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(oncerns in the design of congestion control mechanisms has been the)
.165 E(response times to sudden congestion in the netw)100.8 554.4 Q
2.75(ork. On)-.11 F(the one hand, congestion control)2.75 E(mechanisms \
should respond reasonably promptly to sudden congestion from routing or)
100.8 567.4 Q(bandwidth changes, or from a b)100.8 580.4 Q
(urst of competing traf)-.22 E 2.75(\214c. At)-.275 F
(the same time, congestion)2.75 E
(control mechanisms should not respond too se)100.8 593.4 Q -.165(ve)
-.275 G(rely to transient changes, e.g., to a sudden).165 E
(increase in delay that will dissipate in less than the connection')
100.8 606.4 Q 2.75(sr)-.605 G(ound-trip time.)-2.75 E(Ev)100.8 632.4 Q(\
aluating the response to sudden or transient changes can be of particul\
ar concern for)-.275 E(slo)100.8 645.4 Q(wly-responding congestion cont\
rol mechanisms such as equation-based congestion)-.275 E
(control [RFC 3448], and for AIMD \(Additi)100.8 658.4 Q .33 -.165(ve I)
-.275 H(ncrease Multiplicati).165 E .33 -.165(ve D)-.275 H
(ecrease\) or related).165 E(mechanisms using parameters that mak)100.8
671.4 Q 2.75(et)-.11 G(hem more slo)-2.75 E
(wly-responding that TCP [BB01,)-.275 E(BBFS01].)100.8 684.4 Q
(In addition to the responsi)100.8 710.4 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G
(ness and smoothness of aggre).165 E -.055(ga)-.165 G(te traf).055 E
(\214c, one can consider the)-.275 E(tradeof)100.8 723.4 Q
(fs between responsi)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G
(ness, smoothness, and aggressi).165 E -.165(ve)-.275 G
(ness for an indi).165 E(vidual)-.275 E(Flo)72 769 Q 300.891(yd Section)
-.11 F 2.75(3.2.1. [P)2.75 F(age 4])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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(No)2.75 E -.165(ve)-.165 G(mber 2005).165 E(May 2005)115.955 E(connect\
ion [FHP00]. In this case smoothness can be de\214ned by the lar)100.8
85 Q(gest reduction in the)-.198 E
(sending rate in one round-trip time, in a deterministic en)100.8 98 Q
(vironment with a pack)-.44 E(et drop)-.11 E -.165(ex)100.8 111 S
(actly e).165 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(ry 1/p pack).165 E 2.75(ets. The)-.11 F
(responsi)2.75 E -.165(ve)-.275 G
(ness is de\214ned as the number of round-trip times).165 E
(of sustained congested required for the sender to halv)100.8 124 Q 2.75
(et)-.165 G(he sending rate, and the)-2.75 E(aggressi)100.8 137 Q -.165
(ve)-.275 G(ness is de\214ned as the maximum increase in the sending ra\
te in one round-trip).165 E(time, in pack)100.8 150 Q
(ets per second, in the absence of congestion.)-.11 E/F1 11/Times-Bold@0
SF 2.75(3.2.2. Minimizing)72 176 R(Oscillations)2.75 E F0
(One goal is that of stability)100.8 192.6 Q 2.75(,i)-.715 G 2.75(nt)
-2.75 G(erms of minimizing oscillations of queueing delay or of)-2.75 E
2.75(throughput. Scenarios)100.8 205.6 R
(illustrating oscillations are often dominated by long-li)2.75 E -.165
(ve)-.275 G(d).165 E
(connections, perhaps with a small number of changes in the le)100.8
218.6 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(lo).165 G 2.75(fc)-2.75 G(ongestion.)-2.75
E(An orthogonal goal for some congestion control mechanisms, e.g., for \
equation-based)100.8 244.6 Q(congestion control, is to minimize the osc\
illations in the sending rate for an indi)100.8 257.6 Q(vidual)-.275 E
(connection, gi)100.8 270.6 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(na).165 G 2.75(ne)
-2.75 G -.44(nv)-2.75 G(ironment with a \214x).44 E
(ed, steady-state pack)-.165 E(et drop rate.)-.11 E(\(As is well)5.5 E
(kno)100.8 283.6 Q(wn, TCP congestion control is characterized by a pro\
nounced oscillation in the sending)-.275 E(rate, with the sender halvin\
g the sending rate in response to congestion.\))100.8 296.6 Q
(One metric for)5.5 E(the le)100.8 309.6 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(lo).165
G 2.75(fo)-2.75 G(scillations is the smoothness metric gi)-2.75 E -.165
(ve)-.275 G 2.75(na).165 G(bo)-2.75 E -.165(ve)-.165 G(.).165 E F1(3.3.)
