( only individuals, but also ISPs, companies, and entire industries.) s
5 544 M
( Deployment issues are also key factors in the evolution of the) s
5 533 M
( Internet, including the continual chicken-and-egg problem of having) s
5 522 M
( enough customers to merit rolling out a service whose utility depends) s
5 511 M
( on the size of the customer base in the first place.) s
5 489 M
( Overlay networks might serve as a transition technology for new) s
5 478 M
( functionality, with an initial deployment in overlay networks, and) s
5 467 M
( with the new functionality moving later into the core if it seems) s
5 456 M
( warranted.) s
5 434 M
( There are also increased obstacles to the evolution of the Internet) s
5 423 M
( in the form of increased complexity [WD02], unanticipated feature) s
5 412 M
( interactions [K00], interactions between layers [CWWS92],) s
5 401 M
( interventions by middleboxes [RFC-3424], and the like. Because) s
5 390 M
( increasing complexity appears inevitable, research is needed to) s
5 379 M
( understand architectural mechanisms that can accommodate increased) s
5 368 M
( complexity without decreasing robustness of performance in unknown) s
5 357 M
( environments, and without closing off future possibilities for) s
5 346 M
( evolution.) s
5 324 M
(3.9. Middleboxes) s
5 302 M
( Research is needed to address the challenges posed by middleboxes.) s
5 291 M
( This includes issues of security, control, and data integrity, and on) s
5 280 M
( the general impact of middleboxes on the architecture.) s
5 258 M
( In many ways middleboxes are a direct outgrowth of commercial) s
5 247 M
( interests, but there is a need to look beyond the near-term needs for) s
5 236 M
( the technology, to research its broader implications and to explore) s
5 225 M
( ways to improve how middleboxes are integrated into the architecture.) s
5 203 M
(3.10. Internet Measurement) s
5 181 M
( A recurring challenge is measuring the Internet; there have been many) s
5 170 M
( discussions about the need for measurement studies as an integral) s
5 159 M
( part of Internet research [Claffy03]. In this discussion, we define) s
5 148 M
( measurement quite broadly. For example, there are numerous) s
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(IAB Informational [Page 20]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
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( challenges in measuring performance along any substantial Internet) s
5 654 M
( path, particularly when the path crosses administrative domain) s
5 643 M
( boundaries. There are also challenges in measuring) s
5 632 M
( protocol/application usage on any high speed Internet link. Many of) s
5 621 M
( the problems discussed above would benefit from increased frequency) s
5 610 M
( of measurement as well as improved quality of measurement on the) s
5 599 M
( deployed Internet.) s
5 577 M
( A key issue in network measurement is that most commercial Internet) s
5 566 M
( Service Providers consider the particular characteristics of their) s
5 555 M
( production IP network\(s\) to be trade secrets. Ways need to be found) s
5 544 M
( for legitimate non-commercial researchers to be able to measure) s
5 533 M
( relevant network parameters while also protecting the privacy rights) s
5 522 M
( of the measured ISPs.) s
5 500 M
( Absent measured data, there is possibly an over-reliance on network) s
5 489 M
( simulations in some parts of the Internet research community and) s
5 478 M
( probably insufficient validation that existing network simulation) s
5 467 M
( models are reasonably good representations of the deployed Internet) s
5 456 M
( \(or of some plausible future Internet\) [FK02].) s
5 434 M
( Without solid measurement of the current Internet behaviour, it is) s
5 423 M
( very difficult to know what otherwise unknown operational problems) s
5 412 M
( exist that require attention, and it is equally difficult to fully) s
5 401 M
( understand the impact of changes \(past or future\) upon the Internet's) s
5 390 M
( actual behavioural characteristics.) s
5 368 M
(3.11. Meeting the Needs of the Future) s
5 346 M
( As network size, link bandwidth, CPU capacity, and the number of) s
5 335 M
( users all increase, research will be needed to ensure that the) s
