One document matched: draft-iab-research-funding-00.ps
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5 665 M
(Internet Engineering Task Force Ran Atkinson, Editor) s
5 654 M
(INTERNET DRAFT Sally Floyd, Editor) s
5 643 M
(draft-iab-research-funding-00.txt Internet Architecture Board) s
5 632 M
( February 2003) s
5 577 M
( IAB Concerns & Recommendations Regarding Internet Research & Evolution) s
5 544 M
( Status of this Memo) s
5 511 M
( This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with) s
5 500 M
( all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.) s
5 478 M
( Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering) s
5 467 M
( Task Force \(IETF\), its areas, and its working groups. Note that) s
5 456 M
( other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-) s
5 445 M
( Drafts.) s
5 423 M
( Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months) s
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( and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any) s
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( time. It is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts as reference) s
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( material or to cite them other than as "work in progress.") s
5 368 M
( The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at) s
5 357 M
( http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt) s
5 335 M
( The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at) s
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( http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.) s
5 302 M
(Abstract) s
5 280 M
( This document discusses IAB concerns that ongoing research is needed) s
5 269 M
( to further the evolution of the Internet infrastructure, and that) s
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( consistent, sufficient non-commercial funding is needed to enable) s
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( such research.) s
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( This draft is being submitted as a first step towards getting) s
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( feedback from the wider community. Feedback can be sent to the IAB) s
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( mailing list at iab@ietf.org, or to the editors at) s
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( rja@extremenetworks.com and floyd@icir.org. We hope to set up a) s
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( mailing list for feedback at research-funding@ietf.org. When this) s
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( gets set up, requests to join can be sent to research-funding-) s
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( request@ietf.org.) s
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(IAB Informational [Page 1]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding February 2003) s
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(1. Introduction) s
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( This document discusses the history of funding for Internet research,) s
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( expresses concern about the current state of such funding, and) s
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( outlines several specific areas that the IAB believes merit) s
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( additional research. Current funding levels for Internet research) s
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( are not generally adequate, and several important research areas are) s
5 588 M
( significantly underfunded. This situation needs to be rectified for) s
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( the Internet to continue its evolution and development.) s
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(1.1 Document Organization) s
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( The first part of the document is a high-level discussion of the) s
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( history of funding for Internet research to provide some historical) s
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( context to this document. The early funding of Internet research was) s
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( largely from the U.S. government, followed by a period in the second) s
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( half of the 1990s of commercial funding and of funding from several) s
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( governments. [Add a citation.] However, the commercial funding for) s
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( Internet research has been reduced due to the recent economic) s
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( downturn.) s
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( The second part of the document provides an incomplete set of open) s
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( Internet research topics. These are only examples, intended to) s
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( illustrate the breadth of open research topics. This second section) s
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( supports the general thesis that ongoing research is needed to) s
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( further the evolution of the Internet infrastructure. This includes) s
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( research on the medium-time-scale evolution of the Internet) s
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( infrastructure as well as research on longer-time-scale grand) s
5 357 M
( challenges. This also includes many research issues that are already) s
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( being actively investigated in the Internet research community.) s
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( Areas that are discussed in this section include the following:) s
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( naming, routing, security, network management, and transport. Issues) s
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( that require more research also include more general architectural) s
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( issues such as layering and communication between layers. In) s
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( addition, general topics discussed in this section include modeling,) s
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( measurement, simulation, test-beds, etc. We are focusing on topics) s
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( that are related to the IETF and IRTF \(Internet Research Task Force\)) s
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( agendas. \(E.g., issues related to the global grid are not discussed) s
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( in this document because these issues are addressed through the) s
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( Global Grid Forum and other grid-specific organizations, not in the) s
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( IETF.\)) s
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( Where at all possible, the examples in the paper point to separate) s
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( documents on these issues, and only give a high-level summary of the) s
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( issues raised in those documents.) s
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(IAB Informational [Page 2]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding February 2003) s
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(1.2 IAB Concerns) s
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( Recently, in the aftermath of September 11 2001, there seems to be a) s