72 335.6 Q/F2 13/Times-Bold@0 SF -.325(Fa)5.5 G(ir).325 E(ness and Con)
-.195 E -.13(ve)-.52 G -.13(rg).13 G(ence).13 E F0
(Another set of metrics are those of f)100.8 352.2 Q(airness and of con)
-.11 E -.165(ve)-.44 G -.198(rg).165 G(ence times.).198 E -.165(Fa)5.5 G
(irness can be).165 E(considered between \215o)100.8 365.2 Q
(ws of the same protocol, and between \215o)-.275 E(ws using dif)-.275 E
(ferent)-.275 E(protocols \(e.g., f)100.8 378.2 Q
(airness between TCP and a ne)-.11 E 2.75(wt)-.275 G
(ransport protocol\).)-2.75 E(There are a number of dif)100.8 404.2 Q
(ferent f)-.275 E(airness measures.)-.11 E(These include max-min f)5.5 E
(airness)-.11 E([HG86], proportional f)100.8 417.2 Q
(airness [KMT98, K01], the f)-.11 E(airness inde)-.11 E 2.75(xp)-.165 G
(roposed in [JCH84], and)-2.75 E(the product measure, a v)100.8 430.2 Q
(ariant of netw)-.275 E(ork po)-.11 E(wer [BJ81].)-.275 E(Max-min f)
100.8 456.2 Q(airness: In order to satisfy the max-min f)-.11 E
(airness criteria, the smallest throughput)-.11 E(rate must be as lar)
100.8 469.2 Q(ge as possible. Gi)-.198 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(nt).165 G
(his condition, the ne)-2.75 E(xt-smallest throughput rate)-.165 E
(must be as lar)100.8 482.2 Q(ge as possible, and so on.)-.198 E
(Thus, the max-min f)5.5 E(airness gi)-.11 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(sa)
.165 G(bsolute priority)-2.75 E(to the smallest \215o)100.8 495.2 Q(ws.)
-.275 E(Epsilon-f)100.8 521.2 Q(airness: A metric related to max-min f)
-.11 E(airness is epsilon-f)-.11 E(airness, where a rate)-.11 E
(allocation is de\214ned as epsilon-f)100.8 534.2 Q(airness if)-.11 E
(min_i x_i / max_i x_i >= 1 - epsilon.)109.05 560.2 Q
(where x_i is the resource allocation to the i-th user)100.8 586.2 Q 5.5
(.E)-.605 G(psilon-f)-5.5 E(airness measures the w)-.11 E(orst-)-.11 E
(case ratio between an)100.8 599.2 Q 2.75(yt)-.165 G .22 -.11(wo t)-2.75
H(hroughput rates [ZKL04].).11 E(Proportional f)100.8 625.2 Q
(airness: In contrast, an allocation x is de\214ned as proportionally f)
-.11 E(air if for an)-.11 E(y)-.165 E
(other feasible allocation x*, the aggre)100.8 638.2 Q -.055(ga)-.165 G
(te of proportional changes is zero or ne).055 E -.055(ga)-.165 G(ti)
.055 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(:).165 E(sum_i \(x*_i - x_i\)/x_i <= 0.)109.05
664.2 Q("This criterion f)100.8 690.2 Q -.22(avo)-.11 G
(urs smaller \215o).22 E(ws, b)-.275 E
(ut less emphatically than max-min f)-.22 E(airness" [K01].)-.11 E
(Jain')100.8 716.2 Q 2.75(sf)-.605 G(airness inde)-2.86 E(x: The f)-.165
E(airness inde)-.11 E 2.75(xi)-.165 G 2.75(n[)-2.75 G(JCH84] is)-2.75 E
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(\(\( sum_i x_i \)^2\) / \(n * sum_i \(x_i\)^2 \) ,)109.05 85 Q
(where there are n users.)100.8 111 Q(This f)5.5 E(airness inde)-.11 E
2.75(xr)-.165 G(anges from 0 to 1, and is maximum when all)-2.75 E
(users recei)100.8 124 Q .33 -.165(ve t)-.275 H(he same allocation.).165
E(This inde)5.5 E 2.75(xi)-.165 G 2.75(sk)-2.75 G
(/n when k users equally share the)-2.75 E
(resource, and the other n-k users recei)100.8 137 Q .33 -.165(ve z)
-.275 H(ero allocation.).165 E(The product measure: The product measure)
100.8 163 Q(product_i x_i ,)109.05 189 Q
(the product of the throughput of the indi)100.8 215 Q
(vidual connections, is also used as a measure of)-.275 E -.11(fa)100.8
228 S 2.75(irness. F).11 F
(or our purposes, let x_i be the throughput for the i-th connection.)