5 324 M
( Internet of the future scales to meet these increasing demands. We) s
5 313 M
( have discussed some of these scaling issues in specific sections) s
5 302 M
( above.) s
5 280 M
( However, for all of the research questions discussed in this) s
5 269 M
( document, the goal of the research must be not only to meet the) s
5 258 M
( challenges already experienced today, but also to meet the challenges) s
5 247 M
( that can be expected to emerge in the future.) s
5 225 M
(3.12. Additional topics) s
5 203 M
( We have not included in this document discussions about the need for) s
5 192 M
( additional research in providing tools for researchers \(e.g.,) s
5 181 M
( modeling, simulations, test-beds\).) s
5 159 M
( Any new sections in this document should be focused on the problems) s
5 148 M
( that need to be addressed, rather than focused on the new approaches) s
5 104 M
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
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( or technologies that might be promising answers to those problems.) s
5 643 M
(4. Conclusions) s
5 621 M
( This document has summarized the history of research funding for the) s
5 610 M
( Internet and highlighted examples of open research questions. The) s
5 599 M
( IAB believes that more research is required to further the evolution) s
5 588 M
( of the Internet infrastructure, and that consistent, sufficient non-) s
5 577 M
( commercial funding is needed to enable such research.) s
5 555 M
( In case there is any confusion, we are not in this document) s
5 544 M
( suggesting any direct or indirect role for the IAB, the IETF, or the) s
5 533 M
( IRTF in handling any funding for Internet research.) s
5 511 M
(5. Acknowledgements) s
5 489 M
( The people who directly contributed to this document in some form) s
5 478 M
( include the following: Ran Atkinson, Rob Austein, Jon Crowcroft,) s
5 467 M
( Sally Floyd, James Kempf, Craig Partridge, Vern Paxson, and Mike St.) s
5 456 M
( Johns. We are also grateful to Kim Claffy, Andrei Gurtov, Hilarie) s
5 445 M
( Orman for feedback.) s
5 423 M
( We have also drawn widely on the following sources: [CIPB02],) s
5 412 M
( [IST02], [NV02], [NSF02], [NSF03], [NSF03a].) s
5 390 M
( Upcoming workshops include the following: [COST-NSF03].) s
5 368 M
(6. Security Considerations) s
5 346 M
( This document does not itself create any new security issues for the) s
5 335 M
( Internet community. Security issues within the Internet Architecture) s
5 324 M
( primarily are discussed in Section 3.4 above.) s
5 302 M
(7. IANA Considerations) s
5 280 M
( There are no IANA considerations regarding this document.) s
5 258 M
(Normative References) s
5 236 M
( There are no Normative References because this is an Informational) s
5 225 M
( document.) s
5 203 M
(Informative References) s
5 181 M
( [Atk96] R. Atkinson et alia, "Implementation of IPv6 in 4.4 BSD",) s
5 170 M
( Proceedings of USENIX 1996 Annual Technical Conference, USENIX) s
5 159 M
( Association, Berkeley, CA, January 1996.) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 22]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
5 665 M
( [Bellman1957] R.E. Bellman, "Dynamic Programming", Princeton) s
5 654 M
( University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1957.) s
5 632 M
( [BL1976] D. E. Bell & L. J. LaPadula, "Secure Computer Systems:) s
5 621 M
( Unified Exposition and Multics Interpretation", MITRE Technical) s
5 610 M
( Report NMTR-1997 \(ESD-TR-75-306\), The Mitre Corporation, March 1976.) s
5 588 M
( [Claffy03] K. Claffy, "Priorities and Challenges in Internet) s
5 577 M
( Measurement, Simulation, and Analysis", NSF PI meeting, January 2003.) s
5 566 M
( URL "http://www.caida.org/outreach/presentations/2003/nsfpi0301/".) s
5 544 M
( [Clark02] D. D. Clark, "Deploying the Internet - why does it take so) s
5 533 M
( long and, can research help ?", Large-Scale Networking Distinguished) s
5 522 M
( Lecture Series, \(US\) National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA, 8) s
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( January 2002. URL: http://www.ngi-supernet.org/conferences.html) s
5 489 M
( [CSTB99] Computer Science & Telecommunications Board, \(US\) National) s