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( renewed interest by governments in funding research for Internet-) s
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( related security issues. From [J02]: "It is generally agreed that) s
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( the security and reliability of the basic protocols underlying the) s
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( Internet have not received enough attention because no one has a) s
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( proprietary interest in them".) s
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( That quote brings out a key issue in funding for Internet research,) s
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( which is that because no single organization \(e.g., no single) s
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( government, software company, equipment vendor, or network operator\)) s
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( has a sense of ownership of the global Internet infrastructure,) s
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( research on the general issues of the Internet infrastructure are) s
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( often not adequately funded. In our current challenging economic) s
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( climate, it is not surprising that commercial funding sources are) s
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( more likely to fund that research that leads to a direct competitive) s
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( advantage.) s
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( One of the principal theses of this document is that if commercial) s
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( funding is the main source of funding for future Internet research,) s
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( the future of the Internet infrastructure could be in trouble. In) s
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( addition to issues about which projects were funded, the funding) s
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( source can also affect the content of the research, for example,) s
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( towards or against the development of open standards, or taking) s
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( varying degrees of care about the effect of the developed protocols) s
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( on the other traffic on the Internet.) s
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( At the same time, many significant research contributions in) s
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( networking have come from commercial funding. However, for most of) s
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( the topics in this document, relying solely on commercially-funded) s
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( research would not be adequate. Much of today's commercial funding) s
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( is focused on technology transition, taking results from non-) s
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( commercial research and putting them into shipping commercial) s
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( products. We have not tried to delve into each of the research) s
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( issues below to discuss, for each issue, what are the potentials and) s
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( limitations of commercial funding for research in that area.) s
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( On a more practical note, if there was no commercial funding for) s
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( Internet research, then few research projects would be taken to) s
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( completion with implementations, deployment, and follow-up) s
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( evaluation.) s
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( While it is theoretically possible for there to be too much funding) s
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( for Internet research, that is far from the current problem.) s
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(IAB Informational [Page 3]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding February 2003) s
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(1.3 Contributions to this Document) s
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( A number of people have directly contributed text for this document,) s
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( even though, following current conventions, the official RFC author) s
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( list includes only the key editors of the document. The) s
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( Acknowledgements section at the end of the document thanks other) s
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( people who contributed to this document in some form.) s
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(2. History of Internet Research & Research Funding) s
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(2.1 Prior to 1980) s
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( Most of the early research into packet-switched networks was) s
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( sponsored by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) s
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( \(DARPA\) [CSTB99]. This includes the initial design, implementation,) s
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( and deployment of the ARPAnet connecting several universities and) s
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( other DARPA contractors. The ARPAnet originally came online in the) s
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( late 1960s. It grew in size during the 1970s, still chiefly with) s
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( DARPA funding, and demonstrated the utility of packet-switched) s
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( networking.) s
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(2.2 1980s and early 1990s) s
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( The ARPAnet converted to the Internet Protocol on January 1, 1983,) s
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( approximately 20 years before this document was written. Throughout) s
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( the 1980s, the U.S. Government continued strong research and) s
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( development funding for Internet technology. DARPA continued to be) s
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( the key funding source, but was supplemented by other DoD \(US) s
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( Department of Defense\) funding \(e.g. via DCA's Defense Data Network) s
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( \(DDN\) program\) and other U.S. Government funding \(e.g. US Department) s
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( of Energy \(DoE\) funding for research networks at DoE national) s
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( laboratories, \(US\) National Science Foundation \(NSF\) funding for) s
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( academic institutions\). This funding included basic research,) s
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( applied research \(including freely distributable prototypes\), the) s
