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/F0 10/Courier-Bold@0 SF(Internet Engineering Task Force)72 98 Q
(S. Floyd)198 E 288(INTERNET-DRAFT M.)72 111 R(Allman)6 E
(Intended status: Informational)72 124 Q(ICIR)228 E
(Expires: 18 February 2008)72 137 Q(18 August 2007)198 E/F1 14
/Times-Bold@0 SF(Comments on the Usefulness of Simple Best-Eff)115.464
175 Q(ort T)-.35 E(raf\214c)-1.036 E(draft-\215oyd-tsvwg-besteff)187.669
188 Q(ort-01.ps)-.35 E/F2 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(Status of this Memo)72 220
Q/F3 11/Times-Roman@0 SF
(By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that an)93.6
236.6 Q 2.75(ya)-.165 G(pplicable patent or other)-2.75 E
(IPR claims of which he or she is a)93.6 249.6 Q -.11(wa)-.165 G(re ha)
.11 E .33 -.165(ve b)-.22 H(een or will be disclosed, and an).165 E 2.75
(yo)-.165 G 2.75(fw)-2.75 G(hich he)-2.75 E(or she becomes a)93.6 262.6
Q -.11(wa)-.165 G
(re will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79.).11 E
(Internet-Drafts are w)93.6 279.2 Q
(orking documents of the Internet Engineering T)-.11 E(ask F)-.88 E
(orce \(IETF\), its)-.165 E(areas, and its w)93.6 292.2 Q
(orking groups.)-.11 E(Note that other groups may also distrib)5.5 E
(ute w)-.22 E(orking)-.11 E(documents as Internet-Drafts.)93.6 305.2 Q
(Internet-Drafts are draft documents v)93.6 321.8 Q
(alid for a maximum of six months and may be updated,)-.275 E
(replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at an)93.6 334.8 Q 2.75(yt)
-.165 G 2.75(ime. It)-2.75 F(is inappropriate to use Internet-)2.75 E
(Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "w)93.6
347.8 Q(ork in progress.")-.11 E
(The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www)93.6
364.4 Q(.ietf.or)-.715 E(g/ietf/1id-)-.198 E(abstracts.txt.)93.6 377.4 Q
(The list of Internet-Draft Shado)93.6 394 Q 2.75(wD)-.275 G
(irectories can be accessed at)-2.75 E(http://www)93.6 407 Q(.ietf.or)
-.715 E(g/shado)-.198 E -.715(w.)-.275 G(html.).715 E
(This Internet-Draft will e)93.6 423.6 Q(xpire on 18 February 2008.)
-.165 E F2(Copyright Notice)72 449.6 Q F3(Cop)93.6 466.2 Q
(yright \(C\) The IETF T)-.11 E(rust \(2007\).)-.385 E F2(Abstract)72
492.2 Q F3(This document presents some observ)93.6 508.8 Q
(ations on "simple best-ef)-.275 E(fort" traf)-.275 E
(\214c, de\214ned loosely for)-.275 E
(the purposes of this document as Internet traf)93.6 521.8 Q
(\214c that is not co)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.165 G
(red by Quality of Service).165 E
(mechanisms, congestion-based pricing, cost-based f)93.6 534.8 Q
(airness, admissions control, or the lik)-.11 E(e.)-.11 E(One observ)
93.6 547.8 Q(ation is that simple best-ef)-.275 E(fort traf)-.275 E
(\214c serv)-.275 E(es a useful role in the Internet, and is)-.165 E
-.11(wo)93.6 560.8 S(rth k).11 E 2.75(eeping. While)-.11 F(dif)2.75 E
(ferential treatment of traf)-.275 E
(\214c can clearly be useful, we belie)-.275 E .33 -.165(ve s)-.275 H
(uch).165 E(mechanisms are useful as **adjuncts** to simple best-ef)93.6
573.8 Q(fort traf)-.275 E(\214c, not as **replacements**)-.275 E
(of simple best-ef)93.6 586.8 Q(fort traf)-.275 E 2.75(\214c. A)-.275 F
(second observ)2.75 E(ation is that for simple best-ef)-.275 E
(fort traf)-.275 E(\214c, some)-.275 E(form of rough \215o)93.6 599.8 Q
2.75(wr)-.275 G(ate f)-2.75 E
(airness is a useful goal for resource allocation, where "\215o)-.11 E
2.75(wr)-.275 G(ate)-2.75 E -.11(fa)93.6 612.8 S
(irness" is de\214ned by the goal of equal \215o).11 E 2.75(wr)-.275 G
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2.75(rt).165 G(he same path.)-2.75 E F2 -1.012(Ta)72 638.8 S
(ble of Contents)1.012 E/F4 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(1. Introduction)93.6
663.8 Q F3 -2.25(......................................................\
.................................................................. ....)
4.46 F F4(2)A(2. On Simple Best-Ef)93.6 675.8 Q(fort T)-.25 E(raf)-.35 E
<8c63>-.25 E F3 -2.25(.................................................\
.............................................. ....)3.24 F F4(3)A
(2.1. The Usefulness of Simple Best-Ef)108.6 687.8 Q(fort T)-.25 E(raf)
-.35 E<8c63>-.25 E F3 -2.25
(................................................................. ....)
2.7 F F4(4)A F3(Flo)72 733 Q 366.891(yd [P)-.11 F(age 1])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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Q(fort T)-.25 E(raf)-.35 E<8c63>-.25 E F0 -2.25
(................................................................ ....)
3.21 F F1(4)A(2.2.1. QoS)133.6 96 Q F0 -2.25(..........................\
.......................................................................\
............... ....)3.12 F F1(4)A(2.2.2. The A)133.6 108 Q -.2(vo)-.74
G(idance of Congestion Collapse and the Enforcement of).2 E F0 -2.25
(......................... ....)6.69 F F1(5)A(2.2.3. Control of T)133.6
120 Q(raf)-.35 E(\214c Sur)-.25 E(ges)-.18 E F0 -2.25(.................\
................................................................. ....)
3.36 F F1(5)A(3. On Flo)93.6 132 Q(w-Rate F)-.25 E
(airness for Simple Best-Ef)-.15 E(fort T)-.25 E(raf)-.35 E<8c63>-.25 E
F0 -2.25
(............................................................ ....)5.18
F F1(5)A(3.1. The Usefulness of Flo)108.6 144 Q(w-Rate F)-.25 E(airness)
-.15 E F0 -2.25(.......................................................\
................... ....)4.99 F F1(6)A(3.2. The Limitations of Flo)108.6
156 Q(w-Rate F)-.25 E(airness)-.15 E F0 -2.25(.........................\
................................................. ....)2.75 F F1(7)A
(3.2.1. The Enforcement of Flo)133.6 168 Q(w-Rate F)-.25 E(airness)-.15
E F0 -2.25
(............................................................ ....)3.22
F F1(7)A(3.2.2. The Precise De\214nition of Flo)133.6 180 Q(w-based F)
-.25 E(airness)-.15 E F0 -2.25
(................................................... ....)3.24 F F1(8)A
(4. On the Dif)93.6 192 Q(\214culties of Incremental Deplo)-.25 E(yment)
-.1 E F0 -2.25(........................................................\
.............. ....)4.28 F F1(9)A(5. Related W)93.6 204 Q(ork)-.8 E F0
-1.75(.................................................................\
..................................................... ..)4.38 F F1(10)A
(5.1. From the IETF)108.6 216 Q F0 -1.75(..............................\
.......................................................................\
....... ..)4.4 F F1(10)A(5.2. From Else)108.6 228 Q(where)-.25 E F0
-1.75(.................................................................\
......................................... ..)4.33 F F1(11)A
(6. Security Considerations)93.6 240 Q F0 -1.75(.......................\
.......................................................................\
......... ..)4.82 F F1(11)A(7. IAN)93.6 252 Q 2.5(AC)-.35 G
(onsiderations)-2.5 E F0 -1.75(........................................\
................................................................... ..)
2.51 F F1(12)A(8. Conclusions)93.6 264 Q F0 -1.75(.....................\
.......................................................................\
............................ ..)4.45 F F1(12)A(9. Ackno)93.6 276 Q
(wledgements)-.25 E F0 -1.75(..........................................\
................................................................... ..)