-.165 E(\(In other)5.5 E(conte)100.8 241 Q(xts x_i is tak)-.165 E
(en as the po)-.11 E
(wer of the i-th connection, and the product measure is)-.275 E
(referred to as netw)100.8 254 Q(ork po)-.11 E(wer)-.275 E 2.75(.\) The)
-.605 F(product measure is particularly sensiti)2.75 E .33 -.165(ve t)
-.275 H 2.75(os).165 G -.165(eg)-2.75 G(re).165 E -.055(ga)-.165 G
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-.165 G(onnection recei)-2.75 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(sz).165 G
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(onnections and one shared g)-2.75 E(ate)-.055 E -.11(wa)-.275 G 1.43
-.715(y, t).11 H(he product).715 E
(measure is maximized when all connections recei)100.8 293 Q .33 -.165
(ve t)-.275 H(he same throughput.).165 E -.165(Fa)100.8 319 S
(irness and the number of congested links: Some of these f).165 E
(airness metrics are discussed in)-.11 E(more detail in [F91].)100.8 332
Q 1.76 -.88(We n)5.5 H
(ote that there is not a clear consensus for the f).88 E
(airness goals, in)-.11 E(particular for f)100.8 345 Q
(airness between \215o)-.11 E(ws that tra)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.22 G
(rse dif).165 E(ferent numbers of congested links)-.275 E([F91].)100.8
358 Q -.165(Fa)100.8 384 S
(irness and round-trip times: One goal cited in a number of ne).165 E
2.75(wt)-.275 G(ransport protocols has)-2.75 E(been that of f)100.8 397
Q(airness between \215o)-.11 E(ws with dif)-.275 E
(ferent round-trip times [KHR02, XHR04]. W)-.275 E(e)-.88 E
(note that there is not a consensus in the netw)100.8 410 Q
(orking community about the desirability of)-.11 E(this goal, or about \
the implications and interactions between this goal and other metrics)
100.8 423 Q([FJ92] \(Section 3.3\).)100.8 436 Q(Con)100.8 462 Q -.165
(ve)-.44 G -.198(rg).165 G(ence times: Con).198 E -.165(ve)-.44 G -.198
(rg).165 G(ence times concern the time for con).198 E -.165(ve)-.44 G
-.198(rg).165 G(ence to f).198 E(airness)-.11 E(between an e)100.8 475 Q
(xisting \215o)-.165 E 2.75(wa)-.275 G(nd a ne)-2.75 E
(wly-starting one, and are a special concern for)-.275 E(en)100.8 488 Q
(vironments with high-bandwidth \215o)-.44 E 2.75(ws. As)-.275 F(with f)
2.75 E(airness, con)-.11 E -.165(ve)-.44 G -.198(rg).165 G
(ence times can matter).198 E(both between \215o)100.8 501 Q
(ws of the same protocol, and between \215o)-.275 E(ws using dif)-.275 E
(ferent protocols)-.275 E([SLFK03].)100.8 514 Q(One metric used for con)
100.8 540 Q -.165(ve)-.44 G -.198(rg).165 G(ence times is the delta-f)
.198 E(air con)-.11 E -.165(ve)-.44 G -.198(rg).165 G
(ence time, de\214ned in).198 E([BBFS01] as the time tak)100.8 553 Q
(en for tw)-.11 E 2.75<6f8d>-.11 G -.275(ow)-2.75 G 2.75(sw).275 G
(ith the same round-trip time to go from shares)-2.75 E
(of 100/101-th and 1/101-th of the link bandwidth, to ha)100.8 566 Q
(ving close to f)-.22 E(air sharing with)-.11 E
(shares of \(1+delta\)/2 and \(1-delta\)/2 of the link bandwidth.)100.8
579 Q 2.75(As)100.8 605 S(ome)-2.75 E(what similar metric for con)-.275
E -.165(ve)-.44 G -.198(rg).165 G
(ence times de\214ned in [ZKL04] measures the).198 E(con)100.8 618 Q