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( purchase of IP-capable products, and operating support for the IP-) s
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( based government networks such as ARPAnet, ESnet, MILnet, and NSFnet.) s
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( In the late 1980s, the U.S. DoD desired to leave the business of) s
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( providing operational network services to academic institutions, so) s
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( funding for many academic activities moved over to the NSF. NSF) s
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( funding included research projects into networking, as well as) s
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( creating the NSFnet backbone and sponsoring the creation of several) s
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( NSF regional networks \(e.g. SURAnet\) and interconnections with) s
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( several international research networks.) s
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( Most research funding outside the U.S. during the 1980s and early) s
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( 1990s was focused on the ISO OSI networking project.) s
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(IAB Informational [Page 4]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding February 2003) s
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(2.3 Mid-1990s to 2003) s
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( Starting in the middle 1990s, U.S. Government funding for Internet) s
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( research and development was significantly reduced. The premise for) s
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( this was that the growing Internet industry would pay for whatever) s
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( research and development that was needed. Some funding for Internet) s
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( research and development has continued in this period from European) s
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( and Asian organizations \(e.g., the WIDE Project in Japan [WIDE]\).) s
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( RIPE \(Reseaux IP Europeens\) [RIPE] is an example of market-funded) s
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( research in Europe during this period.) s
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( Experience during this period has been that commercial firms have) s
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( often focused on donating equipment to academic institutions and) s
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( promoting somewhat vocationally-focused educational projects. Some) s
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( of the commercially-funded research and development projects appear) s
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( to have been selected because they appeared likely to give the) s
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( funding source a specific short-term economic advantage over its) s
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( competitors. Higher risk, more innovative research proposals) s
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( generally have not been funded by industry.) s
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(2.4 Current Status) s
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( The net result of reduced U.S. Government funding and profit-focused,) s
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( low-risk, short-term industry funding has been a sharp decline in) s
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( higher-risk but more innovative research activities. Industry has) s
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( also been less interested in research to evolve the overall Internet) s
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( architecture, because such work does not translate into a competitive) s
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( advantage for the firm funding such work. The IAB believes that it) s
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( would be helpful for governments and other non-commercial sponsors to) s
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( increase their funding of both basic research and applied research) s
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( relating to the Internet. Furthermore, those increased funding) s
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( levels should be sustained and protected against inflation going) s
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( forward.) s
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(3. Open Internet Research Topics) s
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( This section primarily discusses some specific topics that the IAB) s
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( believes merit additional research. Research, of course, includes) s
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( not just devising a theory, algorithm, or mechanism to accomplish a) s
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( goal, but also evaluating the general efficacy of the approach and) s
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( then the benefits vs. the costs of deploying that algorithm or) s
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( mechanism. Important cautionary notes about this discussion are) s
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( given in the next sub-section. This particular set of topics is not) s
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( intended to be comprehensive, but instead is intended to demonstrate) s
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( the breadth of open Internet research questions.) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding February 2003) s
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(3.1 Scope & Limitations) s
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( This document is NOT intended as a guide for funding organizations as) s
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( to exactly which projects or proposals should or should not be) s
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( funded.) s
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( In particular, this document is NOT intended to be a comprehensive) s
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( list of *all* of the research questions that are important to further) s
5 577 M
( the evolution of the Internet; that would be a daunting task, and) s
5 566 M
( would presuppose a wider and more intensive effort than we have) s
5 555 M
( undertaken in this document.) s
5 533 M
( Similarly, this document is not intended to list the research) s
5 522 M
( questions that are judged to be only of peripheral importance, or to) s
5 511 M
( survey the current \(global; governmental, commercial, and academic\)) s
5 500 M
( avenues for funding for Internet research, or to make specific) s
5 489 M
( recommendations about which areas need additional funding. The) s
5 478 M
( purpose of the document is to persuade the reader that ongoing) s
5 467 M
( research is needed towards the continued evolution of the Internet) s
5 456 M
( infrastructure; the purpose is not to make binding pronouncements) s
5 445 M
( about which specific areas are and are not worthy of future funding.) s
5 423 M
( For some research clearly relevant to the future evolution of the) s
5 412 M
( Internet, there are grand controversies between competing proposals) s
5 401 M
( or competing schools of thought; it is not the purpose of this) s