4.97 F F1(12)A(Informati)93.6 288 Q .3 -.15(ve R)-.25 H(eferences).15 E
F0 -1.75(..............................................................\
.............................................. ..)3.17 F F1(12)A
(Full Cop)93.6 300 Q(yright Statement)-.1 E F0 -1.75(..................\
.......................................................................\
................ ..)3.57 F F1(14)A(Intellectual Property)93.6 312 Q F0
-1.75(.................................................................\
............................................... ..)3.97 F F1(14)A F0
(Changes from draft-\215o)93.6 328.6 Q(yd-tsvwg-bestef)-.11 E
(fort-00.txt:)-.275 E 2.75(*A)93.6 354.6 S(dded a sentence about peer)
-2.75 E(-to-peer traf)-.22 E(\214c opening man)-.275 E(y)-.165 E
(simultaneous connections in a session.)99.1 367.6 Q(From T)5.5 E
(im Shephard.)-.385 E 2.75(*A)93.6 393.6 S
(dded a discussion on the control of attacks, \215ash cro)-2.75 E
(wds, and)-.275 E(the lik)99.1 406.6 Q 2.75(e. Feedback)-.11 F(from T)
2.75 E(im Shephard.)-.385 E 2.75(*C)93.6 432.6 S
(lari\214ed the requirements of cost-based f)-2.75 E
(airness in terms of the)-.11 E(economic infrastructure.)99.1 445.6 Q
(From feedback from Bob Briscoe:)5.5 E 2.75(*C)93.6 471.6 S
(lari\214ed the de\214nition of simple best-ef)-2.75 E(fort traf)-.275 E
(\214c.)-.275 E(Feedback from Bob Briscoe.)99.1 484.6 Q 2.75(*A)93.6
510.6 S(dded a citation to a paper by Jim Roberts on "Internet T)-2.75 E
(raf)-.385 E(\214c,)-.275 E(QoS, and Pricing".)99.1 523.6 Q 2.75(*A)93.6
549.6 S(dded a discussion of whether either the transport protocol)-2.75
E(\(TCP vs. UDP\) or the application should af)99.1 562.6 Q(fect the f)
-.275 E(airness)-.11 E(goals for simple best-ef)99.1 575.6 Q(fort traf)
-.275 E 2.75(\214c. Added)-.275 F 2.75(ad)2.75 G(iscussion of the)-2.75
E(precision of f)99.1 588.6 Q 2.75(airness. Feedback)-.11 F
(from Mitchell Erblich.)2.75 E 2.75(*A)93.6 614.6 S
(dded a sentence to the discussion of byte vs. pack)-2.75 E(et f)-.11 E
(airness)-.11 E(about the bytes in pack)99.1 627.6 Q(et headers.)-.11 E
(Feedback from Mitchell Erblich.)5.5 E/F2 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(1.)72 666.6
Q/F3 14/Times-Bold@0 SF(Intr)5.5 E(oduction)-.252 E F0(This document gi)
93.6 692.6 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(ss).165 G(ome observ)-2.75 E
(ations on the role of simple best-ef)-.275 E(fort traf)-.275 E
(\214c in the)-.275 E(Flo)72 733 Q 366.891(yd [P)-.11 F(age 2])-.165 E 0
Cg EP
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E 2.75(Internet. F)93.6 85 R
(or the purposes of this document, we de\214ne "simple best-ef)-.165 E
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(that does not *rely* on the *dif)93.6 98 Q
(ferential treatment* of \215o)-.275 E
(ws either in routers or in policers,)-.275 E
(enforcers, or other middlebox)93.6 111 Q
(es along the path, and that does not use admissions control.)-.165 E
1.76 -.88(We d)93.6 124 T(e\214ne the term "simple best-ef).88 E
(fort traf)-.275 E(\214c" to a)-.275 E -.22(vo)-.22 G(id unproducti).22
E .33 -.165(ve s)-.275 H(emantic discussions).165 E
(about what the phrase "best-ef)93.6 137 Q(fort traf)-.275 E
(\214c" does or does not include.)-.275 E 1.76 -.88(We n)5.5 H
(ote that our).88 E(de\214nition of "simple best-ef)93.6 150 Q
(fort traf)-.275 E(\214c" includes traf)-.275 E
(\214c that is not necessarily "simple",)-.275 E(including mechanisms c\
ommon in the current Internet such as pairwise agreements between)93.6
163 Q(ISPs, v)93.6 176 Q(olume-based pricing, \214re)-.22 E -.11(wa)
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(\214c", intserv or dif)-.275 E(fserv-enabled traf)-.275 E
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(This document w)93.6 540 Q(as moti)-.11 E -.275(va)-.275 G
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-2.75 E(airness:)-.165 E(Dismantling a Religion" that asserts in the ab\
stract that "Comparing \215o)93.6 553 Q 2.75(wr)-.275 G(ates should ne)
-2.75 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(r).165 E(ag)93.6 566 Q
(ain be used for claims of f)-.055 E(airness in production netw)-.11 E
2.75(orks." This)-.11 F(document does not)2.75 E(attempt to be a reb)
93.6 579 Q(uttal to [B07], or to answer an)-.22 E 2.75(yo)-.165 G 2.75
(ra)-2.75 G(ll of the issues raised in [B07], or to)-2.75 E(gi)93.6 592
Q .33 -.165(ve t)-.275 H(he "intellectual heritage" for \215o).165 E
(w-based f)-.275 E(airness in philosoph)-.11 E 2.75(yo)-.055 G 2.75(rs)
-2.75 G(ocial science, or to)-2.75 E
(commit the authors of this document to an e)93.6 605 Q
(xtended dialogue with the author of [B07].)-.165 E(This)5.5 E
(document is simply a separate vie)93.6 618 Q
(wpoint on some related topics.)-.275 E/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(2.)72 644
Q/F2 14/Times-Bold@0 SF(On Simple Best-Eff)5.5 E(ort T)-.35 E(raf\214c)
-1.036 E F0(This section mak)93.6 670 Q(es some observ)-.11 E
(ations on the usefulness and limitations of the class of)-.275 E
(simple best-ef)93.6 683 Q(fort traf)-.275 E
(\214c, in comparison with traf)-.275 E(\214c recei)-.275 E(ving dif)
-.275 E(ferential treatment.)-.275 E(Flo)72 733 Q 366.891(yd [P)-.11 F
(age 3])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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(The Usefulness of Simple Best-Eff)5.5 E(ort T)-.325 E(raf\214c)-.962 E
F0 1.76 -.88(We n)93.6 111 T .55 -.275(ow l).88 H
(ist some useful aspects of simple best-ef).275 E(fort traf)-.275 E
(\214c.)-.275 E(Minimal technical demands on the netw)93.6 137 Q
(ork infrastructure:)-.11 E(Simple best-ef)115.2 153.6 Q(fort traf)-.275
E(\214c, as implemented in the current Internet, mak)-.275 E(es minimal)
-.11 E(technical demands on the infrastructure.)115.2 166.6 Q
(There are no technical requirements for)5.5 E
(scheduling, queue management or enforcement mechanisms in routers.)
115.2 179.6 Q(Minimal demands in terms of economic infrastructure:)93.6
196.2 Q(Simple best-ef)115.2 212.8 Q(fort traf)-.275 E(\214c mak)-.275 E
(es minimal demands in terms of economic infrastructure,)-.11 E
(relying on f)115.2 225.8 Q(airly simple pair)-.11 E
(-wise economic relationships among ISPs, and between a)-.22 E
(user and their immediate ISP)115.2 238.8 Q(.)-1.221 E
(Usefulness in the real w)93.6 255.4 Q(orld:)-.11 E(Simple best-ef)115.2
272 Q(fort traf)-.275 E(\214c has been sho)-.275 E(wn to w)-.275 E
(ork in the Internet for the past 20 years,)-.11 E(ho)115.2 285 Q(we)
-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(ri).165 G(mperfectly)-2.75 E 5.5(.A)-.715
G 2.75(sd)-5.5 G(iscussed belo)-2.75 E 1.43 -.715(w, s)-.275 H
(imple best-ef).715 E(fort traf)-.275 E(\214c is not optimal.)-.275 E
(Ho)115.2 298 Q(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G .88 -.44(r, e).165 H
(xperience in the Internet has sho).275 E(wn that there is v)-.275 E
(alue in ha)-.275 E(ving a)-.22 E(mechanism that generally allo)115.2
311 Q(ws all users to get a portion of the resources, while still)-.275
E(pre)115.2 324 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G(nting congestion collapse.).165 E F1
(2.2.)72 353.6 Q F2(The Limitations of Simple Best-Eff)5.5 E(ort T)-.325
E(raf\214c)-.962 E F0 1.76 -.88(We n)93.6 379.6 T .55 -.275(ow d).88 H
(iscuss some limitations of simple best-ef).275 E(fort traf)-.275 E
(\214c.)-.275 E F1 2.75(2.2.1. QoS)72 418.6 R F0(Some users w)93.6 444.6
Q(ould be happ)-.11 E 2.75(yt)-.11 G 2.75(op)-2.75 G
(ay for more bandwidth, less delay)-2.75 E 2.75(,l)-.715 G(ess jitter)
-2.75 E 2.75(,o)-.44 G 2.75(rf)-2.75 G -.275(ew)-2.75 G(er pack).275 E
(et)-.11 E 2.75(drops. It)93.6 457.6 R(is desirable to accommodate such\
 goals within the Internet architecture while)2.75 E(preserving a suf)
93.6 470.6 Q(\214cient amount of bandwidth for best-ef)-.275 E
(fort traf)-.275 E(\214c.)-.275 E(One of the ob)93.6 496.6 Q
(vious dangers of simple dif)-.165 E(ferential traf)-.275 E
(\214c treatment implementations that do)-.275 E(not tak)93.6 509.6 Q
2.75(es)-.11 G(teps to protect simple best-ef)-2.75 E(fort traf)-.275 E
(\214c w)-.275 E(ould be that the users with more mone)-.11 E(y)-.165 E
(*could* starv)93.6 522.6 Q 2.75(eu)-.165 G(sers with less mone)-2.75 E
2.75(yi)-.165 G 2.75(nt)-2.75 G(imes of congestion.)-2.75 E
(There seems to be f)5.5 E(airly)-.11 E
(widespread agreement that this w)93.6 535.6 Q
(ould not be a desirable goal.)-.11 E
(As a sample of the range of positions, the Internet Society')93.6 561.6
Q 2.75(sI)-.605 G(nternet 2020 Initiati)-2.75 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75
(,e).165 G(ntitled)-2.75 E("The Internet is \(still\) for Ev)93.6 574.6
Q(eryone", states that "we remain committed to the openness that)-.165 E
(ensures equal access and full participation for e)93.6 587.6 Q -.165
(ve)-.275 G(ry user" [Internet2020].).165 E
(The wide-ranging discussion of "netw)93.6 613.6 Q
(ork neutrality" in the United States includes adv)-.11 E(ocates)-.22 E
(of se)93.6 626.6 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G(ral positions, including that of "\
absolute non-discrimination" \(with no QoS).165 E(considerations\), "li\
mited discrimination without QoS tiering" \(no fees char)93.6 639.6 Q
(ged for higher)-.198 E(-)-.22 E(quality service\), and "limited discri\
mination and tiering" \(including higher fees allo)93.6 652.6 Q(wed for)
-.275 E(QoS\) [NetNeutral].)93.6 665.6 Q(The proponents of "netw)5.5 E
(ork neutrality" are opposed to char)-.11 E(ging based)-.198 E
(on content \(e.g., based on applications, or the content pro)93.6 678.6
Q(vider\).)-.165 E(Flo)72 733 Q 366.891(yd [P)-.11 F(age 4])-.165 E 0 Cg
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E(As the "netw)93.6 85 Q(ork neutrality" discussion mak)-.11 E 2.75(ec)
-.11 G(lear)-2.75 E 2.75(,t)-.44 G(here are man)-2.75 E 2.75(yv)-.165 G
(oices in the discussion)-2.97 E(that w)93.6 98 Q(ould disagree with a \
resource allocation goal of maximizing the combined aggre)-.11 E -.055
(ga)-.165 G(te).055 E(utility)93.6 111 Q 2.75(,p)-.715 G
(articularly where a user')-2.75 E 2.75(su)-.605 G
(tility is measured by the user')-2.75 E 2.75(sw)-.605 G
(illingness to pay)-2.75 E 5.5(.")-.715 G -1.21(Yo)-5.5 G(u)1.21 E(get \
what you pay for" does not seem to be the consensus goal for resource a\
llocation in the)93.6 124 Q
(IETF or in the commercial or political realms of the Internet.)93.6 137
Q(Ho)5.5 E(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G .88 -.44(r, t).165 H
(here is a reasonable).44 E(agreement that higher)93.6 150 Q
(-priced services, as an adjunct to simple best-ef)-.22 E(fort traf)
-.275 E(\214c, can play an)-.275 E
(important role in helping to \214nance the Internet infrastructure.)