-.165(ve)-.44 G -.198(rg).165 G
(ence time as the number of round-trip times for tw).198 E 2.75<6f8d>
-.11 G -.275(ow)-2.75 G 2.75(st).275 G 2.75(or)-2.75 G(each epsilon-f)
-2.75 E(airness,)-.11 E(when starting from a maximally-unf)100.8 631 Q
(air state.)-.11 E/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(3.4.)72 683 Q/F2 13
/Times-Bold@0 SF(Metrics f)5.5 E(or Speci\214c En)-.325 E(vir)-.52 E
(onments)-.234 E F0(While congestion control mechanisms are generally e)
100.8 699.6 Q -.275(va)-.275 G(luated \214rst o).275 E -.165(ve)-.165 G
2.75(re).165 G -.44(nv)-2.75 G(ironments with).44 E
(static routing in a netw)100.8 712.6 Q(ork of tw)-.11 E(o-w)-.11 E
(ay point-to-point links, some en)-.11 E(vironments bring up)-.44 E
(not only more challenging scenarios \(e.g., corrupted links, v)100.8
725.6 Q(ariable bandwidth, mobility\))-.275 E(Flo)72 769 Q 309.141
(yd Section)-.11 F 2.75(3.4. [P)2.75 F(age 6])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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(No)2.75 E -.165(ve)-.165 G(mber 2005).165 E(May 2005)115.955 E -.22(bu)
100.8 85 S 2.75(ta).22 G(lso ne)-2.75 E 2.75(wm)-.275 G
(etrics to be considered, as follo)-2.75 E(ws.)-.275 E(Ener)100.8 111 Q
(gy consumption: F)-.198 E(or e)-.165 E(xample, in mobile en)-.165 E
(vironments the ener)-.44 E(gy consumption for the)-.198 E
(mobile end-node can be a k)100.8 124 Q .33 -.165(ey m)-.11 H
(etric that is af).165 E(fected by the transport protocol [TM02].)-.275
E(Goodput: F)100.8 150 Q(or wireless netw)-.165 E
(orks, goodput can be a k)-.11 E .33 -.165(ey m)-.11 H
(etric, where goodput is de\214ned as).165 E
(the fraction of useful data from all of the data deli)100.8 163 Q -.165
(ve)-.275 G 2.75(red. High).165 F(goodput indicates an)2.75 E(ef)100.8
176 Q(\214cient use of the radio spectrum and lo)-.275 E
(wer interference to other users [GF04].)-.275 E/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF
(3.5.)72 202 Q/F2 13/Times-Bold@0 SF(Metrics f)5.5 E(or Speci\214c T)
-.325 E(ypes of T)-.962 E(ransport)-.962 E F0
(In some cases modi\214ed metrics are needed for e)100.8 218.6 Q -.275
(va)-.275 G(luting transport protocols intended for).275 E
(QoS-enabled en)100.8 231.6 Q(vironments or for belo)-.44 E(w-best-ef)
-.275 E(fort traf)-.275 E(\214c [VKD02, KK03]. F)-.275 E(or e)-.165 E
(xample,)-.165 E(dif)100.8 244.6 Q(ferent f)-.275 E
(airness metrics are needed for e)-.11 E -.275(va)-.275 G
(luating transport protocols for belo).275 E(w-best-ef)-.275 E(fort)
-.275 E(traf)100.8 257.6 Q(\214c.)-.275 E F1(4.)72 283.6 Q/F3 14
/Times-Bold@0 SF(Comments on Methodology)5.5 E F0(The types of scenario\
s that are used to test speci\214c metrics, and the range of parameters)
100.8 300.2 Q(that it is useful to consider)100.8 313.2 Q 2.75(,w)-.44 G
(ill be discussed in separate documents, e.g., along with)-2.75 E
(speci\214c scenarios for use in e)100.8 326.2 Q -.275(va)-.275 G
(luating congestion control mechanisms.).275 E(Ho)100.8 342.8 Q(we)-.275
E -.165(ve)-.275 G .88 -.44(r, w).165 H 2.75(en).44 G
(ote that it can be important to e)-2.75 E -.275(va)-.275 G