5 390 M
( document to take positions in these controversies, or to take) s
5 379 M
( positions on the nature of the solutions for areas needing further) s
5 368 M
( research. That approach would not be appropriate in a general, high-) s
5 357 M
( level overview document.) s
5 335 M
( That all carefully noted, the remainder of this section discusses a) s
5 324 M
( broad set of research areas, noting a subset of particular topics of) s
5 313 M
( interest in each of those research areas. Again, this list is NOT) s
5 302 M
( comprehensive, but rather is intended to suggest that a broad range) s
5 291 M
( of ongoing research is needed, and to propose some candidate topics.) s
5 269 M
(3.2 Naming) s
5 247 M
( The Internet currently has several different namespaces, including IP) s
5 236 M
( addresses, sockets \(specified by the IP address, upper-layer) s
5 225 M
( protocol, and upper-layer port number\), and the Fully-Qualified) s
5 214 M
( Domain Name \(FQDN\). Many of the Internet's namespaces are supported) s
5 203 M
( by the widely deployed Domain Name System [RFC refs] or by various) s
5 192 M
( Internet applications [RFC-2407, Section 4.6.2.1]) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 6]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding February 2003) s
5 665 M
(3.2.1 Domain Name System \(DNS\)) s
5 643 M
( The DNS system, while it works well given its current constraints,) s
5 632 M
( has several stress points.) s
5 610 M
( [More will be added here later about the DNS-specific concerns and) s
5 599 M
( research opportunities, such as DNSsec, signing the root zone,) s
5 588 M
( overloading of namespaces, etc.]) s
5 566 M
(3.2.2 New Namespaces) s
5 544 M
( Additionally, the Namespace Research Group \(NSRG\) of the Internet) s
5 533 M
( Research Task Force \(IRTF\) studied adding one or more additional) s
5 522 M
( namespaces to the Internet Architecture [LD2002]. Many participants) s
5 511 M
( in the IRTF NSRG membership believe that there would be significant) s
5 500 M
( architectural benefit to adding one or more additional namespaces to) s
5 489 M
( the Internet Architecture. Because smooth consensus on that question) s
5 478 M
( or on the properties of a new namespace was not obtained, the IRTF) s
5 467 M
( NSRG did not make a formal recommendation to the IETF community) s
5 456 M
( regarding namespaces. The IAB believes that this is an open research) s
5 445 M
( question worth examining further.) s
5 423 M
( Finally, we believe that future research into the evolution of) s
5 412 M
( Internet-based distributed computing might well benefit from studying) s
5 401 M
( adding additional namespaces as part of a new approach to distributed) s
5 390 M
( computing.) s
5 368 M
(3.3 Routing) s
5 346 M
( The currently deployed unicast routing system works reasonably well) s
5 335 M
( for most users. However, the current unicast routing architecture is) s
5 324 M
( suboptimal in several areas, including the following: end-to-end) s
5 313 M
( convergence times in global-scale catenets \(a system of networks) s
5 302 M
( interconnected via gateways\); the ability of the existing inter-) s
5 291 M
( domain path-vector algorithm to scale well beyond 200K prefixes; the) s
5 280 M
( ability of both intra-domain and inter-domain routing to use multiple) s
5 269 M
( metrics and multiple kinds of metrics concurrently; and the ability) s
5 258 M
( of IPv4 and IPv6 to support widespread site multi-homing without) s
5 247 M
( undue adverse impact on the inter-domain routing system. Integrating) s
5 236 M
( policy into routing is also a general concern, both for intra-domain) s
5 225 M
( and inter-domain routing.) s
5 192 M
(3.3.1 Inter-domain Routing) s
5 170 M
( The current operational inter-domain routing system has between) s
5 159 M
( 150,000 and 200,000 routing prefixes in the default-free zone \(DFZ\)) s
5 148 M
( [RFC-3221]. ASIC technology obviates concerns about the ability to) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 7]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding February 2003) s
5 665 M
( forward packets at very high speeds. ASIC technology also obviates) s
5 654 M
( concerns about the time required to perform longest-prefix-match) s
5 643 M
( computations. However, some senior members of the Internet routing) s
5 632 M
( community have concerns that the end-to-end convergence properties of) s
5 621 M
( the global Internet might hit algorithmic limitations \(i.e. not) s
5 610 M
( hardware limitations\) when the DFZ is somewhere between 200,000 and) s
5 599 M
( 300,000 prefixes. Research into whether this concern is well-founded) s
5 588 M
( in scientific terms seems very timely.) s
5 566 M
( The current approach to site multi-homing has the highly undesirable) s
5 555 M
( side-effect of significantly increasing the growth rate of prefix) s
5 544 M
( entries in the DFZ \(by impairing the deployment of prefix) s
5 533 M
( aggregation\). Research is needed into new routing architectures that) s
5 522 M
( can support large-scale site multi-homing without the undesirable) s
5 511 M
( impacts on inter-domain routing of the current multi-homing) s
5 500 M
( technique.) s
5 478 M
(3.3.2 Routing Integrity) s
5 456 M
( Recently there has been increased awareness of the longstanding issue) s
5 445 M
( of deploying strong authentication into the Internet inter-domain) s
5 434 M
( routing system. Currently deployed mechanisms \(e.g. BGP TCP MD5) s
5 423 M
( [RFC2385], OSPF MD5, RIP MD5 [RFC2082]\) provide cryptographic) s
5 412 M
( authentication of routing protocol messages, but no authentication of) s
5 401 M
( the actual routing data. Current proposals \(e.g. S-BGP [KLMS2000]\)) s
5 390 M
( for improving this in inter-domain routing are unduly challenging to) s
5 379 M
( deploy across the Internet because of their reliance on a single) s
5 368 M
( trust hierarchy \(e.g., a single PKI\). Similar proposals \(e.g. OSPF) s
5 357 M
( with Digital Signatures, [RFC2154]\) for intra-domain routing are) s
5 346 M
( argued to be computationally infeasible to deploy in a large network.) s
5 324 M
( Alternative approaches to authentication of data in the routing) s
5 313 M
( system need to be developed. In particular, the ability to perform) s
5 302 M
( partial authentication of routing data would facilitate incremental) s
5 291 M
( deployment of routing authentication mechanisms. Also, the ability) s
5 280 M
( to use non-hierarchical trust models \(e.g. the web of trust used in) s
5 269 M
( the PGP application\) might facilitate incremental deployment and) s
5 258 M
( might resolve existing concerns about centralized administration of) s
5 247 M
( the routing system, hence merits additional study and consideration.) s
5 225 M
(3.3.3 Routing Algorithms) s
5 203 M
( The current Internet routing system relies primarily on only three) s
5 192 M
( algorithms. Link-state routing uses the Dijkstra algorithm) s
5 181 M
( [Dijkstra59]. The Distance-Vector and Path-Vector algorithms use the) s
5 170 M
( Bellman-Ford algorithm [Bellman1957, FF1962]. Additional ongoing) s
5 159 M
( basic research into graph theory as applied to routing is worthwhile) s
5 148 M
( and might yield algorithms that would enable a new routing) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 8]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding February 2003) s
5 665 M
( architecture or otherwise provide improvements to the routing system.) s
5 643 M
( Currently deployed multicast routing relies on the Deering RPF) s
5 632 M
( algorithm [Deering1988]. Ongoing research into alternative multicast) s
5 621 M
( routing algorithms and protocols might help alleviate current) s
5 610 M
( concerns with the scalability of multicast routing.) s
5 588 M
( The deployed Internet routing system assumes that the shortest path) s
5 577 M