93.6 163 Q(Briscoe ar)93.6 189 Q(gues for cost-f)-.198 E
(airness [B07], so that senders are made accountable for the)-.11 E
(congestion the)93.6 202 Q 2.75(yc)-.165 G 2.75(ause. There)-2.75 F
(are, of course, dif)2.75 E(ferences of opinion about ho)-.275 E 2.75
(ww)-.275 G(ell cost-)-2.75 E(based f)93.6 215 Q
(airness could be enforced, and ho)-.11 E 2.75(ww)-.275 G
(ell it \214ts the commercial reality of the Internet,)-2.75 E
(with [B07] presenting an optimistic vie)93.6 228 Q 4.18 -.715(w. A)
-.275 H(nother point of vie).715 E 1.43 -.715(w, e)-.275 H
(.g., from Roberts in a).715 E(paper on "Internet T)93.6 241 Q(raf)-.385
E(\214c, QoS, and Pricing", is that "man)-.275 E 2.75(yp)-.165 G
(roposed schemes are o)-2.75 E -.165(ve)-.165 G(rly).165 E(concerned wi\
th congestion control to the detriment of the primary pricing function \
of return)93.6 254 Q(on in)93.6 267 Q -.165(ve)-.44 G(stment" [R04].)
.165 E -.44(Wi)93.6 293 S(th *only* simple best-ef).44 E(fort traf)-.275
E(\214c, there w)-.275 E(ould be fundamental limitations to the)-.11 E
(performance that real-time applications could deli)93.6 306 Q -.165(ve)
-.275 G 2.75(rt).165 G 2.75(ou)-2.75 G 2.75(sers. In)-2.75 F
(addition to the ob)2.75 E(vious)-.165 E(needs for high bandwidth, lo)
93.6 319 Q 2.75(wd)-.275 G(elay or jitter)-2.75 E 2.75(,o)-.44 G 2.75
(rl)-2.75 G .55 -.275(ow p)-2.75 H(ack).275 E
(et drop rates, some applications)-.11 E -.11(wo)93.6 332 S(uld lik).11
E 2.75(eaf)-.11 G(ast start-up, or to be able to resume their old high \
sending rate after a)-2.86 E(relati)93.6 345 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G(ly-long\
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he).165 E(application is not e)93.6 358 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(ns).165
G(tarted if netw)-2.75 E(ork resources are not suf)-.11 E 2.75
(\214cient. There)-.275 F(are se)2.75 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(re).165 E
(limitations to ho)93.6 371 Q 2.75(we)-.275 G -.275(ff)-2.75 G(ecti).275
E -.165(ve)-.275 G
(ly these requirements can be accommodated by simple best-ef).165 E
(fort)-.275 E(service in a congested en)93.6 384 Q(vironment.)-.44 E/F1
11/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.75(2.2.2. The)72 410 R -.66 -1.1(Av o)2.75 H
(idance of Congestion Collapse and the Enf)1.1 E(or)-.275 E(cement of)
-.198 E F0 -.165(Fa)93.6 423 S(irness").165 E
(As discussed in Section 3.2 belo)93.6 449 Q 1.43 -.715(w, t)-.275 H
(here are well-kno).715 E(wn problems with the enforcement of)-.275 E
-.11(fa)93.6 462 S(irness and the a).11 E -.22(vo)-.22 G
(idance of congestion collapse [RFC2914] with simple best-ef).22 E
(fort traf)-.275 E(\214c.)-.275 E(In the current Internet, end-to-end c\
ongestion control is relied upon to deal with these)93.6 475 Q(concerns\
; this use of end-to-end congestion control essentially requires cooper\
ation from end)93.6 488 Q 2.75(hosts. ')93.6 501 R F1 2.75(2.2.3. Contr)
72 527 R(ol of T)-.198 E(raf\214c Sur)-.814 E(ges)-.11 E F0
(Simple best-ef)93.6 553 Q(fort traf)-.275 E(\214c can suf)-.275 E
(fer from sudden aggre)-.275 E -.055(ga)-.165 G(te congestion from traf)
.055 E(\214c sur)-.275 E(ges)-.198 E(\(e.g., Distrib)93.6 566 Q
(uted Denial of Service \(DDoS\) attacks, \215ash cro)-.22 E
(wds\), resulting in de)-.275 E(graded)-.165 E
(performance for all simple best-ef)93.6 579 Q(fort traf)-.275 E
(\214c sharing the path.)-.275 E 2.75(Aw)5.5 G(ide range of approaches)
-2.75 E(for detecting and responding to sudden aggre)93.6 592 Q -.055
(ga)-.165 G(te congestion in the netw).055 E(ork ha)-.11 E .33 -.165
(ve b)-.22 H(een).165 E(proposed and used, including deep pack)93.6 605
Q(et inspection and rate-limiting traf)-.11 E(\214c aggre)-.275 E -.055
(ga)-.165 G(tes.).055 E(There are man)93.6 618 Q 2.75(yo)-.165 G
(pen questions about both the goals and mechanisms of dealing with)-2.75
E(aggre)93.6 631 Q -.055(ga)-.165 G(tes within simple best-ef).055 E
(fort traf)-.275 E(\214c on congested links.)-.275 E F1(3.)72 657 Q/F2
14/Times-Bold@0 SF(On Flo)5.5 E(w-Rate F)-.14 E(air)-.35 E(ness f)-.21 E
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(This section ar)93.6 683 Q(gues that rough \215o)-.198 E(w-rate f)-.275
E(airness is an acceptable goal for simple best-ef)-.11 E(fort)-.275 E
(traf)93.6 696 Q 2.75(\214c. W)-.275 F 2.75(ed)-.88 G 2.75(on)-2.75 G
(ot, ho)-2.75 E(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G .88 -.44(r, c).165 H
(laim that \215o).44 E(w-rate f)-.275 E
(airness is necessarily an *optimal* f)-.11 E(airness)-.11 E(Flo)72 733
Q 366.891(yd [P)-.11 F(age 5])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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E(goal or resource allocation mechanism for simple best-ef)93.6 85 Q
(fort traf)-.275 E 2.75(\214c. Simple)-.275 F(best-ef)2.75 E(fort)-.275
E(traf)93.6 98 Q(\214c and \215o)-.275 E(w-rate f)-.275 E
(airness are in general not about optimality)-.11 E(.)-.715 E -.44(Wi)
93.6 124 S(thin simple best-ef).44 E(fort traf)-.275 E(\214c, it w)-.275
E(ould be possible to ha)-.11 E .33 -.165(ve ex)-.22 H(plicit f).165 E
(airness mechanisms)-.11 E
(that are implemented by the end-hosts in the netw)93.6 137 Q
(ork \(as in proportional f)-.11 E(airness or TCP-)-.11 E -.11(fa)93.6
150 S(irness\), e).11 E(xplicit f)-.165 E
(airness mechanisms enforced by the routers \(as in max-min f)-.11 E
(airness with)-.11 E -.165(Fa)93.6 163 S(ir Queueing\), or a traf).165 E
(\214c class with no e)-.275 E(xplicit f)-.165 E
(airness mechanisms at all \(as in the)-.11 E
(Internet before TCP congestion control\).)93.6 176 Q(This document doe\
s *not* address the issues about the implementation of \215o)93.6 202 Q
(w-rate f)-.275 E(airness.)-.11 E(In the current Internet, rough \215o)
93.6 215 Q(w-rate f)-.275 E(airness is achie)-.11 E -.165(ve)-.275 G
2.75(db).165 G 2.75(yt)-2.75 G(he f)-2.75 E(act that *most* of the)-.11
E(traf)93.6 228 Q(\214c in the Internet uses TCP)-.275 E 2.75(,a)-1.221
G(nd *most* of the TCP connections in f)-2.75 E(act use conformant)-.11
E(TCP congestion control [MAF05].)93.6 241 Q(Ho)5.5 E(we)-.275 E -.165
(ve)-.275 G .88 -.44(r, r).165 H(ough \215o).44 E(w-rate f)-.275 E
(airness could also be achie)-.11 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(d).165 E
(by the use of per)93.6 254 Q(-\215o)-.22 E 2.75(ws)-.275 G
(cheduling at congested routers [DKS89] [LLSZ96], by related router)
-2.75 E(mechanisms [SSZ03], or by congestion-controlled transport proto\
cols other than TCP)93.6 267 Q 5.5(.T)-1.221 G(his)-5.5 E(document does\
 not address the pros and cons of TCP-friendly congestion control, equa\
tion-)93.6 280 Q(based congestion control [FHPW00], or an)93.6 293 Q
2.75(yo)-.165 G 2.75(ft)-2.75 G(he myriad of other issues concerning)
-2.75 E(mechanisms for approximating \215o)93.6 306 Q(w-rate f)-.275 E
2.75(airness. Le)-.11 F(Boudec')2.75 E 2.75(st)-.605 G
(utorial on rate adaption,)-2.75 E(congestion control, and f)93.6 319 Q
(airness gi)-.11 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(sa).165 G 2.75(ni)-2.75 G
(ntroduction to some of these issues [B00].)-2.75 E/F1 11/Times-Bold@0
SF(3.1.)72 345 Q/F2 13/Times-Bold@0 SF(The Usefulness of Flo)5.5 E
(w-Rate F)-.13 E(air)-.325 E(ness)-.195 E F0 1.76 -.88(We n)93.6 371 T
(ote that the limitations of \215o).88 E(w-rate f)-.275 E
(airness are man)-.11 E 1.43 -.715(y, w)-.165 H
(ith a long history in the).715 E 2.75(literature. W)93.6 384 R 2.75(ed)
-.88 G(iscuss these limitation in the ne)-2.75 E(xt section.)-.165 E
(While the bene\214ts of simple best-)5.5 E(ef)93.6 397 Q(fort traf)
-.275 E(\214c and rough \215o)-.275 E(w-rate f)-.275 E
(airness are rarely discussed this does *not* mean that)-.11 E
(bene\214ts do not e)93.6 410 Q 2.75(xist. In)-.165 F
(this section we discuss the bene\214ts of \215o)2.75 E(w-rate f)-.275 E
2.75(airness. F)-.11 F(or simple)-.165 E(best-ef)93.6 423 Q(fort traf)
-.275 E(\214c with rough \215o)-.275 E(w-rate f)-.275 E
(airness, the quote from W)-.11 E(inston Churchill about)-.44 E
(democrac)93.6 436 Q 2.75(yc)-.165 G
(omes to mind: "It has been said that democrac)-2.75 E 2.75(yi)-.165 G
2.75(st)-2.75 G(he w)-2.75 E(orst form of go)-.11 E -.165(ve)-.165 G
(rnment).165 E -.165(ex)93.6 449 S(cept all the others that ha).165 E
.33 -.165(ve b)-.22 H(een tried.").165 E(Finally)5.5 E 2.75(,w)-.715 G
2.75(en)-2.75 G(ote that man)-2.75 E 2.75(yo)-.165 G 2.75(ft)-2.75 G
(he useful aspects)-2.75 E(of simple best-ef)93.6 462 Q(fort traf)-.275
E(\214c discussed abo)-.275 E .33 -.165(ve a)-.165 H
(lso qualify as useful aspects of rough \215o).165 E(w-rate)-.275 E -.11
(fa)93.6 475 S(irness.).11 E(Minimal technical demands on the netw)93.6
501 Q(ork infrastructure:)-.11 E(First, the rough \215o)115.2 517.6 Q
(w-rate f)-.275 E(airness for best-ef)-.11 E(fort traf)-.275 E
(\214c pro)-.275 E(vided by TCP or other)-.165 E
(transport protocols mak)115.2 530.6 Q
(es minimal technical demands on the infrastructure, as TCP')-.11 E(s)
-.605 E
(congestion control algorithms are wholly implemented in the end-hosts.)
