One document matched: draft-dimitri-zospf-00.txt
Internet Draft A. Dimitrelis
A. Williams
Document: draft-dimitri-zospf-00.txt Motorola
Expires: April 2003 October 2002
Autoconfiguration of routers using a link state routing protocol
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026 [1].
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
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Abstract
This memo documents our thinking to date regarding the use of version
3 of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol as a mechanism for
the autoconfiguration of IP routers within an OSPF area.
Specifically, a method for the allocation and distribution of IPv4
and IPv6 subnet addresses without explicit configuration is
described. Such a mechanism would be useful in an environment where
routing is desirable, but the network administration skills necessary
to configure IP routers are not available. This draft presents zOSPF
(zeroconfigutaion OSPF), a protocol based on OSFPv3 that will allow
routers to self configure and forward IPv4 and IPv6 traffic.
DISCLAIMER
This draft is a work in progress. Its purpose is to sketch a
potential solution to the problem of router self-configuration and
highlight some of the trade-offs. The hope is to gauge interest
within the IETF community for solving the problem, and soliciting
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feedback and suggestions from the designers, implementers, and users
of the protocols referred to within. The purpose of this draft is not
to attempt to set in stone a complete solution to the problem.
Criticism and feedback are welcome. All references to OSPF imply
OSPFv3, unless stated otherwise.
Table of Contents
1. Overview.......................................................2
1.3 Scope.....................................................4
2. zOSPF Protocol Operation.......................................5
2.1 Initialization............................................5
2.2 The Hello Protocol........................................5
2.2.1 Active Router ID collision resolution....................6
2.2.2 Passive Router ID collision handling.....................6
2.2.3 Link local address collision.............................7
2.2.4 zOSPF Options field......................................7
3. Exchange of routing information................................8
3.0 Handling IPv4 subnet addresses.............................8
3.1 Designated Router..........................................8
3.2 Non designated router.....................................10
3.3 Stub links................................................11
3.4 Discovering uplinks......................................12
3.5 Processing AS-external LSAs...............................13
3.6 Monitoring for subnet address collisions.................14
4. Layer 2 partitions and merges.................................15
5. Services to hosts.............................................15
6. Related Work..................................................15
Security Considerations..........................................15
References.......................................................15
Author's Addresses...............................................16
1. Overview
The deployment of OSPF requires a non-trivial degree of configuration
effort on the part of a network administrator, in particular the
consistent and correct allocation of subnet addresses to network
links. By 'consistent' we mean that all routers attached to a link
must agree on that link's subnet address (although the subnet model
is relaxed in IPv6), and by 'correct' we imply that for traffic to be
routed reliably, each subnet must have a unique subnet address. So,
the problem is one of allocating a unique subnet address to each link
in the network.
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We believe that a protocol based on a cut-down version of OSPF for
IPv6 [2] can be used within limited topologies to route both IPv4 and
IPv6 traffic without requiring manual configuration. The basic idea
is as follows:
o A router comes up and listens. It listens for network prefixes
(e.g. "the link attached to interface 3 has a subnet prefix of
2002:beef:beef:1000::/64"), and for address spaces from which it
can allocate subnet prefixes (e.g. "the global prefix for this
site is 2002:beef:beef::/48").
o For any links a router is attached to that do not have a prefix
allocated, one particular router (the designated router) will
allocate a prefix. The first router to come up on a link will
typically be responsible for choosing that link's subnet prefix.
o The router includes the prefixes it has allocated in future
routing announcements. This allows other routers to route to the
new IP subnet, and to avoid allocating the prefix to another link
elsewhere in the network.
o The router continues to listen, and is prepared to deal with
addressing collisions by renumbering problematic subnets.
With reference to OSPF, the initial "listening" stage corresponds to
the formation of neighbor relationships (including participating in
the designated router election) and the synchronization of link state
databases. So before a router chooses a subnet prefix at random, it
will have as complete a view of the network, and the prefixes in use
therein, as possible.
OSPF routers "announce" their choice of subnet prefixes by flooding
the appropriate LSAs. In OSPFv3, a designated router that has picked
a subnet address for a link will flood a Link-LSA to OSPFv3 routers
on that link, and an Intra-Area Prefix LSA to all OSPF routers within
the area.