( is always the best path. This is provably false, however it is a) s
5 566 M
( reasonable compromise given the routing protocols currently) s
5 555 M
( available. Research into policy-based routing or routing with) s
5 544 M
( alternative metrics \(i.e. some metric other than the number of hops) s
5 533 M
( to the destination\) would be worthwhile. Examples of alternative) s
5 522 M
( policies include: the path with lowest monetary cost; the path with) s
5 511 M
( the lowest probability of packet loss; the path with minimized) s
5 500 M
( jitter; and the path with minimized latency. Policy metrics are also) s
5 489 M
( needed that take business relationships into account.) s
5 445 M
(3.3.4 Mobile & Ad-Hoc Routing) s
5 423 M
( Mobile routing [IM1993] and mobile ad-hoc routing [RFC2501] are) s
5 412 M
( relatively recent arrivals in the Internet, and are not yet widely) s
5 401 M
( deployed. The current approaches are not the last word in either of) s
5 390 M
( those arenas. We believe that additional research into routing) s
5 379 M
( support for mobile hosts and mobile networks is needed. Additional) s
5 368 M
( research for ad-hoc mobile hosts and mobile networks is also) s
5 357 M
( worthwhile. Ideally, mobile routing and mobile ad-hoc routing) s
5 346 M
( capabilities should be native inherent capabilities of the Internet) s
5 335 M
( routing architecture. This probably will require a significant) s
5 324 M
( evolution from the existing Internet routing architecture. \(NB: The) s
5 313 M
( term "mobility" as used here is not limited to mobile telephones, but) s
5 302 M
( instead is very broadly defined, including laptops that people carry,) s
5 291 M
( cars/trains/aircraft, and so forth.\)) s
5 269 M
( Included in this topic are a wide variety of issues. The more) s
5 258 M
( distributed and dynamic nature of partially or completely self-) s
5 247 M
( organizing routing systems \(including the associated end nodes\)) s
5 236 M
( creates unique security challenges \(especially relating to AAA and) s
5 225 M
( key management\). Scalability of wireless networks can be difficult) s
5 214 M
( to measure or to achieve. Enforced hierarchy is one approach, but) s
5 203 M
( can be very limiting. Research into alternative approaches to) s
5 192 M
( wireless scalability \(e.g. optimized flooding, fuzzy-sighted routing\)) s
5 181 M
( seems worthwhile. Because wireless link-layer protocols usually have) s
5 170 M
( more knowledge about the details of the current propagation) s
5 159 M
( characteristics, it might be desirable to find ways to let network-) s
5 148 M
( layer routing use such data. This raises architectural questions of) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 9]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding February 2003) s
5 665 M
( what the proper layering should be, which functions should be in) s
5 654 M
( which layer, and also practical considerations of how and when such) s
5 643 M
( information sharing should occur in real implementations.) s
5 621 M
(3.4. Security) s
5 599 M
( The Internet has a reputation for not having sufficient security. In) s
5 588 M
( fact, the Internet has a number of security mechanisms standardized,) s
5 577 M
( some of which are widely deployed. However, there are a number of) s
5 566 M
( open research questions relating to Internet security.) s
5 533 M
(3.4.1 Freely Distributable Prototypes) s
5 511 M
( U.S.'s DARPA has historically funded development of freely) s
5 500 M
( distributable implementations of various security technologies, such) s
5 489 M
( as IP security, in a variety of operating systems. Experience has) s
5 478 M
( shown that a good way to speed deployment of a new technology is to) s
5 467 M
( provide an unencumbered, freely-distributable prototype. We believe) s
5 456 M
( that applied research projects in Internet security will have an) s
5 445 M
( increased probability of success if the research project teams make) s
5 434 M
( their resulting software implementations freely available for both) s
5 423 M
( commercial and non-commercial uses. Examples of successes here) s
5 412 M
( include the DARPA funding of TCP/IPv4 integration into the 4.2 BSD) s
5 401 M
( system and DARPA/USN funding of ESP/AH design and integration into) s
5 390 M
( the 4.4 BSD system.) s
5 368 M
(3.4.2 Formal Methods) s
5 346 M
( There is an ongoing need for funding of basic research relating to) s
5 335 M
( Internet security, including funding of formal methods research that) s
5 324 M
( relates to security algorithms, protocols, and systems. For example,) s
5 313 M
( while there has been significant work into hierarchical security) s
5 302 M
( models \(e.g. Bell-Lapadula\) [BL1976], there has not been adequate) s
5 291 M
( formal study of alternative security models \(e.g. PGP's Web-of-Trust) s
5 280 M
( model\) that might be more applicable to nodes in ad-hoc networks,) s
5 269 M
( mobile networks, or new distributed computing paradigms. Additional) s
5 258 M
( study of alternative trust models seems worthwhile. While there has) s
5 247 M
( been some work on the application of formal methods to cryptographic) s
5 236 M
( algorithms and cryptographic protocols, there is a continued need for) s
5 225 M
( research in that area and also into how formal methods might be) s
5 214 M
( applied to the design of new cryptographic algorithms or protocols.) s
5 203 M
( The creation of automated tools for applying formal methods to) s
5 192 M
( cryptographic algorithms and protocols would be highly desirable.) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 10]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding February 2003) s
5 665 M
(3.4.3 Key Management) s
5 643 M
( A recurring challenge to the Internet community is how to design,) s
5 632 M
( implement, and deploy key management appropriate to the myriad) s
5 621 M
( security contexts existing in the global Internet. Some examples of) s
5 610 M
( topics worthy of additional research include key management) s
5 599 M
( techniques, such as non-hierarchical key management architectures,) s
5 588 M
( that are useful by ad-hoc groups in mobile networks and/or) s
5 577 M
( distributed computing.) s
5 555 M
( Although some progress has been made in recent years, scalable) s
5 544 M
( multicast key management is far from being a solved problem.) s
5 533 M
( Existing approaches to scalable multicast key management add) s
5 522 M
( significant constraints on the problem scope in order to come up with) s
5 511 M
( a deployable technical solution. Having a more general approach to) s
5 500 M
( scalable multicast key management \(i.e. one having broader) s
5 489 M
( applicability and fewer constraints\) would enhance the Internet's) s
5 478 M
( capabilities.) s
5 456 M
( In many cases, attribute negotiation is an important capability of a) s
5 445 M
( key management protocol. Experience with the Internet Key Exchange) s
5 434 M
( \(IKE\) to date has been that it is unduly complex. Much of IKE's) s
5 423 M
( complexity derives from its very general attribute negotiation) s
5 412 M
( capabilities. A new key management approach that supported) s
5 401 M
( significant attribute negotiation without creating challenging levels) s
5 390 M
( of deployment and operations complexity is desired.) s
5 368 M
(3.4.4 Cryptography) s
5 346 M
( There is an ongoing need to continue the open-world research funding) s
5 335 M
( into both cryptography and cryptanalysis. Most governments focus) s
5 324 M
( their cryptographic research in the military-sector. While this is) s
5 313 M
( understandable, those efforts often have limited \(or no\) publications) s
5 302 M
( in the open literature. Since the Internet engineering community) s
5 291 M
( must work from the open literature, it is important that open-world) s
5 280 M
( research continues in the future.) s