115.2 543.6 Q(Ho)5.5 E(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G -.44(r,).165 G
(mechanisms for enforcement of the \215o)115.2 556.6 Q(w-rate f)-.275 E
(airness *w)-.11 E(ould* require some support)-.11 E
(from the infrastructure.)115.2 569.6 Q
(Minimal demands in terms of economic infrastructure:)93.6 586.2 Q 2.75
(As)115.2 602.8 S(ystem based on rough \215o)-2.75 E(w-rate f)-.275 E
(airness for best-ef)-.11 E(fort traf)-.275 E(\214c mak)-.275 E
(es minimal)-.11 E(demands in terms of economic relationships among ISP\
s or between users and ISPs.)115.2 615.8 Q(Usefulness in the real w)93.6
632.4 Q(orld:)-.11 E(The current system---based on rough \215o)115.2 649
Q(w-rate f)-.275 E(airness and simple best-ef)-.11 E(fort)-.275 E(traf)
115.2 662 Q(\214c---has sho)-.275 E(wn its usefulness in the real w)
-.275 E(orld.)-.11 E(Getting a share of the a)93.6 678.6 Q -.275(va)-.22
G(ilable bandwidth:).275 E(Flo)72 733 Q 366.891(yd [P)-.11 F(age 6])
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(airness and simple best-ef)-.11 E(fort traf)-.275 E(\214c gi)-.275 E
-.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(sa).165 G(ll users)-2.75 E 2.75(ar)115.2 98 S
(easonable chance of getting a share of the a)-2.75 E -.275(va)-.22 G
(ilable bandwidth.).275 E(This seems to be a)5.5 E
(quality that is much appreciated by today')115.2 111 Q 2.75(sI)-.605 G
(nternet users \(as discussed abo)-2.75 E -.165(ve)-.165 G(\).).165 E/F1
11/Times-Bold@0 SF(3.2.)72 140.6 Q/F2 13/Times-Bold@0 SF
(The Limitations of Flo)5.5 E(w-Rate F)-.13 E(air)-.325 E(ness)-.195 E
F0(This section discusses some of the limitations of \215o)93.6 166.6 Q
(w-rate f)-.275 E(airness for simple best-ef)-.11 E(fort)-.275 E(traf)
93.6 179.6 Q(\214c.)-.275 E F1 2.75(3.2.1. The)72 218.6 R(Enf)2.75 E(or)
-.275 E(cement of Flo)-.198 E(w-Rate F)-.11 E(air)-.275 E(ness)-.165 E
F0(One of the limitations of rough \215o)93.6 244.6 Q(w-rate f)-.275 E
(airness is the dif)-.11 E(\214culty of enforcement.)-.275 E(One)5.5 E
(possibility for implementing \215o)93.6 257.6 Q(w-rate f)-.275 E
(airness w)-.11 E(ould be an infrastructure designed from the)-.11 E
(start with a requirement for ubiquitous per)93.6 270.6 Q(-\215o)-.22 E
2.75(ws)-.275 G(cheduling in routers.)-2.75 E(Ho)5.5 E(we)-.275 E -.165
(ve)-.275 G .88 -.44(r, w).165 H(hen).44 E(starting with an infrastruct\
ure such as the current Internet with best-ef)93.6 283.6 Q(fort traf)
-.275 E(\214c lar)-.275 E(gely)-.198 E(serv)93.6 296.6 Q(ed by First-In\
 First-Out \(FIFO\) scheduling in routers and a design preference for)
-.165 E(intelligence at the ends, enforcement of \215o)93.6 309.6 Q
(w-rate f)-.275 E(airness is dif)-.11 E(\214cult at best.)-.275 E
(Further)5.5 E 2.75(,a)-.44 G(transition to an infrastructure that pro)
93.6 322.6 Q(vides actual \215o)-.165 E(w-rate f)-.275 E
(airness for best-ef)-.11 E(fort traf)-.275 E<8c63>-.275 E
(enforced in routers w)93.6 335.6 Q(ould be dif)-.11 E(\214cult.)-.275 E
2.75(As)93.6 361.6 S(econd possibility)-2.75 E 2.75(,w)-.715 G
(hich is lar)-2.75 E(gely ho)-.198 E 2.75(wt)-.275 G
(he current Internet is operated, w)-2.75 E(ould be simple)-.11 E
(best-ef)93.6 374.6 Q(fort traf)-.275 E
(\214c where most of the connections, pack)-.275 E
(ets, and bytes belong to connections)-.11 E(using similar congestion-c\
ontrol mechanisms \(in this case, those of TCP congestion control\),)
93.6 387.6 Q(with fe)93.6 400.6 Q 2.75(wi)-.275 G 2.75(fa)-2.75 G .33
-.165(ny e)-2.75 H(nforcement mechanisms.).165 E
(Of course, when this happens, the result is a)5.5 E
(rough approximation of \215o)93.6 413.6 Q(w-rate f)-.275 E
(airness, with no guarantees that the simple best-ef)-.11 E(fort)-.275 E
(traf)93.6 426.6 Q(\214c will continue to be dominated by connections u\
sing similar congestion-control)-.275 E
(mechanisms or that users or applications cannot g)93.6 439.6 Q
(ame the system for their bene\214t.)-.055 E(That is)5.5 E
(our current state of af)93.6 452.6 Q -.11(fa)-.275 G 2.75(irs. The).11
F(good ne)2.75 E(ws is that the current Internet continues to)-.275 E
(successfully carry traf)93.6 465.6 Q(\214c for man)-.275 E 2.75(yu)
-.165 G 2.75(sers. In)-2.75 F(particular)2.75 E 2.75(,w)-.44 G 2.75(ea)
-2.75 G(re not a)-2.75 E -.11(wa)-.165 G(re of reports of).11 E
(frequent congestion collapse, or of the Internet being dominated by se)
93.6 478.6 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G(re congestion or).165 E(intolerable unf)
93.6 491.6 Q(airness.)-.11 E 2.75(At)93.6 517.6 S(hird possibility w)
-2.75 E(ould be simple best-ef)-.11 E(fort traf)-.275 E
(\214c with \215o)-.275 E(w-rate f)-.275 E(airness pro)-.11 E
(vided by the)-.165 E
(congestion control mechanisms in the transport protocols, with some le)
93.6 530.6 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(lo).165 G 2.75(fe)-2.75 G
(nforcement,)-2.75 E(either in congested routers, in middlebox)93.6
543.6 Q(es, or by other mechanisms.)-.165 E([Add citations to some)5.5 E
(of the literature on this.])93.6 556.6 Q
(There seems to us to be considerable promise that incenti)5.5 E -.165
(ve)-.275 G(s).165 E(among the v)93.6 569.6 Q(arious players \(ISPs, v)
-.275 E(endors, customers, standards bodies, political entities,)-.165 E
(etc.\) will align some)93.6 582.6 Q
(what, and that further progress will be made on the deplo)-.275 E
(yment of)-.11 E -.275(va)93.6 595.6 S
(rious enforcement mechanisms for \215o).275 E(w-rate f)-.275 E
(airness for simple best-ef)-.11 E(fort traf)-.275 E 2.75(\214c. Of)
-.275 F(course, this is not lik)93.6 608.6 Q
(ely to turn in to a fully-reliable and ubiquitous enforcement of \215o)
-.11 E(w-rate)-.275 E -.11(fa)93.6 621.6 S(irness, or of an).11 E 2.75
(yr)-.165 G(elated f)-2.75 E(airness goals, for simple best-ef)-.11 E
(fort traf)-.275 E(\214c, so this is not lik)-.275 E(ely to)-.11 E
(be satisf)93.6 634.6 Q(actory to purists in this area.)-.11 E(Ho)5.5 E
(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G .88 -.44(r, i).165 H 2.75(tm).44 G
(ay be enough to continue to encourage)-2.75 E
(most systems to use standard congestion control.)93.6 647.6 Q(Flo)72
733 Q 366.891(yd [P)-.11 F(age 7])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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(BEST EFFOR)2.75 E 2.75(TT)-.66 G 76.828(RAFFIC August)-2.75 F(2007)2.75
E/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.75(3.2.2. The)72 85 R(Pr)2.75 E
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-.165 E F0 2.75(As)93.6 111 S(econd limitation of \215o)-2.75 E
(w-based f)-.275 E
(airness is that there is seemingly no consensus within the)-.11 E(rese\
arch, standards, or technical communities about the precise form of \
\215o)93.6 124 Q(w-based f)-.275 E(airness)-.11 E
(that should be desired for simple best-ef)93.6 137 Q(fort traf)-.275 E
2.75(\214c. This)-.275 F(area is v)2.75 E(ery much still in \215ux, as)
-.165 E
(applications, transport protocols, and the Internet infrastructure e)
93.6 150 Q -.22(vo)-.275 G(lv).22 E(e.)-.165 E(Some of the areas where \
there are range of opinions about the desired goals for rough \215o)93.6
176 Q(w-)-.275 E(based f)93.6 189 Q(airness for simple best-ef)-.11 E