Finally, the ongoing listening stage corresponds to the processing of
LSAs received as part of on-going OSPF operation. Other routers in
the area will periodically resend valid LSA, will revoke invalid
LSAs, and will originate new LSAs as new links come up and as
networks merge. A zOSPF router must perform additional processing on
received LSAs in order to check for prefix collisions. A router is
responsible for handling collisions involving prefixes it itself
allocated. Refer to section 3.6 for a more detailed discussion.
OSPFv3 is a promising platform for realizing zOSPF routers because:
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o The exchange of OSPFv3 protocol data units occurs using IPv6
link local addressing, which is inherently configuration-free [3].
This allows the Hello protocol (in particular, the election of a
designated router) and the database distribution protocol to
operate in the absence of area-wide addressing.
o It is straightforward to extend the responsibilities of a
subnet's designated router to include the selection of that link's
prefix. The choice of prefix is made after the designated router
(DR) has gathered as much information about the network as
possible - in other words, after it has become fully adjacent to
the designated routers on its other links. At this point, the DR
has a knowledge of the prefixes that are in use within the
network, and is able to choose prefixes that are least likely to
cause addressing collisions.
o OSPF provides the means for a designated router to signal to
other routers on a link the prefix that has been chosen for that
link - this is the Link LSA. Changing the prefix associated with a
link is also straightforward - the current Link LSA can be timed
out by the originator, and a new link-LSA originated.
o LSAs designed to carry IPv6 addresses can also carry IPv4
addresses, using IPv4 mapped IPv6 addresses. This allows support
for routing IPv4 without the need to introduce additional protocol
data units.
o OSPFv3 decouples addressing and topology information. This means
it is necessary to invalidate only LSAs related to addressing when
a collision is detected.
1.2 Motivation
The quintessential scenario motivating this draft is a home or small
office, possibly connected to the Internet through an ISP. An ISP can
provide a global IPv4 address, a global IPv6 prefix, or both. The
site may contain any number of hosts and routers, and the network
topology within may be arbitrarily complex.
1.3 Scope
The purpose of this draft is to sketch an approach to creating a zero
configuration routing protocol by reusing much of OSPFv3. This draft
does not aim to specify a configuration-free alternative to the OSPF
protocol. Several of OSPF's features are not considered, in
particular:
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o Support for NBMA networks and point-to-multipoint links.
o The ability to route between multiple OSPF areas within an
Autonomous System. The assumption is made that routers talking the
zOSPF protocol are within a single pre-configured area.
o Interoperability with other routing protocols is not rigorously
considered. Section 3.4 discusses how external prefixes can be
discovered and injected into a zOSPF area. Sections detailing
interoperability with established routing protocols may be added
in future (and input is welcome).
2. zOSPF Protocol Operation
This section describes the operation of zOSPF by detailing the
sequence of events that occur from the moment a router begins
operating. The zOSPF scheme is explained by detailing the processing
performed by a zOSPF router in addition to that performed by an
OSPFv3 router. This section assumes a familiarity with OSPFv3.
2.1 Initialization
Upon commencing operation, a router must choose a 32-bit router ID.
The router ID will be a pseudorandom number, and is not related to
any of the router's IP addresses. If possible, a router should re-use
an ID that it has previously used with success. A router's initial
selection of router ID may not be final - the router may determine
that the ID is in use elsewhere in the network during the exchange of
database description packets as it becomes fully adjacent with
neighboring designated routers. The router will set its area ID to x
(0 has special meaning, i.e. backbone). A zOSPF router must also
configure broadcast interfaces with IPv6 link local addresses. If a
router must change an IPv6 link local address, it must allow all
adjacencies based on that address to time out (see section 2.2.2).
2.2 The Hello Protocol
Once a router has chosen an ID, it is able to engage in the Hello
protocol, as described in sections 3.2.1.1 and 3.2.2 of [2]. A zOSPF
router, just like an OSPFv3 compliant router, continues to transmit
and process Hello packets for the entire time it is up.
Because router IDs are chosen in a pseudorandom manner, and because
the shortest path routing algorithm will fail if two or more distinct
nodes are indistinguishable because of duplicate router IDs, some
extra processing overhead is required to handle router ID collisions.