5 258 M
(3.4.5 Security for Distributed Computing) s
5 236 M
( MIT's Project Athena was an important and broadly successful research) s
5 225 M
( project into distributed computing. Project Athena developed the) s
5 214 M
( Kerberos [RFC-1510] security system, which has significant deployment) s
5 203 M
( today in campus environments. However, inter-realm Kerberos is) s
5 192 M
( neither as widely deployed nor perceived as widely successful as) s
5 181 M
( single-realm Kerberos. Inter-domain user authentication is an) s
5 170 M
( important open research topic. More generally, the Internet would) s
5 159 M
( benefit from additional research into security architectures and) s
5 148 M
( protocols to support distributed computing, including architectures) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 11]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding February 2003) s
5 665 M
( that support ad-hoc and mobile distributed computing environments.) s
5 643 M
(3.4.6 Deployment Considerations in Security) s
5 621 M
( Lots of work has been done on theoretically perfect security that is) s
5 610 M
( impossible to deploy. Unfortunately, Kent's S-BGP proposal is an) s
5 599 M
( example of a good research product that makes a non-deployable) s
5 588 M
( protocol. Unfortunately, it isn't obvious how one can tweak S-BGP) s
5 577 M
( and make it into a deployable protocol [cite]. Security mechanisms) s
5 566 M
( that need infrastructure have not been deployed well. We desperately) s
5 555 M
( need security that is general, easy to install, and easy to manage.) s
5 533 M
(3.5. Network Management) s
5 511 M
( The Internet had early success in network device monitoring with the) s
5 500 M
( Simple Network Management Protocol \(SNMP\) and its associated) s
5 489 M
( Management Information Bases \(MIBs\). There has been comparatively) s
5 478 M
( less success in managing networks, in contrast to the hierarchical) s
5 467 M
( monitoring of individual devices.) s
5 445 M
( Unfortunately, network management research has historically been very) s
5 434 M
( underfunded, because it is difficult to get funding bodies to) s
5 423 M
( recognize this as legitimate networking research.) s
5 401 M
(3.5.1 Configuration Management) s
5 379 M
( Operators at the recent IAB Network Management Workshop reported that) s
5 368 M
( scalable distributed configuration management for sets of network) s
5 357 M
( devices is a significant challenge today. An enhanced network) s
5 346 M
( management architecture that more fully supports real operational) s
5 335 M
( needs is desirable. Even individual improvements in configuration) s
5 324 M
( management for sets of networked devices would be very welcome. Such) s
5 313 M
( improvements would need to include an integrated approach to security) s
5 302 M
( for the configuration data.) s
5 280 M
(3.5.1 Enhanced Monitoring Capabilities) s
5 258 M
( SNMP does not scale very well to monitoring large numbers of objects) s
5 247 M
( in many devices in different parts of the network. An alternative) s
5 236 M
( approach worth exploring is how to provide scalable and distributed) s
5 225 M
( monitoring, not on individual devices, but instead on groups of) s
5 214 M
( devices and networks-as-a-whole.) s
5 192 M
(3.5.2 Managing Networks, Not Devices) s
5 170 M
( In particular, at present there are few or no good tools for managing) s
5 159 M
( a whole network of devices, though SNMP \(Simple Network Management) s
5 148 M
( Protocol\) and CMIP \(Common Management Information Protocol\) are fine) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 12]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding February 2003) s
5 665 M
( for reading status of well-defined objects from individual boxes.) s
5 654 M
( Applied research into methods of managing sets of networked devices) s
5 643 M
( seems worthwhile. Ideally this configuration management approach) s
5 632 M
( would support distributed management, rather than being strictly) s
5 621 M
( hierarchical.) s
5 599 M
( As an example, the current set of network management tools for) s
5 588 M
( managing multimedia \(voice and video\) IP networks is inadequate, and) s
5 577 M
( research would be useful in this area.) s
5 555 M
(3.5.3 Application of AI to Network Management) s
5 533 M
( An open issue related to network management is helping users and) s
5 522 M
( others to identify and resolve problems in the network. If a user) s
5 511 M
( can't access a web page, it would be useful if the user could find) s
5 500 M
( out, easily, without having to run ping and traceroute, whether the) s
5 489 M
( problem was that the web server was down, that the network was) s
5 478 M
( partitioned due to a link failure, that there was heavy congestion) s
5 467 M
( along the path, that the DNS name couldn't be resolved, that the) s
5 456 M
( firewall prohibited the access, or something else. We encourage work) s
5 445 M
( on application of artificial intelligence \(AI\) or expert system) s
5 434 M
( techniques to network management systems.) s
5 412 M
(3.6. Quality of Service) s
5 390 M
( There has been an intensive body of research and development work on) s
5 379 M
( adding QoS to the Internet architecture for more than ten years now) s
5 368 M
( [cite intserv, diffserv, rsvp], yet we still don't have end-to-end) s
5 357 M
( QoS in the Internet [RFC-2990]. There is a need for further research) s
5 346 M
( and development. The IETF is good at defining QoS mechanisms, but) s
5 335 M
( poor at work on QoS architectures. Thus, while Differentiated) s
5 324 M
( Services \(DiffServ\) mechanisms have been standardized as per-hop) s
5 313 M
( behaviors, there is still much to be learned about the deployment of) s
5 302 M
( that or other QoS mechanisms for end-to-end QoS. In addition to work) s
5 291 M
( on purely technical issues, this includes close attention to the) s
5 280 M
( economic models and deployment strategies that would enable an) s
5 269 M
( increased deployment of QoS in the network.) s
5 247 M
( One of the factors that has blunted the demand for QoS has been the) s
5 236 M
( transition of the Internet infrastructure from heavy congestion in) s
5 225 M
( the early 1990s, to overprovisioning in backbones and in many) s
5 214 M
( international links now. Thus, research in QoS mechanisms also has) s
5 203 M
( to include some careful attention to the relative costs and benefits) s
5 192 M
( of QoS in different places in the network.) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 13]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding February 2003) s
5 665 M
(3.6.1 Inter-Domain QoS Architecture) s
5 643 M
( Deploying existing Quality-of-Service \(QoS\) mechanisms, for example) s
5 632 M
( Differentiated Services or Integrated Services, across an inter-) s
5 621 M
( domain boundary creates a significant and easily exploited denial-of-) s
5 610 M
( service vulnerability for any network that provides inter-domain QoS) s
5 599 M
( support. This has caused network operators to refrain from) s
5 588 M
( supporting inter-domain QoS. The Internet would benefit from) s
5 577 M
( additional research into alternative approaches to QoS, approaches) s
5 566 M
( that do not create such vulnerabilities and can be deployed end-to-) s
5 555 M
( end [RFC-2990].) s
5 522 M
(3.6.2 New Queuing Disciplines) s
5 500 M
( The overall Quality-of-Service for traffic is in part determined by) s
5 489 M
( the scheduling and queue management mechanisms at the routers.) s
5 478 M
( Continued work is needed into new queuing and queue management) s
5 467 M
( disciplines that could be used for DiffServ traffic, for other QoS) s
5 456 M
( mechanisms, and for better QoS for best-effort traffic.) s
5 434 M
(3.7. Congestion control.) s
5 412 M
( TCP's congestion control mechanisms, from 1988 [J88], have been a key) s