(luate metrics o).275 E -.165(ve)-.165 G 2.75(raw).165 G(ide range of)
-2.75 E(en)100.8 355.8 Q
(vironments, with a range of link bandwidths, congestion le)-.44 E -.165
(ve)-.275 G(ls, and le).165 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(ls of statistical).165 E
(multiple)100.8 368.8 Q 2.75(xing. It)-.165 F(is also important to e)
2.75 E -.275(va)-.275 G
(luate congestion control mechanisms in a range of).275 E(scenarios, in\
cluding typical ranges of connection sizes and round-trip times [FK02].\
 It is)100.8 381.8 Q(also useful to compare metrics for ne)100.8 394.8 Q
2.75(wo)-.275 G 2.75(rm)-2.75 G
(odi\214ed transport protocols with those of the)-2.75 E
(current standards for TCP)100.8 407.8 Q(.)-1.221 E
(More general references on methodology include [J91].)100.8 433.8 Q F1
(5.)72 459.8 Q F3(Security Considerations)5.5 E F0
(There are no security considerations in this document.)100.8 476.4 Q F1
(6.)72 502.4 Q F3(IAN)5.5 E 3.5(AC)-.28 G(onsiderations)-3.5 E F0
(There are no IAN)100.8 519 Q 2.75(Ac)-.385 G
(onsiderations in this document.)-2.75 E F1(7.)72 545 Q F3(Ackno)5.5 E
(wledgements)-.14 E F0(Thanks to Doug Leith for feedback.)100.8 561.6 Q
F3(Inf)72 587.6 Q(ormati)-.35 E .28 -.14(ve R)-.14 H(efer).14 E(ences)
-.252 E F0([BB01] D. Bansal and H. Balakrishnan, Binomial Congestion Co\
ntrol Algorithms, IEEE)100.8 604.2 Q(Infocom, April 2001.)129.6 617.2 Q
([BBFS01] D. Bansal, H. Balakrishnan, S. Flo)100.8 633.8 Q
(yd, and S. Shenk)-.11 E(er)-.11 E 2.75(,D)-.44 G(ynamic Beha)-2.75 E
(vior of)-.22 E(Slo)129.6 646.8 Q(wly-Responsi)-.275 E .33 -.165(ve C)
-.275 H(ongestion Control Algorithms, SIGCOMM 2001.).165 E
([BJ81] K. Bharath-K)100.8 663.4 Q(umar and J. Jef)-.165 E(fre)-.275 E
1.43 -.715(y, A N)-.165 H .55 -.275(ew A).715 H
(pproach to Performance-Oriented Flo).275 E(w)-.275 E(Control, IEEE T)
129.6 676.4 Q(ransactions on Communications, V)-.385 E
(ol.COM-29 N.4, April 1981.)-1.419 E([F91] S. Flo)100.8 693 Q
(yd, Connections with Multiple Congested Gate)-.11 E -.11(wa)-.275 G
(ys in P).11 E(ack)-.165 E(et-Switched)-.11 E(Netw)129.6 706 Q(orks P)
-.11 E(art 1: One-w)-.165 E(ay T)-.11 E(raf)-.385 E
(\214c, Computer Communication Re)-.275 E(vie)-.275 E 1.43 -.715(w, V)
-.275 H(ol.21, No.5,)-.704 E(October 1991, p. 30-47.)129.6 719 Q(Flo)72
769 Q 366.891(yd [P)-.11 F(age 7])-.165 E 0 Cg EP
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(No)2.75 E -.165(ve)-.165 G(mber 2005).165 E(May 2005)115.955 E
([FHP00] S. Flo)100.8 85 Q(yd, M. Handle)-.11 E 1.43 -.715(y, a)-.165 H
(nd J. P).715 E(adh)-.165 E(ye, A Comparison of Equation-Based and)-.055
E(AIMD Congestion Control, May 2000.)129.6 98 Q(URL "http://www)8.25 E
(.icir)-.715 E(.or)-.605 E(g/tfrc/".)-.198 E([FJ92] S. Flo)100.8 114.6 Q
(yd and V)-.11 E 2.75(.J)-1.419 G(acobson, On T)-2.75 E(raf)-.385 E
(\214c Phase Ef)-.275 E(fects in P)-.275 E(ack)-.165 E(et-Switched Gate)
-.11 E -.11(wa)-.275 G(ys,).11 E(Internetw)129.6 127.6 Q
(orking: Research and Experience, V)-.11 E
(.3 N.3, September 1992, p.115-156.)-1.419 E([FK02] S. Flo)100.8 144.2 Q
(yd and E. K)-.11 E(ohler)-.385 E 2.75(,I)-.44 G
(nternet Research Needs Better Models, Hotnets-I. October)-2.75 E(2002.)