Therefore, the zOSPF Hello protocol extends OSPF's Hello protocol by
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requiring zOSPF routers perform additional processing in order to
detect and resolve router ID collisions with directly connected
neighbors. References to router ID collisions in the following
subsections imply collisions between directly connected neighbors
only.
2.2.1 Active Router ID collision resolution
This subsection discusses how a zOSPF router is to detect a collision
involving its own router ID, and the actions it must take in order to
resolve the conflict.
A router will detect that it has been involved in an ID collision
when it receives a Hello packet (that it did not itself originate)
that contains its router ID in the router ID field of the OSPF packet
header.
The detecting router will send several gratuitous Hello packets using
the conflicting router ID, and then choose a new ID. These Hello
packets will be sent with the 'R' bit (Appendix A.3.1, [2]) cleared -
this will inform other routers that it is not eligible to forward
traffic. The effect will be that all routers with a conflicting ID
will be excluded from SPF calculations by other routers. This is done
in order to avoid a potential routing loop due to the inconsistent
state of the routing table. The purpose of the gratuitous Hello
packets is to ensure that the other router(s) involved in the ID
collision is (are) aware of the collision. Once a router has chosen a
new router ID, it may begin sending Hello packets identifying itself
with this new ID. It will have to reform adjacencies with its
neighbors, and re-originate its router LSA.
Before announcing that it is eligible to forward packets again (by
setting the R bit), a router that has been involved in a collision
must be reasonably confident that the collision has been resolved.
One way a router might determine the collision to have been resolved
is if it receives Hello packets from each of the routers involved in
the collision with new, non-colliding IDs. The routers involved in
the collision can be identified by their IPv6 link local addresses,
which were stored when the collision was detected. A router can also
assume that it is safe to resume forwarding after it has not received
Hello packets containing the problematic ID for several RouterDead
intervals.
2.2.2 Passive Router ID collision handling
This subsection describes how a router is to detect a router ID
collision involving directly connected peers (but not the router
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itself), and the actions it must take in order to handle the
collision.
A router will detect a router ID collision on a broadcast subnet to
which it is directly connected if it receives Hello messages from
more than one source with the same router ID. A source is identified
by its IPv6 link local address. The router will store the link local
addresses of the routers it deems involved in the collision and drop
neighbor relationships with them by not including their router IDs in
the Neighbors section of future Hello packets. These changes will
trigger an updated router LSA. The link local addresses of colliding
routers, along with the colliding router ID must be stored so that
future Hello packets with the invalid link-local source
address/router ID combination can be ignored.
The additional processing related to detecting router ID collisions
involves checking the RouterID field of Hello packets and the IPv6
link local source address of the Hello packet. Since the originator
of a Hello packet is identified by its IPv6 link local address (as
well as its Router ID), a router's LL address cannot change if
adjacencies are to be gracefully maintained. Routers must be prepared
to re-establish neighbor adjacencies if they change an IPv6 link
local address whilst they have existing neighbor relationships.
Note that a router ID collision may result in a change of a link's
Designated Router, Backup Designated Router, or both.
2.2.3 Link local address collision
A layer 2 merge may bring routers with identical link-local addresses
onto the same link. The detection and resolution of a LL address
collision is the responsibility of the IP layer. This will entail
selecting a new LL address and re-running DAD [3].
2.2.4 zOSPF Options field
This draft specifies a new bit in the options field, the Z bit. This
bit will signal to routers receiving Hello, database description, and
LSA packets that the originator is a zOSPF router, and is performing
zOSPF related processing, as specified by this memo. The options
field becomes:
1 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3
-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Z|DC| R| N|MC| E|V6|
-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+--+--+--+--+--+--+
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The Options field
The Options field for OSPFv3 can be found in Appendix A.3.1 of [2].
zOSPF routers will transmit all applicable zOSPF packets with the Z
bit set, and will not form adjacencies with non zOSPF capable
routers. Hello packets with the Z bit not set are dropped without
further processing. Future versions of this draft may specify a
sensible way to interact with OSPFv3 and OSPFv2 routers.
3. Exchange of routing information
After initializing and participating in the Hello protocol, a router
may find itself elected the designated router (DR) on one or more of
the links it is connected to. This section details additional
routing-related processing routers must perform depending on whether
they are a link's DR or not. Section 5 lists services zOSPF routers
might provide to hosts (such as DHCPv4).