5 401 M
( factor in maintaining the stability of the Internet, and are used by) s
5 390 M
( the bulk of the Internet's traffic. However, the congestion control) s
5 379 M
( mechanisms of the Internet need to be expanded and modified to meet a) s
5 368 M
( wide range of new stresses, from new applications such as streaming) s
5 357 M
( media and multicast to new environments such as wireless networks or) s
5 346 M
( very high bandwidth paths, and new requirements for minimizing) s
5 335 M
( queueing delay. While there are significant bodies of work in) s
5 324 M
( several of these issues, considerably more needs to be done. \(We) s
5 313 M
( would note that research on TCP congestion control is also not yet) s
5 302 M
( "done", with much still to be accomplished in high-speed TCP, or in) s
5 291 M
( adding robust performance over paths with significant reordering,) s
5 280 M
( intermittent connectivity, non-congestive packet loss, and the like.\)) s
5 258 M
( Several of these issues bring up difficult fundamental questions) s
5 247 M
( about the potential costs and benefits of increased communication) s
5 236 M
( between layers. Would it help transport to receive hints or other) s
5 225 M
( information from routing, from link layers, or from other transport-) s
5 214 M
( level connections? If so, what would be the cost to robust operation) s
5 203 M
( across diverse environments?) s
5 181 M
( For congestion control mechanisms in routers, active queue management) s
5 170 M
( and Explicit Congestion Notification are generally not yet deployed,) s
5 159 M
( and there are a range of proposals, in various states of maturity, in) s
5 148 M
( this area. At the same time, there is a great deal that we still do) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 14]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding February 2003) s
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( not understand about the interactions of queue management mechanisms) s
5 654 M
( with other factors in the network. Router-based congestion control) s
5 643 M
( mechanisms are also needed for detecting and responding to aggregate) s
5 632 M
( congestion such as in Distributed Denial of Service attacks and flash) s
5 621 M
( crowds.) s
5 599 M
( As more applications have the need to transfer very large files over) s
5 588 M
( high delay-bandwidth-product paths, the stresses on current) s
5 577 M
( congestion control mechanisms raise the question of whether we need) s
5 566 M
( more fine-grained feedback from routers. This includes the challenge) s
5 555 M
( of allowing connections to avoid the delays of slow-start, and to) s
5 544 M
( rapidly make use of newly-available bandwidth.) s
5 522 M
( There is also a need for long-term research in congestion control) s
5 511 M
( that is separate from specific functional requirements like the ones) s
5 500 M
( listed above. We know very little about congestion control dynamics) s
5 489 M
( or traffic dynamics a large, complex network like the global) s
5 478 M
( Internet, with its heterogeneous and changing traffic mixes, link-) s
5 467 M
( level technologies, network protocols and router mechanisms, patterns) s
5 456 M
( of congestion, pricing models, and the like. Expanding our knowledge) s
5 445 M
( in this area seems likely to require a rich mix of measurement,) s
5 434 M
( analysis, simulations, and experimentation.) s
5 412 M
(3.8. Studying the Evolution of the Internet Infrastructure) s
5 390 M
( The evolution of the Internet infrastructure has been frustratingly) s
5 379 M
( slow and difficult, with long stories about the difficulties in) s
5 368 M
( adding IPv6, QoS, multicast, and other functionality to the Internet.) s
5 357 M
( We need a more scientific understanding of the evolutionary) s
5 346 M
( potentials and evolutionary difficulties of the Internet) s
5 335 M
( infrastructure.) s
5 313 M
( This evolutionary potential is affected not only by the technical) s
5 302 M
( issues of the layered IP architecture, but by other factors as well.) s
5 291 M
( These factors include the changes in the environment over time \(e.g.,) s
5 280 M
( the recent overprovisioning of backbones, the deployment of) s
5 269 M
( firewalls\), and the role of standardization process. Economic and) s
5 258 M
( public policy factors are also critical, including the central fact) s
5 247 M
( of the Internet as a decentralized system, with key players being not) s
5 236 M
( only individuals, but also ISPs, companies, and entire industries.) s
5 225 M
( Deployment issues are also key factors in the evolution of the) s
5 214 M
( Internet, including the continual chicken-and-egg problem of having) s
5 203 M
( enough customers to merit rolling out a service whose utility depends) s
5 192 M
( on the size of the customer base in the first place.) s
5 170 M
( Overlay networks could sometimes serve as a transition technology for) s
5 159 M
( new functionality, with an initial deployment in overlay networks,) s
5 148 M
( and with that functionality moving later into the core if it seems) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 15]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding February 2003) s
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( warranted.) s
5 643 M
( There are also increased obstacles to the evolution of the Internet) s
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( in the form of increased complexity [WD02], unanticipated feature) s
5 621 M
( interactions [K00], interactions between layers, interventions by) s
5 610 M
( middleboxes, and the like. Because increasing complexity appears) s
5 599 M
( inevitable, research is needed to understand architectural mechanisms) s
5 588 M
( that can accommodate increased complexity without decreasing) s
5 577 M
( robustness of performance in unknown environments, and without) s
5 566 M
( closing off future possibilities for evolution.) s
5 533 M
(3.9. Middleboxes) s
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( [A section will be added on research that is needed to address the) s
5 500 M
( challenges posed by middleboxes. This includes issues of security,) s
5 489 M
( control, and data integrity, and on the general impact of middleboxes) s
5 478 M
( on the architecture. In many ways middleboxes are a direct outgrowth) s
5 467 M
( of commercial interests, but there is a need to look beyond the near-) s
5 456 M
( term need for the technology to research its broader implications and) s
5 445 M
( ways to improve how middleboxes fit into the architecture.]) s
5 423 M
(3.10. Meeting the Needs of the Future) s
5 401 M
( As network size, link bandwidth, CPU capacity, and the number of) s
5 390 M
( users all increase, research will be needed to ensure that the) s
5 379 M
( Internet of the future scales to meet these increasing demands. We) s
5 368 M
( have discussed some of these scaling issues in specific sections) s
5 357 M
( above. However, for all of the research questions discussed in this) s
5 346 M
( document, the goal of the research must be not only to meet the) s
5 335 M
( challenges already experienced today, but also to meet the challenges) s
5 324 M
( that can be expected to emerge in the future.) s
5 302 M
(3.11. Additional topics) s
5 280 M
( We have not yet included in this document discussions about the need) s
5 269 M
( for additional research in providing tools for researchers \(e.g.,) s
5 258 M
( modeling, simulations, test-beds\).) s
5 236 M
( We also don't yet have sections on the research needs in network) s
5 225 M
( measurement.) s
5 203 M
( [Any new material should be focused on the problems that need to be) s
5 192 M
( addressed, rather than focused on the new approaches or technologies) s
5 181 M
( that might be promising answers to those problems.]) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 16]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding February 2003) s