(fort traf)-.275 E(\214c include the follo)-.275 E(wing:)-.275 E 2.75
(*G)93.6 215 S(ranularity: What is the appropriate f)-2.75 E
(airness granularity?)-.11 E(Should f)5.5 E(airness be assessed on a)
-.11 E(per)93.6 228 Q(-\215o)-.22 E 2.75(wb)-.275 G 2.75(asis? Should)
-2.75 F -.11(fa)2.75 G(irness tak).11 E 2.75(ei)-.11 G
(nto account multiple \215o)-2.75 E(ws between a pair of end-hosts)-.275
E(\(e.g., as suggested by [RFC3124]\)?)93.6 241 Q
(If congestion control applies to each indi)5.5 E(vidual \215o)-.275 E
-.715(w,)-.275 G(what controls \(if an)93.6 254 Q(y\) should constrain \
the number of connections opened between a pair of)-.165 E 2.75
(end-hosts? As)93.6 267 R(an e)2.75 E
(xample, RFC 2616 speci\214es that with HTTP 1.1, a single-user client)
-.165 E(SHOULD NO)93.6 280 Q 2.75(Tm)-.44 G(aintain more than tw)-2.75 E
2.75(op)-.11 G(ersistent connections with an)-2.75 E 2.75(ys)-.165 G
(erv)-2.75 E(er or proxy)-.165 E([RFC2616] \(Section 8.1.4\).)93.6 293 Q
-.165(Fo)5.5 G 2.75(rp).165 G(eer)-2.75 E(-to-peer traf)-.22 E
(\214c, dif)-.275 E(ferent operating systems ha)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.22 G
(dif)93.6 306 Q(ferent limitations on the maximum number of peer)-.275 E
(-to-peer connections; W)-.22 E(indo)-.44 E(ws XP Pro)-.275 E
(has a limit of ten simultaneous peer)93.6 319 Q
(-to-peer connections, W)-.22 E(indo)-.44 E
(ws XP Home \(for the client\))-.275 E(has a limit of \214v)93.6 332 Q
(e, and an OS X client has a limit of ten [P2P].)-.165 E 2.75(*R)93.6
358 S(TT)-3.41 E(-f)-1.012 E
(airness: What is the desired relationship between \215o)-.11 E 2.75(wb)
-.275 G(andwidth and round-trip)-2.75 E(times, for simple best-ef)93.6
371 Q(fort traf)-.275 E 2.75(\214c? As)-.275 F(sho)2.75 E
(wn in Section 3.3 of [FJ92], it w)-.275 E(ould be)-.11 E(straightforw)
93.6 384 Q(ard to modify TCP')-.11 E 2.75(sc)-.605 G
(ongestion control algorithms so that \215o)-2.75 E(ws with similar)
-.275 E(pack)93.6 397 Q(et drop rates b)-.11 E(ut dif)-.22 E
(ferent round-trip times w)-.275 E(ould recei)-.11 E .33 -.165(ve r)
-.275 H(oughly the same throughput.).165 E
(This question is further studied in [HSMK98].)93.6 410 Q
(It remains an open question what w)5.5 E(ould be)-.11 E(the desired re\
lationship between throughput and round-trip times for simple best-ef)
93.6 423 Q(fort)-.275 E(traf)93.6 436 Q(\214c.)-.275 E 2.75(*M)93.6 462
S(ultiple congested routers: What is the desired relationship between \
\215o)-2.75 E 2.75(wb)-.275 G(andwidth and)-2.75 E
(the number of congested routers along the path, for simple best-ef)93.6
475 Q(fort traf)-.275 E 2.75(\214c? It)-.275 F(is well)2.75 E
(established that for TCP traf)93.6 488 Q(\214c in particular)-.275 E
2.75<2c8d>-.44 G -.275(ow)-2.75 G 2.75(st).275 G(hat tra)-2.75 E -.165
(ve)-.22 G(rse multiple congested routers).165 E(recei)93.6 501 Q .33
-.165(ve a h)-.275 H(igher pack).165 E(et drop rate, and therefore lo)
-.11 E(wer throughput, than \215o)-.275 E(ws with the same)-.275 E
(round-trip time that tra)93.6 514 Q -.165(ve)-.22 G
(rse only one congested router [F91].).165 E
(There is also a long-standing)5.5 E(debate between max-min f)93.6 527 Q
(airness and proportional f)-.11 E(airness, and no consensus within the)
-.11 E(research community on the desired f)93.6 540 Q
(airness goals in this area.)-.11 E 2.75(*B)93.6 566 S
(ursty vs. smooth traf)-2.75 E
(\214c: What is the desired relationship between \215o)-.275 E 2.75(wb)
-.275 G(andwidth and the)-2.75 E -.22(bu)93.6 579 S
(rstiness in the sending rate of the \215o).22 E 2.75(w? Is)-.275 F
(it a goal for a b)2.75 E(ursty \215o)-.22 E 2.75(wt)-.275 G 2.75(or)
-2.75 G(ecei)-2.75 E .33 -.165(ve t)-.275 H(he same).165 E -2.475 -.22
(av e)93.6 592 T(rage or maximum bandwidth as a \215o).22 E 2.75(ww)
-.275 G(ith a smooth sending rate?)-2.75 E(Ho)5.5 E 2.75(wd)-.275 G
(oes the goal)-2.75 E(depend on the time scale of the b)93.6 605 Q
(urstiness of the \215o)-.22 E 2.75(w[)-.275 G 2.75(K96]? F)-2.75 F
(or instance, a \215o)-.165 E 2.75(wt)-.275 G(hat is)-2.75 E -.22(bu)
93.6 618 S(rsty on time scales of less than a round-trip time has dif)
.22 E(ferent dynamics than a \215o)-.275 E 2.75(wt)-.275 G(hat is)-2.75
E -.22(bu)93.6 631 S(rsty on a time scale of seconds or minutes.).22 E
2.75(*P)93.6 657 S(ack)-2.915 E(ets or bytes: Should the rough f)-.11 E
(airness goals be in terms of pack)-.11 E(ets per second, or in)-.11 E
(bytes per second?)93.6 670 Q(And if the f)5.5 E
(airness goals are in terms of bytes per second, does this)-.11 E
(include the bandwidth used by pack)93.6 683 Q
(et headers \(e.g., TCP and IP headers\)?)-.11 E(Flo)72 733 Q 366.891
(yd [P)-.11 F(age 8])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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(BEST EFFOR)2.75 E 2.75(TT)-.66 G 76.828(RAFFIC August)-2.75 F(2007)2.75
E 2.75(*D)93.6 85 S(if)-2.75 E(ferent transport protocols: Should the t\
ransport protocol used \(e.g., UDP)-.275 E 2.75(,T)-1.221 G(CP)-2.75 E
2.75(,S)-1.221 G(CTP)-2.75 E(,)-1.221 E(DCCP\) or the application af)
93.6 98 Q(fect the rough f)-.275 E(airness goals for simple best-ef)-.11
E(fort traf)-.275 E(\214c?)-.275 E 2.75(*U)93.6 124 S
(nicast vs. multicast: What should the f)-2.75 E
(airness goals be between unicast and multicast)-.11 E(traf)93.6 137 Q
(\214c?)-.275 E 2.75(*P)93.6 163 S(recision of f)-2.75 E 2.75
(airness: Ho)-.11 F 2.75(wp)-.275 G(recise should the f)-2.75 E
(airness goals be?)-.11 E(Is the precision that is)5.5 E
(possible from per)93.6 176 Q(-\215o)-.22 E 2.75(ws)-.275 G
(cheduling the right benchmark?)-2.75 E(Or)5.5 E 2.75(,i)-.44 G 2.75
(sab)-2.75 G(etter touchstone the rough)-2.75 E -.11(fa)93.6 189 S
(irness o).11 E -.165(ve)-.165 G 2.75(rm).165 G
(ultiple round-trip times achie)-2.75 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(db).165 G
2.75(yT)-2.75 G(CP \215o)-2.75 E(ws o)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.165 G 2.75(rF)
.165 G(IFO scheduling?)-2.75 E(Or)5.5 E 2.75(,i)-.44 G(s)-2.75 E 2.75
(ag)93.6 202 S(oal of e)-2.75 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(nm).165 G
(ore rough f)-2.75 E
(airness of an order of magnitude or more between \215o)-.11 E(ws using)
-.275 E(dif)93.6 215 Q(ferent transport protocols right?)-.275 E
(There is a range of literature for each of these topics, and we ha)93.6
241 Q .33 -.165(ve n)-.22 H(ot attempted to cite it all).165 E(abo)93.6
254 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G 5.5(.R).165 G(ough \215o)-5.5 E(w-based f)-.275 E
(airness for simple best-ef)-.11 E(fort traf)-.275 E(\214c could e)-.275
E -.22(vo)-.275 G(lv).22 E 2.75(ew)-.165 G(ith a range of)-2.75 E
(possibilities for f)93.6 267 Q
(airness in terms of round-trip times, the number of congested routers,)
-.11 E(pack)93.6 280 Q(et size, or the number of recei)-.11 E -.165(ve)
-.275 G(rs per \215o).165 E 4.18 -.715(w. \()-.275 H
(Further discussion can be found in).715 E([METRICS].\))93.6 293 Q -.165
(Fa)93.6 319 S(irness o).165 E -.165(ve)-.165 G 2.75(rt).165 G(ime:)
-2.75 E(One issue raised in [B07] concerns ho)93.6 345 Q 2.75(wf)-.275 G
(airness should be inte)-2.86 E(grated o)-.165 E -.165(ve)-.165 G 2.75
(rt).165 G 2.75(ime. F)-2.75 F(or)-.165 E -.165(ex)93.6 358 S