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5 467 M
( Computing Research", National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1999.) s
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5 434 M
( [CIPB02] Critical Infrastructure Protection Board, "National Strategy) s
5 423 M
( to Secure Cyberspace", The White House, Washington, DC, September) s
5 412 M
( 2002, URL "http://www.whitehouse.gov/pcipb".) s
5 390 M
( [COST-NSF03] COST-IST\(EU\)--NSF\(USA\) Workshop on Networking, June,) s
5 379 M
( 2003. URL "http://cgi.di.uoa.gr/~istavrak/costnsf/".) s
5 357 M
( [CWWS92] J. Crowcroft, I Wakeman, Z. Wang, & D. Sirovica, "Is) s
5 346 M
( Layering Harmful ?", IEEE Networks, January 1992.) s
5 324 M
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( Service and Architecture", IEEE Network, January/February 2000.) s
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5 280 M
( LANs", ACM Computer Communications Review, Volume 18, Issue 4, August) s
5 269 M
( 1988.) s
5 247 M
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5 236 M
( graphs", Numerishe Mathematik, 1, 1959, pp.269-271.) s
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( [FF1962] L.R. Ford Jr. & D.R. Fulkerson, "Flows in Networks",) s
5 203 M
( Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1962.) s
5 181 M
( [FK02] S. Floyd and E. Kohler, Internet Research Needs Better Models,) s
5 170 M
( Hotnets-I. October 2002. URL) s
5 159 M
( "http://www.icir.org/models/bettermodels.html".) s
5 104 M
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
5 665 M
( [Handley02] Mark Handley's viewgraphs to an NSF meeting, 2002.) s
5 643 M
( [IM1993] J. Ioannidis & G. Maguire Jr., "The Design and) s
5 632 M
( Implementation of a Mobile Internetworking Architecture", Proceedings) s
5 621 M
( of the Winter USENIX Technical Conference, pages 489-500, January) s
5 610 M
( 1993.) s
5 588 M
( [IST02] Research Networking in Europe - Striving for Global) s
5 577 M
( Leadership, Information Society Technologies, 2002. URL) s
5 566 M
( "http://www.cordis.lu/ist/rn/rn-brochure.htm".) s
5 544 M
( [J88] Van Jacobson, Congestion Avoidance and Control, SIGCOMM, 1988.) s
5 533 M
( URL "http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/jacobson88congestion.html".) s
5 511 M
( [J02] William Jackson, "U.S. should fund R&D for secure Internet) s
5 500 M
( protocols, Clarke says", 10/31/02, URL) s
5 489 M
( "http://www.gcn.com/vol1_no1/security/20382-1.html".) s
5 467 M
( [K00] Hans Kruse, The Pitfalls of Distributed Protocol Development:) s
5 456 M
( Unintentional Interactions between Network Operations and) s
5 445 M
( Applications Protocols, 8th International Conference on) s
5 434 M
( Telecommunication Systems Design, Nashville, March 2000. URL) s
5 423 M
( "http://www.csm.ohiou.edu/kruse/publications/TSYS2000.pdf".) s
5 401 M
( [KLMS2000] S. Kent, C. Lynn, J. Mikkelson, & K. Seo, "Secure Border) s
5 390 M
( Gateway Protocol \(S-BGP\)", Proceedings of ISoc Network & Distributed) s
5 379 M
( Systems Security Symposium, Internet Society, Reston, VA, February) s
5 368 M
( 2000.) s
5 346 M
( [LD2002] E. Lear & R. Droms, "What's in a Name: Thoughts from the) s
5 335 M
( NSRG", Internet-Draft, December 2002.) s
5 313 M
( [MBFIPS01] Ratul Mahajan, Steven M. Bellovin, Sally Floyd, John) s
5 302 M
( Ioannidis, Vern Paxson, and Scott Shenker, Controlling High Bandwidth) s
5 291 M
( Aggregates in the Network \(Extended Version\), July, 2001. URL) s
5 280 M
( "http://www.icir.org/pushback/".) s
5 258 M
( [MBKQ96] M. McKusick, K. Bostic, M. Karels, & J. Quarterman, "Design) s
5 247 M
( and Implementation of the 4.4 BSD Operating System", Addison-Wesley,) s
5 236 M
( Reading, MA, 1996.) s
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( [S03] J. I. Schiller, "Interception Technology: The Good, The Bad,) s
5 203 M
( and The Ugly!", NANOG, June 2003. URL) s
5 192 M
( "http://www.nanog.org/mtg-0306/schiller.html".) s
5 170 M
( [Schiller03] J. I. Schiller, Private Communication, MIT, Cambridge,) s
5 159 M
( MA. 2003.) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 24]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
5 665 M
( [NV02] NetVision 2012 Committee,"DARPA's Ten-Year Strategic Plan for) s
5 654 M