129.6 157.2 Q([GF04] A. Gurto)100.8 173.8 Q 2.75(va)-.165 G(nd S. Flo)
-2.75 E(yd, Modeling W)-.11 E(ireless Links for T)-.44 E
(ransport Protocols, A)-.385 E(CM)-.44 E
(CCR, 34\(2\):85-96, April 2004.)129.6 186.8 Q
([HG86] E. Hahne and R. Gallager)100.8 203.4 Q 2.75(,R)-.44 G
(ound Robin Scheduling for F)-2.75 E(air Flo)-.165 E 2.75(wC)-.275 G
(ontrol in Data)-2.75 E(Communications Netw)129.6 216.4 Q
(orks, IEEE International Conference on Communications,)-.11 E
(June 1986.)129.6 229.4 Q
([J91] R. Jain, The Art of Computer Systems Performance Analysis: T)
100.8 246 Q(echniques for)-.77 E
(Experimental Design, Measurement, Simulation, and Modeling, John W)
129.6 259 Q(ile)-.44 E 2.75(y&S)-.165 G(ons,)-2.75 E(1991.)129.6 272 Q
([JCH84] R. Jain, D.M. Chiu, and W)100.8 288.6 Q 2.75(.H)-1.012 G -.165
(aw)-2.75 G(e, A Quantitati).165 E .33 -.165(ve M)-.275 H(easure of F)
.165 E(airness and)-.165 E(Discrimination for Resource Allocation in Sh\
ared Systems, DEC TR-301, Littleton,)129.6 301.6 Q
(MA: Digital Equipment Corporation, 1984.)129.6 314.6 Q([K01] F)100.8
331.2 Q 2.75(.K)-.88 G(elly)-3.025 E 2.75(,M)-.715 G
(athematical Modelling of the Internet, "Mathematics Unlimited - 2001)
-2.75 E(and Be)129.6 344.2 Q(yond" \(Editors B. Engquist and W)-.165 E
5.5(.S)-1.012 G(chmid\), Springer)-5.5 E(-V)-.22 E(erlag, Berlin, pp.)
-1.221 E(685-702, 2001.)129.6 357.2 Q([KHR02] D. Katabi, M. Handle)100.8
373.8 Q 1.43 -.715(y, a)-.165 H
(nd C. Rohrs, Congestion Control for High Bandwidth-).715 E
(Delay Product Netw)129.6 386.8 Q(orks, A)-.11 E(CM Sigcomm, 2002.)-.44
E([KK03] A. K)100.8 403.4 Q(uzmano)-.165 E(vic and E. W)-.165 E 2.75(.K)
-1.012 G(nightly)-2.75 E 2.75(,T)-.715 G(CP-LP: A Distrib)-2.75 E
(uted Algorithm for Lo)-.22 E(w)-.275 E(Priority Data T)129.6 416.4 Q
(ransfer)-.385 E 2.75(,I)-.44 G(EEE INFOCOM 2003, April 2003.)-2.75 E
([KMT98] F)100.8 433 Q 2.75(.K)-.88 G(elly)-3.025 E 2.75(,A)-.715 G 2.75
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-3.025 H(ords F)-.715 E(or Use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Le)-.165
E -.165(ve)-.275 G(ls. RFC).165 E(2119.)129.6 518.2 Q([RFC 2434] T)100.8
534.8 Q 2.75(.N)-.814 G(arten and H. Alv)-2.75 E 2.75
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([RFC 2581] M. Allman, V)100.8 564.4 Q 2.75(.P)-1.419 G(axson, and W)
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(adh)-.165 E(ye, and J. W)-.055 E(idmer)-.44 E 2.75(,T)-.44 G
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([SLFK03] R.N. Shorten, D.J. Leith, J. F)100.8 610.6 Q -.11(oy)-.165 G
2.75(,a)-.605 G(nd R. Kilduf)-2.75 E(f, Analysis and Design of)-.275 E
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([VKD02] A. V)100.8 695.8 Q(enkataramani, R. K)-1.221 E
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129.6 708.8 Q
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(Implementation \(OSDI\), 2002.)129.6 721.8 Q(Flo)72 769 Q 366.891
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(INTERNET)72 49 Q 65.641(-DRAFT Expires:)-1.012 F
(No)2.75 E -.165(ve)-.165 G(mber 2005).165 E(May 2005)115.955 E([XHR04]\
 L. Xu, K. Harfoush, and I. Rhee, Binary Increase Congestion Control fo\
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127.6 Q([ZKL04] Y)100.8 144.2 Q 2.75(.Z)-1.419 G
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