(ample, for simple best-ef).165 E(fort traf)-.275 E
(\214c, should long \215o)-.275 E(ws recei)-.275 E .33 -.165(ve l)-.275
H(ess bandwidth in bits per).165 E(second than short \215o)93.6 371 Q
5.5(ws? F)-.275 F(or cost-based f)-.165 E(airness or for QoS-based traf)
-.11 E(\214c, it seems perfectly)-.275 E(viable for there to be some sc\
enarios where the cost is a function of \215o)93.6 384 Q 2.75(wo)-.275 G
2.75(rs)-2.75 G(ession lifetime.)-2.75 E(It also seems viable for there\
 to be some scenarios where the cost of QoS-enabled traf)93.6 397 Q
(\214c is)-.275 E(independent of \215o)93.6 410 Q 2.75(wo)-.275 G 2.75
(rs)-2.75 G(ession lifetime \(e.g., for a pri)-2.75 E -.275(va)-.275 G
(te Intranet that is measured only by).275 E
(the bandwidth of the access link, b)93.6 423 Q(ut where an)-.22 E 2.75
(yt)-.165 G(raf)-2.75 E(\214c sent on that Intranet is guaranteed to)
-.275 E(recei)93.6 436 Q .33 -.165(ve a c)-.275 H(ertain QoS\).).165 E
(Ho)93.6 462 Q(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G .88 -.44(r, f).165 H
(or simple best-ef).44 E(fort traf)-.275 E
(\214c, the current form of rough f)-.275 E(airness that is not)-.11 E
(inte)93.6 475 Q(grated o)-.165 E -.165(ve)-.165 G 2.75(rt).165 G
(ime seems acceptable.)-2.75 E
(That is, in the current Internet, a user who opens a)5.5 E
(single TCP connection for ten hours *might* recei)93.6 488 Q .33 -.165
(ve t)-.275 H(he same a).165 E -.165(ve)-.22 G
(rage throughput in bits per).165 E(second, during that TCP connection,\
 as a user who opens a single TCP connection for ten)93.6 501 Q
(minutes and then goes of)93.6 514 Q 2.75(f-line. Similarly)-.275 F 2.75
(,au)-.715 G(ser who is on-line for ten hours each day)-2.75 E
(*might* recei)93.6 527 Q .33 -.165(ve t)-.275 H(he same throughput in \
bits per second, and pay roughly the same cost, as a).165 E
(user who is on-line for ten minutes each day)93.6 540 Q 5.5(.T)-.715 G
(hat seems acceptable to us.)-5.5 E(Other pricing)5.5 E
(mechanisms between users and ISPs seem acceptable also.)93.6 553 Q/F1
11/Times-Bold@0 SF(4.)72 579 Q/F2 14/Times-Bold@0 SF
(On the Dif\214culties of Incr)5.5 E(emental Deployment)-.252 E F0
(One of the adv)93.6 605 Q(antages of simple best-ef)-.275 E
(fort service is that it is currently operational in the)-.275 E
(Internet, along with the rough \215o)93.6 618 Q(w-rate f)-.275 E
(airness that results from dominance of TCP')-.11 E(s)-.605 E
(congestion control.)93.6 631 Q(While additional classes of service w)
93.6 657 Q(ould clearly be of use in the Internet, the deplo)-.11 E
(yment)-.11 E(dif)93.6 670 Q(\214culties of such mechanisms ha)-.275 E
.33 -.165(ve b)-.22 H(een non-tri).165 E(vial [B03].)-.275 E
(The problem of deplo)5.5 E(ying)-.11 E
(interlocking changes to the infrastructure do not necessarily ha)93.6
683 Q .33 -.165(ve a)-.22 H 2.75(ne).165 G(asy \214x as the)-2.75 E 2.75
(ys)-.165 G(tem in)-2.75 E
(part from the underlying architecture of the Internet.)93.6 696 Q(As e)
5.5 E(xplained in RFC 1958 on)-.165 E(Flo)72 733 Q 366.891(yd [P)-.11 F
(age 9])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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(BEST EFFOR)2.75 E 2.75(TT)-.66 G 76.828(RAFFIC August)-2.75 F(2007)2.75
E("Architectural Principles of the Internet": "F)93.6 85 Q(ortunately)
-.165 E 2.75(,n)-.715 G(obody o)-2.75 E(wns the Internet, there is no)
-.275 E(centralized control, and nobody can turn it of)93.6 98 Q 2.75
(f[)-.275 G 2.75(RFC1958]." Some)-2.75 F(of the dif)2.75 E
(\214culties of)-.275 E
(making changes in the Internet infrastructure, including the dif)93.6
111 Q(\214culties imposed by the)-.275 E(political and economic conte)
93.6 124 Q(xt ha)-.165 E .33 -.165(ve b)-.22 H(een discussed else).165 E
(where \(e.g., [CMB07]\).)-.275 E(The)5.5 E(dif)93.6 137 Q(\214culty of\
 making changes to the Internet infrastructure is in contrast to the co\
mparati)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G
(ease in making changes in Internet applications.)93.6 150 Q(The dif)
93.6 176 Q(\214culties of deplo)-.275 E
(yment for end-to-end intserv or dif)-.11 E(fserv mechanisms are well-)
-.275 E(kno)93.6 189 Q(wn, ha)-.275 E(ving in part to do with the dif)
-.22 E(\214culties of deplo)-.275 E(ying the required economic)-.11 E
(infrastructure [B03].)93.6 202 Q(It seems lik)5.5 E
(ely that cost-based schemes based on re-ECN could also)-.11 E(ha)93.6
215 Q .33 -.165(ve a d)-.22 H(if).165 E(\214cult deplo)-.275 E
(yment path, in)-.11 E -.22(vo)-.44 G(lving the deplo).22 E
(yment of ECN-marking at routers,)-.11 E(policers at both ends of a con\
nection, and a change in pairwise economic relationships to)93.6 228 Q
(include a congestion metric [B07].)93.6 241 Q
([Add citations about the deplo)93.6 267 Q(yment dif)-.11 E
(\214culties of QoS, IPv6, multicast, ECN, and other)-.275 E
(mechanisms that ha)93.6 280 Q .33 -.165(ve c)-.22 H(hick).165 E
(en-and-e)-.11 E(gg deplo)-.165 E(yment problems.])-.11 E/F1 11
/Times-Bold@0 SF(5.)72 306 Q/F2 14/Times-Bold@0 SF(Related W)5.5 E(ork)
-1.05 E F1(5.1.)72 332 Q/F3 13/Times-Bold@0 SF(Fr)5.5 E(om the IETF)
-.234 E F0(This section discusses IETF documents relating to best-ef)
93.6 358 Q(fort service and \215o)-.275 E(w-rate f)-.275 E(airness.)-.11
E(RFC 896 on congestion control: Nagle')93.6 384 Q 2.75(sR)-.605 G
(FC 896 on "Congestion Control in IP/TCP", from)-2.75 E
(1984, raises the issue of congestion collapse, and says that "impro)
93.6 397 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G 2.75(dh).165 G(andling of congestion)-2.75 E
(is no)93.6 410 Q 2.75(wm)-.275 G(andatory" [RFC896].)-2.75 E(RFC 896 w)
5.5 E(as written in the conte)-.11 E(xt of a hea)-.165 E(vily-loaded)
-.22 E(netw)93.6 423 Q(ork, the only pri)-.11 E -.275(va)-.275 G
(te TCP/IP long-haul netw).275 E(ork in e)-.11 E
(xistence at the time \(that of F)-.165 E(ord)-.165 E(Motor Compan)93.6
436 Q 1.43 -.715(y, i)-.165 H 2.75(n1).715 G 2.75(984\). In)-2.75 F
(addition to introducing the Nagle algorithm for minimizing)2.75 E
(the transmission of small pack)93.6 449 Q(ets in TCP)-.11 E 2.75(,R)
-1.221 G(FC 896 considers the ef)-2.75 E(fecti)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G
(ness of ICMP).165 E
(Source Quench for congestion control, and comments that future g)93.6
462 Q(ate)-.055 E -.11(wa)-.275 G(ys should be capable).11 E
(of defending themselv)93.6 475 Q(es ag)-.165 E
(ainst obnoxious or malicious hosts.)-.055 E(Ho)5.5 E(we)-.275 E -.165
(ve)-.275 G .88 -.44(r, R).165 H(FC 896 does not).44 E
(raise the question of f)93.6 488 Q
(airness between competing users or \215o)-.11 E(ws.)-.275 E(RFC 2914 o\
n congestion control principles: RFC 2914, a Best Current Practice docu\
ment)93.6 514 Q(from 2000 on "Congestion Control Principles", discusses\
 the issues of pre)93.6 527 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G(nting congestion).165 E
(collapse, maintaining some form of f)93.6 540 Q(airness for best-ef)
-.11 E(fort traf)-.275 E(\214c, and optimizing a \215o)-.275 E(w')-.275
E(s)-.605 E(performance in terms of throughput, delay)93.6 553 Q 2.75
(,a)-.715 G(nd loss for the \215o)-2.75 E 2.75(wi)-.275 G 2.75(nq)-2.75
G 2.75(uestion. In)-2.75 F(the)2.75 E(discussion of f)93.6 566 Q