3.1 Handling IPv4 subnet addresses
zOSPF handles IPv4 and IPv6 routing in an integrated manner. IPv4
subnet addresses are represented within the routing protocol as IPv4
mapped IPv6 addresses [4]. A router that has claimed 192.168.120/24
for a subnet will flood a network LSA containing the prefix
::ffff:c0:a8:78:0/48.
3.2 Designated Router
A broadcast link's designated router is responsible for selecting and
maintaining that link's IPv4 and IPv6 subnet prefixes. When a router
is elected a link's designated router it must select subnet addresses
for that link. This can include an IPv4 subnet address, and a number
of IPv6 prefixes. Subnet addresses are chosen in a pseudorandom
manner with constraints - namely, the use of the contents of the link
state database to filter poor prefix choices. Before choosing subnet
prefixes, a DR must form full adjacencies with the designated routers
(if any) on its other links. Forming such adjacencies will allow a
router to learn which subnet prefixes are in use within a network.
With its link state database synchronized, the DR is able to choose a
prefix that is least likely to cause a collision.
OSPF's distributed database also allows a zOSPF router to discover
the address spaces it can use to form IPv6 subnet addresses. The
existence and validity of a dynamically allocated prefix, such as a
global or a 6to4 prefix, can be signaled using area scoped LSAs. In
addition, routers can be preconfigured to allocate out of fixed
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address spaces - such as fec0::/48 and 192.168/16. Section 3.4
discusses how global prefixes are injected into an OSPF routing
domain.
Once a router has been elected the designated router (DR) on a link,
it must select a set of subnet addresses for that link. The procedure
for doing this follows.
(1) For each of the router's other links, ensure one of the
following:
- The router is the designated router on the link
- The router has formed a full adjacency with the DR on the link
- The link is a stub link (i.e. there are no other zOSPF speakers on
the link)
Satisfying (1) ensures that a router that is going to choose subnet
addresses has a knowledge of those subnet addresses that have already
been allocated. This knowledge arises from having allocated those
subnet addresses (as designated router), and from the synchronization
of link state databases, which is a result of forming a full
adjacency with designated routers on its other links.
(2) For each site-wide prefix known to be valid within the OSPF area,
choose a subnet address. Section 3.4.1 discusses how site-wide
prefixes are discovered. For each /48 IPv6 site wide prefix, the
router will choose a /64 IPv6 subnet address. For a /16 IPv4 prefix,
a router will choose a /24 subnet address.
The site allocated subnet identifier of each of the IPv6 addresses
created in (2) is generated using a random number generator. The
address is compared with addresses stored in the link state database.
If a router generates a subnet address that clashes with an address
with an entry in the routing table, the router will generate a new
subnet address.
(3) When a zOSPF router is satisfied that the prefixes it has chosen
for a link do not collide with prefixes already in use within the
OSPF area, it will configure the corresponding network interface with
an address based on the new prefix. The creation of IPv6 addresses
from prefixes is documented in [3].
(4) The router must inject the new prefixes into the OSPF routing
domain. The process of advertising the new prefix in zOSPF is the
same as the process of advertising a configured prefix in OSPFv3. The
LSAs flooded are:
- A new network LSA, if the link is a transit link
- A new intra-area prefix LSA, if the link is a transit link. This
LSA will contain the subnet address
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- A new router LSA. The router LSA will reference a network LSA if
the link is a transit link, otherwise it will have an entry for a new
stub link.
Note that a newly elected designated router chooses new prefixes for
a link regardless of any prefixes on the link previous to its
becoming the designated router. The prefixes chosen by a previous
designated router must not be reused. The rationale behind this is
presented in section 3.2.
For IPv6 addresses, a subnet prefix will typically be a /64 prefix,
and can be created by appending a subnet identifier to a site-wide
/48 prefix. A site-wide /48 prefix may be:
- a publicly routable IPv6 prefix delegated to a site by an ISP
- a 6to4 prefix [6] created from a public IPv4 address which has
been allocated by an ISP
- the IPv6 site local prefix fec0::/48
3.2 Non designated router
zOSPF routers do not have subnet address information explicitly
configured; they must configure their network interfaces from
information via the routing protocol. Configuring interfaces with
IPv6 addresses consists of learning a network prefix through routing
protocol exchanges, and forming a full address using the mechanisms
described in [3].