( Networking Research", \(US\) Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency,) s
5 643 M
( October 2002. Citation for acknowledgement purposes only.) s
5 621 M
( [NSF02] NSF Workshop on Network Research Testbeds, October 2002. URL) s
5 610 M
( "http://www-net.cs.umass.edu/testbed_workshop/".) s
5 588 M
( [NSF03] NSF ANIR Principal Investigator meeting, January 9-10, 2003,) s
5 577 M
( URL "http://www.ncne.org/training/nsf-pi/2003/nsfpimain.html".) s
5 555 M
( [NSF03a] Revolutionizing Science and Engineering Through) s
5 544 M
( Cyberinfrastructure, NSF Report, January 2003. URL) s
5 533 M
( "http://www.cise.nsf.gov/evnt/reports/atkins_annc_020303.htm".) s
5 511 M
( [ResearchQuestions] Web Page on "Papers about Research Questions for) s
5 500 M
( the Internet", URL) s
5 489 M
( "http://www.icir.org/floyd/research_questions.html".) s
5 467 M
( [RFC-1510] J. Kohl & C. Neuman, "The Kerberos Network Authentication) s
5 456 M
( Service \(V5\)", RFC 1510, September 1993.) s
5 434 M
( [RFC-2082] F. Baker & R. Atkinson, "RIPv2 MD5 Authentication",) s
5 423 M
( RFC-2082, January 1997.) s
5 401 M
( [RFC-2154] S. Murphy, M. Badger, & B. Wellington, "OSPF with Digital) s
5 390 M
( Signatures", RFC-2154, June 1997.) s
5 368 M
( [RFC-2385] A. Heffernan, "Protection of BGP Sessions via the TCP MD5) s
5 357 M
( Signature Option", RFC-2385, August 1998.) s
5 335 M
( [RFC-2407] D. Piper, "The Internet IP Security Domain of) s
5 324 M
( Interpretation for ISAKMP", RFC-2407, November 1998.) s
5 302 M
( [RFC-2501] S. Corson & J. Macker, "Mobile Ad Hoc Networking \(MANET\):) s
5 291 M
( Routing Protocol Performance Issues and Evaluation Considerations",) s
5 280 M
( RFC-2501, January 1999.) s
5 258 M
( [RFC-2990] G. Huston, "Next Steps for the IP QoS Architecture",) s
5 247 M
( RFC-1990, November 2000.) s
5 225 M
( [RFC-3221] G. Huston, "Commentary on Inter-Domain Routing in the) s
5 214 M
( Internet", RFC-3221, December 2001.) s
5 192 M
( [RFC-3424] L. Daigle \(Ed.\), "IAB Considerations for Unilateral Self-) s
5 181 M
( Address Fixing \(UNSAF\) Across Network Address Translation", RFC-3424,) s
5 170 M
( Internet Architecture Board, November 2002.) s
5 148 M
( [RFC-3535] J. Schoenwalder, Editor, "Overfiew of the 2002 IAB Network) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 25]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding June 2003) s
5 665 M
( Management Workshop", RFC-3535, May 2003.) s
5 643 M
( [RIPE] RIPE \(Reseaux IP Europeens\), URL "http://www.ripe.net/ripe/".) s
5 621 M
( [Sav00] Savage, S., Wetherall, D., Karlink, A. R., and Anderson, T.,) s
5 610 M
( Practical Network Support for IP Traceback, SIGCOMM 2000.) s
5 588 M
( [SP03] P. Sharma & R. Malpani, "IP Multicast Operational Network) s
5 577 M
( Management: Design, Challenges, and Experiences", IEEE Network, March) s
5 566 M
( 2003.) s
5 544 M
( [WD02] Walter Willinger and John Doyle, "Robustness and the Internet:) s
5 533 M
( Design and Evolution", 2002, URL) s
5 522 M
( "http://netlab.caltech.edu/internet/".) s
5 500 M
( [WIDE] WIDE Project, URL "http://www.wide.ad.jp/".) s
5 478 M
(9. AUTHORS' ADDRESSES) s
5 445 M
( Internet Architecture Board) s
5 434 M
( EMail: iab@iab.org) s
5 412 M
( Internet Architecture Board Members) s
5 401 M
( at the time this document was published were:) s
5 379 M
( Bernard Aboba) s
5 368 M
( Harald Alvestrand \(IETF chair\)) s
5 357 M
( Rob Austein) s
5 346 M
( Leslie Daigle \(IAB chair\)) s
5 335 M
( Patrik Faltstrom) s
5 324 M
( Sally Floyd) s
5 313 M
( Jun-ichiro Itojun Hagino) s
5 302 M
( Mark Handley) s
5 291 M
( Geoff Huston \(IAB Executive Director\)) s
5 280 M
( Charlie Kaufman) s
5 269 M
( James Kempf) s
5 258 M
( Eric Rescorla) s
5 247 M
( Mike St. Johns) s
5 225 M
( We note that Ran Atkinson, one of the editors of the document,) s
5 214 M
( was an IAB member at the time that this document was created,) s
5 203 M
( and that Vern Paxson, the IRTF chair, is an ex-officio member) s
5 192 M
( of the IAB.) s
5 170 M
( This draft was created in November 2002 and revised January 2003,) s
5 159 M
( February 2003, and June 2003.) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 26]) s
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| PAFTECH AB 2003-2026 | 2026-04-23 05:38:43 |