(airness, RFC 2914 outlines polic)-.11 E 2.75(yi)-.165 G
(ssues concerning the appropriate)-2.75 E(granularity of a "\215o)93.6
579 Q(w", and ackno)-.275 E
(wledges that end nodes can easily open multiple)-.275 E
(concurrent \215o)93.6 592 Q(ws to the same destination.)-.275 E
(RFC 2914 also discusses open issues concerning)5.5 E -.11(fa)93.6 605 S
(irness between reliable unicast, unreliable unicast, reliable multicas\
t and unreliable).11 E(multicast transport protocols.)93.6 618 Q
(RFC 3714 on the amorphous problem of f)93.6 644 Q
(airness: Section 3.3 of RFC 3714, an Informational)-.11 E(document fro\
m the IAB \(Internet Architecture Board\) discussing congestion control\
 for best-)93.6 657 Q(ef)93.6 670 Q(fort v)-.275 E(oice traf)-.22 E
(\214c, has a discussion of "the amorphous problem of f)-.275 E
(airness", discussing)-.11 E(complicating issues of pack)93.6 683 Q
(et sizes, round-trip times, application-le)-.11 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75
(lf).165 G(unctionality)-2.75 E 2.75(,a)-.715 G(nd the)-2.75 E(lik)93.6
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(idance in the Internet" in 2000, contains the follo).814 E
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(gin or continue research, engineering, and measurement ef)-.165 E
(forts contrib)-.275 E(uting to the design)-.22 E
(of mechanisms to deal with \215o)93.6 202 Q(ws that are unresponsi)
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(ongestion noti\214cation or are)-2.75 E(responsi)93.6 215 Q .33 -.165
(ve b)-.275 H(ut more aggressi)-.055 E .33 -.165(ve t)-.275 H(han TCP)
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(RFCs on QoS: There is a long history in the IETF of the de)93.6 241 Q
-.165(ve)-.275 G(lopment of QoS mechanisms).165 E(for inte)93.6 254 Q
(grated and dif)-.165 E(ferentiated services [RFC2212, RFC2475].)-.275 E
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(This section brie\215y mentions some of the man)93.6 319 Q 2.75(yp)
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<8c63>-.275 E(or on f)93.6 332 Q(airness for competing \215o)-.11 E
(ws or users.)-.275 E([B07] also has a section on some of the)5.5 E
(literature re)93.6 345 Q -.055(ga)-.165 G(rding f).055 E
(airness in the Internet.)-.11 E -.165(Fa)93.6 371 S
(irness with AIMD: F).165 E(airness with AIMD \(Additi)-.165 E .33 -.165
(ve I)-.275 H(ncrease Multiplicati).165 E .33 -.165(ve D)-.275 H
(ecrease\)).165 E(congestion control w)93.6 384 Q
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(1988 paper on "Congestion A)93.6 410 Q -.22(vo)-.814 G
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(IMD-based congestion)-2.75 E(control mechanisms.)93.6 423 Q -.165(Fa)
93.6 449 S(ir Queueing: The 1989 paper of F).165 E
(air Queueing by Demers et al.)-.165 E(promoted F)5.5 E(air Queueing)
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(air allocation of bandwidth, lo)-.11 E(wer delay for lo)-.275 E(w-)
-.275 E(bandwidth traf)93.6 475 Q(\214c, and protection from ill-beha)
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n netw)93.6 501 Q(orks)-.11 E
(is the 1993 paper on "Pricing the Internet" by MacKie-Mason and V)93.6
514 Q(arian [MV93].)-1.221 E(This)5.5 E(paper proposed a "Smart Mark)
93.6 527 Q(et" to price congestion in real time, with a per)-.11 E
(-pack)-.22 E(et-char)-.11 E(ge)-.198 E(re\215ecting mar)93.6 540 Q
(ginal congestion costs.)-.198 E(Frank K)5.5 E(elly')-.275 E 2.75(sw)
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(to papers on proportional f)93.6 553 Q
(airness, including [K97] on "Char)-.11 E(ging and Rate Control for)
-.198 E(Elastic T)93.6 566 Q(raf)-.385 E(\214c".)-.275 E
(Other papers on pricing in computer netw)93.6 592 Q
(orks include [SCEH96], which is in part a critique)-.11 E
(of some of the pricing proposals in the literature at the time.)93.6
605 Q([SCEH96] ar)5.5 E(gues that usage)-.198 E(char)93.6 618 Q
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SF(Security Considerations)5.5 E F0(This document does not propose an)
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(echanisms for the Internet, and so does not).275 E(require an)93.6 683
Q 2.75(ys)-.165 G(ecurity considerations.)-2.75 E(Flo)72 733 Q 361.391
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(Conclusions)5.5 E F1(9.)72 163 Q F2(Ackno)5.5 E(wledgements)-.14 E(Inf)
72 189 Q(ormati)-.35 E .28 -.14(ve R)-.14 H(efer).14 E(ences)-.252 E F0
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(URL "http://citeseer)5.5 E(.ist.psu.edu/boudec00rate.html".)-.605 E
54.087([B03] G.)98.7 235.2 R(Bell, F)2.75 E(ailure to Thri)-.165 E -.165
(ve)-.275 G 2.75(:Q).165 G(oS and the Culture of Operational)-2.75 E
(Netw)181.2 248.2 Q(orking, La)-.11 E(wrence Berk)-.165 E(ele)-.11 E
2.75(yN)-.165 G(ational Laboratory)-2.75 E 2.75(,S)-.715 G
(eptember 2003.)-2.75 E 54.087([B07] B.)98.7 264.8 R(Briscoe, Flo)2.75 E
2.75(wR)-.275 G(ate F)-2.75 E
(airness: Dismantling a Religion, internet-draft)-.165 E
(draft-briscoe-tsv)181.2 277.8 Q(area-f)-.275 E(air)-.11 E(-02.txt, w)
-.22 E(ork in progress, July 2007.)-.11 E 49.808([CJ89] Chiu,)98.7 294.4
R(D.-M., and Jain, R., Analysis of the Increase and Decrease)2.75 E
(Algorithms for Congestion A)181.2 307.4 Q -.22(vo)-.814 G
(idance in Computer Netw).22 E(orks, Computer)-.11 E(Netw)181.2 320.4 Q
(orks and ISDN Systems, V)-.11 E 2.75(.1)-1.419 G(7, pp. 1-14, 1989.)
-2.75 E([The DEC)5.5 E -.77(Te)181.2 333.4 S
(chnical Report DEC-TR-509 w).77 E(as in 1987.])-.11 E 36.971
([CMB07] kc)98.7 350 R(claf)2.75 E(fy)-.275 E 2.75(,S)-.715 G
(ascha D. Meinrath, and Scott O. Bradner)-2.75 E 2.75(,T)-.44 G
(he \(un\)Economic)-2.75 E(Internet?, Internet Economics T)181.2 363 Q
(rack, 2007.)-.385 E 39.424([DKS89] A.)98.7 379.6 R(Demers, S. K)2.75 E
(esha)-.275 E 1.43 -.715(v, a)-.22 H(nd S. Shenk).715 E(er)-.11 E 2.75
(,A)-.44 G(nalysis and Simulation of a F)-2.75 E(air)-.165 E
(Queueing Algorithm, SIGCOMM, 1989.)181.2 392.6 Q 55.308([F91] Flo)98.7
409.2 R(yd, S., Connections with Multiple Congested Gate)-.11 E -.11(wa)
-.275 G(ys in P).11 E(ack)-.165 E(et-)-.11 E(Switched Netw)181.2 422.2 Q
(orks P)-.11 E(art 1: One-w)-.165 E(ay T)-.11 E(raf)-.385 E
(\214c, Computer Communication)-.275 E(Re)181.2 435.2 Q(vie)-.275 E 1.43
-.715(w, V)-.275 H(ol.21, No.5, October 1991.)-.704 E 30.866
([FHPW00] Flo)98.7 451.8 R(yd, S., Handle)-.11 E 1.43 -.715(y, M)-.165 H
(., P).715 E(adh)-.165 E(ye, J., and W)-.055 E(idmer)-.44 E 2.75(,J)-.44
G 2.75(,E)-2.75 G(quation-Based)-2.75 E
(Congestion Control for Unicast Applications, SIGCOMM, August 2000.)
181.2 464.8 Q 51.029([FJ92] On)98.7 481.4 R -.385(Tr)2.75 G(af).385 E
(\214c Phase Ef)-.275 E(fects in P)-.275 E(ack)-.165 E(et-Switched Gate)
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494.4 Q(., Internetw)-1.419 E(orking: Research and Experience, V)-.11 E
(.3 N.3,)-1.419 E(September 1992.)181.2 507.4 Q 29.645
([HSMK98] Henderson,)98.7 524 R -.814(T.)2.75 G
(R., E. Sahouria, S. McCanne, and R.H. Katz, "On).814 E(Impro)181.2 537
Q(ving the F)-.165 E(airness of TCP Congestion A)-.165 E -.22(vo)-.814 G
(idance," Globecom,).22 E(No)181.2 550 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G(mber 1998.)