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(4. Conclusions) s
5 643 M
( This document has summarized the history of research funding for the) s
5 632 M
( Internet and highlighted examples of open research questions. The) s
5 621 M
( IAB believes that more research is required to further the evolution) s
5 610 M
( of the Internet infrastructure, and that consistent, sufficient non-) s
5 599 M
( commercial funding is needed to enable such research.) s
5 577 M
(5. Acknowledgements) s
5 555 M
( The people who directly contributed to this document in some form) s
5 544 M
( include the following: Ran Atkinson, Jon Crowcroft, Sally Floyd,) s
5 533 M
( James Kempf, Vern Paxson, Mike St. Johns.) s
5 511 M
( We have also drawn widely on the following sources: [Cyberspace02],) s
5 500 M
( [Netvision2012], [NSF02], [NSF03]. Upcoming workshops include the) s
5 489 M
( following: [COST-NSF03].) s
5 467 M
(6 References) s
5 445 M
( There are no Normative References because this is an Informational) s
5 434 M
( document.) s
5 412 M
( Informative References) s
5 390 M
( [CSTB99] Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing) s
5 379 M
( Research, CSTB publication, 1999, URL) s
5 368 M
( "http://www7.nationalacademies.org/cstb/pub_revolution.html".) s
5 346 M
( [Cyberspace02] National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace, September) s
5 335 M
( 2002, URL "http://www.whitehouse.gov/pcipb/".) s
5 313 M
( [Bellman1957] R.E. Bellman, "Dynamic Programming", Princeton) s
5 302 M
( University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1957.) s
5 280 M
( [BL1976] D. E. Bell & L. J. LaPadula, "Secure Computer Systems:) s
5 269 M
( Unified Exposition and Multics Interpretation", MITRE Technical) s
5 258 M
( Report NMTR-1997 \(ESD-TR-75-306\), The Mitre Corporation, March 1976.) s
5 236 M
( [COST-NSF03] COST-IST\(EU\)--NSF\(USA\) Workshop on Networking, June,) s
5 225 M
( 2003. URL "http://cgi.di.uoa.gr/~istavrak/costnsf/".) s
5 203 M
( [Deering1988] S. Deering, "Multicast Routing in Internetworks and) s
5 192 M
( LANs", ACM Computer Communications Review, Volume 18, Issue 4, August) s
5 181 M
( 1988.) s
5 159 M
( [Dijkstra59] E. Dijkstra, "A note on two problems in connexion with) s
5 148 M
( graphs", Numerishe Mathematik, 1, 1959, pp.269-271.) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 17]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding February 2003) s
5 665 M
( [FF1962] L.R. Ford Jr. & D.R. Fulkerson, "Flows in Networks",) s
5 654 M
( Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1962.) s
5 632 M
( [Handley02] Mark Handley's viewgraphs to an NSF meeting, 2002.) s
5 610 M
( [IM1993] J. Ioannidis & G. Maguire Jr., "The Design and) s
5 599 M
( Implementation of a Mobile Internetworking Architecture", Proceedings) s
5 588 M
( of the Winter USENIX Technical Conference, pages 489-500, January) s
5 577 M
( 1993.) s
5 555 M
( [J88] Van Jacobson, Congestion Avoidance and Control, SIGCOMM, 1988.) s
5 544 M
( URL "http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/jacobson88congestion.html".) s
5 522 M
( [J02] William Jackson, "U.S. should fund R&D for secure Internet) s
5 511 M
( protocols, Clarke says", 10/31/02, URL) s
5 500 M
( "http://www.gcn.com/vol1_no1/security/20382-1.html".) s
5 478 M
( [K00] Hans Kruse, The Pitfalls of Distributed Protocol Development:) s
5 467 M
( Unintentional Interactions between Network Operations and) s
5 456 M
( Applications Protocols, 8th International Conference on) s
5 445 M
( Telecommunication Systems Design, Nashville, March 2000. URL) s
5 434 M
( "http://www.csm.ohiou.edu/kruse/publications/TSYS2000.pdf".) s
5 412 M
( [KLMS2000] S. Kent, C. Lynn, J. Mikkelson, & K. Seo, "Secure Border) s
5 401 M
( Gateway Protocol \(S-BGP\)", Proceedings of ISoc Network & Distributed) s
5 390 M
( Systems Security Symposium, Internet Society, Reston, VA, February) s
5 379 M
( 2000.) s
5 357 M
( [LD2002] E. Lear & R. Droms, "What's in a Name: Thoughts from the) s
5 346 M
( NSRG", Internet-Draft, December 2002.) s
5 324 M
( [NetManagement] IAB Network Management workshop, 2002.) s
5 302 M
( [Netvision2012] NetVision 2012, DARPA's Ten-Year Strategic Plan for) s
5 291 M
( Networking Research, October 2002, December 2002. Citation for) s
5 280 M
( acknowledgement purposes only.) s
5 258 M
( [NSF02] NSF Workshop on Network Research Testbeds, October 2002. URL) s
5 247 M
( "http://www-net.cs.umass.edu/testbed_workshop/".) s
5 225 M
( [NSF03] NSF ANIR Principal Investigator meeting, January 9-10, 2003,) s
5 214 M
( URL "http://www.ncne.org/training/nsf-pi/2003/nsfpimain.html".) s
5 192 M
( [ResearchQuestions] Web Page on "Papers about Research Questions for) s
5 181 M
( the Internet", URL) s
5 170 M
( "http://www.icir.org/floyd/research_questions.html".) s
5 148 M
( [RFC-1510] J. Kohl & C. Neuman, "The Kerberos Network Authentication) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 18]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding February 2003) s
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( Service \(V5\)", RFC 1510, September 1993.) s
5 643 M
( [RFC-2082] F. Baker & R. Atkinson, "RIPv2 MD5 Authentication",) s
5 632 M
( RFC-2082, January 1997.) s
5 610 M
( [RFC-2154] S. Murphy, M. Badger, & B. Wellington, "OSPF with Digital) s
5 599 M
( Signatures", RFC-2154, June 1997.) s
5 577 M
( [RFC-2385] A. Heffernan, "Protection of BGP Sessions via the TCP MD5) s
5 566 M
( Signature Option", RFC-2385, August 1998.) s
5 544 M
( [RFC-2407] D. Piper, "The Internet IP Security Domain of) s
5 533 M
( Interpretation for ISAKMP", RFC-2407, November 1998.) s
5 511 M
( [RFC-2501] S. Corson & J. Macker, "Mobile Ad Hoc Networking \(MANET\):) s
5 500 M
( Routing Protocol Performance Issues and Evaluation Considerations",) s
5 489 M
( RFC-2501, January 1999.) s
5 467 M
( [RFC-2990] G. Huston, "Next Steps for the IP QoS Architecture",) s
5 456 M
( RFC-1990, November 2000.) s
5 434 M
( [RFC-3221] G. Huston, "Commentary on Inter-Domain Routing in the) s
5 423 M
( Internet", RFC-3221, December 2001.) s
5 401 M
( [RIPE] RIPE \(Reseaux IP Europeens\), URL "http://www.ripe.net/ripe/".) s
5 379 M
( [WD02] Walter Willinger and John Doyle, "Robustness and the Internet:) s
5 368 M
( Design and Evolution", 2002, URL) s
5 357 M
( "http://netlab.caltech.edu/internet/".) s
5 335 M
( [WIDE] WIDE Project, URL "http://www.wide.ad.jp/".) s
5 313 M
(7. Security Considerations) s
5 291 M
( This document does not itself create any new security issues for the) s
5 280 M
( Internet community. Security issues within the Internet Architecture) s
5 269 M
( primarily are discussed in Section 3.4 above.) s
5 247 M
(8. IANA Considerations) s
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( There are no IANA considerations regarding this document.) s
5 203 M
(9. AUTHORS' ADDRESSES) s
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( Internet Architecture Board) s
5 159 M
( EMail: iab@iab.org) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 19]) s
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5 698 M
(draft-iab-research-funding February 2003) s
5 665 M
( IAB Membership at time this document was completed:) s
5 643 M
( Harald Alvestrand \(IETF chair\)) s
5 632 M
( Ran Atkinson) s
5 621 M
( Rob Austein) s
5 610 M
( Fred Baker) s
5 599 M
( Leslie Daigle \(IAB chair\)) s
5 588 M
( Sally Floyd) s
5 577 M
( Ted Hardie) s
5 566 M
( Geoff Huston) s
5 555 M
( Charlie Kaufman) s
5 544 M
( James Kempf) s
5 533 M
( Vern Paxson \(IRTF chair\)) s
5 522 M
( Eric Rescorla) s
5 511 M
( Mike St. Johns) s
5 489 M
( This draft was created in November 2002 and revised January 2003) s
5 478 M
( and February 2003.) s
5 104 M
(IAB Informational [Page 20]) s
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| PAFTECH AB 2003-2026 | 2026-04-22 07:28:05 |