.165 E 16.214([Internet2020] Internet)98.7 566.6 R(Society)2.75 E 2.75
(,")-.715 G(An Internet 2020 Initiati)-2.75 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(:")
.165 G(The Internet is \(still\) for)-2.75 E(Ev)181.2 579.6 Q
(eryone", 2007.)-.165 E(URL "http://www)5.5 E(.isoc.or)-.715 E(g/)-.198
E(or)181.2 592.6 Q(gs/ac/cms/uploads/docs/2020_vision.pdf".)-.198 E
53.482([K96] F)98.7 609.2 R 2.75(.K)-.88 G(elly)-3.025 E 2.75(,C)-.715 G
(har)-2.75 E(ging and Accounting for Bursty Connections, In L. W)-.198 E
(.)-1.012 E(McKnight and J. P)181.2 622.2 Q 2.75(.B)-1.221 G(aile)-2.75
E 1.43 -.715(y, e)-.165 H(ditors, Internet Economics. MIT Press,).715 E
(1997.)181.2 635.2 Q 53.482([K97] F)98.7 651.8 R 2.75(.K)-.88 G(elly)
-3.025 E 2.75(,C)-.715 G(har)-2.75 E
(ging and Rate Control for Elastic T)-.198 E(raf)-.385 E
(\214c, European)-.275 E -.385(Tr)181.2 664.8 S(ansactions on T).385 E
(elecommunications, 8:33--37, 1997.)-.77 E 35.145([LLSZ96] C.)98.7 681.4
R(Lefelhocz, B. L)2.75 E(yles, S. Shenk)-.605 E(er)-.11 E 2.75(,a)-.44 G
(nd L. Zhang, Congestion Control)-2.75 E(for Best-ef)181.2 694.4 Q
(fort Service: Wh)-.275 E 2.75(yW)-.055 G 2.75(eN)-3.63 G(eed a Ne)-2.75
E 2.75(wP)-.275 G(aradigm, IEEE Netw)-2.915 E(ork,)-.11 E(Flo)72 733 Q
361.391(yd [P)-.11 F(age 12])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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E -.22(vo)181.2 85 S(l. 10, pp. 10-19, Jan. 1996.).22 E 37.587
([MAF05] A.)98.7 101.6 R(Medina, M. Allman, and S. Flo)2.75 E
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(ansport Protocols in the Internet, Computer Communications Re).385 E
(vie)-.275 E -.715(w,)-.275 G(April 2005.)181.2 127.6 Q 24.75
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(aluation of Congestion Control Mechanisms,)-.275 E
(internet-draft draft-irtf-tmr)181.2 157.2 Q(g-metrics-10.txt, w)-.198 E
(ork in progress, July 2007.)-.11 E 43.703([MV93] J.)98.7 173.8 R
(K. Mackie-Mason and H. V)2.75 E(arian, "Pricing the Internet', in the)
-1.221 E(conference on Public Access to the Internet, JFK School of Go)
181.2 186.8 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G(rnment,).165 E(May 1993.)181.2 199.8 Q
23.551([NetNeutral] Netw)98.7 216.4 R(ork Neutrality)-.11 E 2.75(,W)
-.715 G 2.75(ikipedia. URL)-3.19 F("http://en.wikipedia.or)181.2 229.4 Q
2.75(g/wiki/Net_neutrality". [Added)-.198 F(for its citations to)2.75 E
(the literature.])181.2 242.4 Q 54.692([P2P] "Maximum)98.7 259 R
(Number of Peer)2.75 E(-to-Peer Connections", MA)-.22 E 2.75(CO)-.44 G
2.75(SXH)-2.75 G(ints)-2.75 E(web site, February 2007, URL "http://)
181.2 272 Q(forums.macosxhints.com/sho)181.2 285 Q
(wthread.php?t=67237".)-.275 E 17.424([Proportional] K)98.7 301.6 R
(elly)-.275 E 2.75(,F)-.715 G(., papers on Proportional F)-3.63 E
(airness.)-.165 E 54.087([R04] J.)98.7 318.2 R(Roberts, Internet T)2.75
E(raf)-.385 E(\214c, QoS and Pricing, Proceedings of the IEEE,)-.275 E
-1.419(V.)181.2 331.2 S(92 N.9, September 2004.)1.419 E 35.134
([RFC896] Nagle,)98.7 347.8 R(J., Congestion Control in IP/TCP)2.75 E
2.75(,R)-1.221 G(FC 896, January 1984.)-2.75 E 29.634([RFC1958] B.)98.7
364.4 R(Carpenter)2.75 E 2.75(,A)-.44 G
(rchitectural Principles of the Internet, RFC 1958, June)-2.75 E(1996.)
181.2 377.4 Q 29.634([RFC2212] Shenk)98.7 394 R(er)-.11 E 2.75(,S)-.44 G
(., P)-2.75 E(artridge, C. and R. Guerin, Speci\214cation of Guaranteed)
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([RFC2309] B.)98.7 423.6 R
(Braden at al, Recommendations on Queue Management and)2.75 E
(Congestion A)181.2 436.6 Q -.22(vo)-.814 G
(idance in the Internet, RFC 2309, April 1998.).22 E 29.634
([RFC2475] Blak)98.7 453.2 R(e, S., Black, D., Carlson, M., Da)-.11 E
(vies, E., W)-.22 E(ang, Z.)-.88 E(and W)5.5 E 5.5(.W)-1.012 G(eiss,)
-6.38 E(An Architecture for Dif)181.2 466.2 Q
(ferentiated Services, RFC 2475, December 1998.)-.275 E 29.634
([RFC2616] Fielding,)98.7 482.8 R
(R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter)2.75 E 2.75(,L)-.44 G
(., Leach, P)-2.75 E(.)-1.221 E(and T)181.2 495.8 Q 2.75(.B)-.814 G
(erners-Lee, Hyperte)-2.75 E(xt T)-.165 E
(ransfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1, RFC)-.385 E(2616, June 1999.)181.2 508.8
Q 29.634([RFC2914] S.)98.7 525.4 R(Flo)2.75 E
(yd, Congestion Control Principles, RFC 2914, September 2000.)-.11 E
29.634([RFC3124] H.)98.7 542 R
(Balakrishnan and S. Seshan, The Congestion Manager)2.75 E 2.75(,R)-.44
G(FC 3124,)-2.75 E(June 2001.)181.2 555 Q 29.634([RFC3714] S.)98.7 571.6
R(Flo)2.75 E(yd, IAB Concerns Re)-.11 E -.055(ga)-.165 G
(rding Congestion Control for V).055 E(oice T)-1.419 E(raf)-.385 E<8c63>
-.275 E(in the Internet, RFC 3714, March 2004.)181.2 584.6 Q 33.308
([SCEH96] Shenk)98.7 601.2 R(er)-.11 E 2.75(,D)-.44 G 2.75(.D)-2.75 G
2.75(.C)-2.75 G(lark, D. Estrin, and S. Herzog, Pricing in Computer)
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(CM Computer)-.44 E(Communication Re)181.2 627.2 Q(vie)-.275 E 1.43
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643.8 R(Stoica, S. Shenk)2.75 E(er)-.11 E 2.75(,a)-.44 G
(nd H. Zhang, Core-Stateless F)-2.75 E(air Queueing: a)-.165 E
(Scalable Architecture to Approximate F)181.2 656.8 Q
(air Bandwidth Allocations in)-.165 E(High-speed Netw)181.2 669.8 Q
(orks, IEEE/A)-.11 E(CM T)-.44 E(ransactions on Netw)-.385 E
(orking 11\(1\):)-.11 E(33-46, 2003.)181.2 682.8 Q(Flo)72 733 Q 361.391
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E/F1 14/Times-Bold@0 SF -.7(Au)72 85 S(thors' Addr).7 E(esses)-.252 E/F2
11/Courier@0 SF(Sally Floyd)93.6 104 Q
(ICSI Center for Internet Research)93.6 117 Q
(1947 Center Street, Suite 600)93.6 130 Q(Berkeley, CA 94704)93.6 143 Q
(USA)93.6 156 Q(EMail: floyd <at> icir <dot> org)93.6 169 Q
(URL: http:/www.icir.org/floyd/)93.6 182 Q(Mark Allman)93.6 208 Q
(ICSI Center for Internet Research)93.6 221 Q
(1947 Center Street, Suite 600)93.6 234 Q(Berkeley, CA 94704-1198)93.6
247 Q(Phone: \(440\) 235-1792)93.6 260 Q(Email: mallman at icir.org)93.6
273 Q(URL: http://www.icir.org/mallman/)93.6 286 Q F1
(Full Copyright Statement)72 327.1 Q F0(Cop)93.6 343.7 Q
(yright \(C\) The IETF T)-.11 E(rust \(2007\).)-.385 E(This document is\
 subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, \
and)93.6 360.3 Q -.165(ex)93.6 373.3 S
(cept as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights.).165 E
(This document and the information contained herein are pro)93.6 389.9 Q
(vided on an "AS IS" basis and)-.165 E(THE CONTRIB)93.6 402.9 Q(UT)-.11
E(OR, THE ORGANIZA)-.198 E(TION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS)-1.221 E
(SPONSORED BY \(IF ANY\), THE INTERNET SOCIETY)93.6 415.9 Q 2.75(,T)
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(TT)-1.221 G(HE)-2.75 E(USE OF THE INFORMA)93.6 454.9 Q
(TION HEREIN WILL NO)-1.221 E 2.75(TI)-.44 G(NFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY)
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(ABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A)-1.023 E -1.012(PA)93.6 480.9 S -.66(RT)1.012
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med to pertain to the implementation or use of the)93.6 536.5 Q
(technology described in this document or the e)93.6 549.5 Q
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(ys)-.165 G(uch rights.)-2.75 E
(Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC)5.5 E
(documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.)93.6 588.5 Q
(Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and an)93.6
605.1 Q 2.75(ya)-.165 G(ssurances of licenses to be)-2.75 E(made a)93.6
618.1 Q -.275(va)-.22 G(ilable, or the result of an attempt made to obt\
ain a general license or permission for).275 E(the use of such propriet\
ary rights by implementers or users of this speci\214cation can be)93.6
631.1 Q(obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www)93.6
644.1 Q(.ietf.or)-.715 E(g/ipr)-.198 E(.)-.605 E(The IETF in)93.6 660.7
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(patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may co)93.6 673.7
Q -.165(ve)-.165 G 2.75(rt).165 G(echnology that may be)-2.75 E
(required to implement this standard.)93.6 686.7 Q
(Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-)5.5 E(Flo)72 733 Q
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