3.2.1 Configuring IPv6 Addresses
Non-designated routers will use received link LSAs to configure some
of their interfaces (stub links are not configured via link LSAs, see
section 3.3). A router configures an interface when it receives a
link LSA on that interface. The router processes the link LSA,
extracts the IPv6 prefix, and creates an IPv6 address by combining
the prefix with its MAC address (using the procedure detailed in
[3]). This IPv6 address is assigned to the corresponding interface.
A router will invalidate an address formed as a result of processing
a link LSA when:
- The link LSA is timed out by its originator.
- The originating router of that link LSA (i.e. the link's DR) is
deemed 'dead' by the Hello protocol
In the context of this document, to 'invalidate' an address means to
remove its current interface binding. A router invalidating a prefix
must transmit several router advertisements advertising the prefix
with an expired valid lifetime. The prefix will not be moved to the
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deprecated state. Packets arriving with a source or destination
address based on an invalidated prefix will not be forwarded.
The rational behind the immediate invalidation of a prefix is based
on a conservative approach to avoiding routing failures (including
loops). The originator of link-LSA containing prefix Y will time-out
that LSA if it detects a prefix collision involving Y. The trade-off
is between invaliding an address without a period of deprecation, and
attempting to route traffic with invalid routing information. In this
case, a duplicate prefix constitutes the invalid routing information.
It is the current position of this draft that routing based on
inconsistent or invalid routing information should be avoided.
A router must also immediately invalidate a link-LSA if it loses bi-
directional communication with a link's designated router. Such a
loss of communication will be detected by the Hello protocol. Despite
becoming unreachable due to a layer 2 partition, the DR will likely
continue to claim the prefix it originally chose for the link.
Continuing to use the original prefix on both subnets is a prefix
collision.
When the DR is deemed dead, the backup designated router (BDR) will
take over, and will choose a new prefix. It will flood a new set of
LSAs:
- A new link LSA to allow routers on the link to configure their
interfaces with the new prefixes
- A new network LSA, announcing the new prefix to the entire OSPF
domain. This LSA also announces the link's designated router
- A new router LSA, referencing the new network LSA. All other
routers on the link will similarly produce a new router LSA which
references the new network LSA.
The old link LSA will remain in the link state database until it
times out. Each on-link router will invalidate their respective
router LSAs that reference the old network LSA.
There are other situations where it makes sense for a DR to
artificially time-out a link-LSA. An example would be timing out of
subnet prefixes when they are based on a global, provider-based
prefix that has expired. So it would be reasonable for a router to
time out a link LSA containing the 2000:0:beef:cafe::/64 prefix when
an AS border router announces that 2000:0:beef::/48 is no longer
available (because the uplink to the ISP has failed, for example).
3.3 Stub links
[7] describes stub links as links to which only one OSPF speaker is
attached.
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Routers will potentially have stub links attached to some of their
network interfaces. A router with attached stub links is responsible
for configuring those links with network prefixes (or subnet
addresses), just as Designated Routers are responsible for
configuring transit networks with prefixes. In particular, a router
will need to have synchronized its link state database before it
begins choosing subnet addresses for stub networks. The list of area-
wide prefixes from which to create subnet addresses will have built
by processing AS-external LSAs (section 3.5). A router with stub
links must process routing protocol exchanges for prefix collisions
involving the stub links it has allocated prefixes. The constant
monitoring of prefixes in use elsewhere in the network is identical
to the monitoring performed by designated routers that have chosen
prefixes for transit links. A router must change the prefixes it has
assigned to local stub links if a prefix collision is detected.
A router will update its router LSA to include any prefixes assigned
to local stub links (refer to A.4.2, [7]).
3.4 Discovering uplinks
A zOSPF router may have an interface connected to a global uplink,
typically a residential ISP that relies on DHCP for address
configuration. An area border router is responsible for injecting
prefix information into the routing domain and advertising a default
route.
3.4.1 Detecting an uplink
This section briefly describes how a router can detect an uplink
interface and obtain a global address and/or prefix.
After forming adjacencies with other zOSPF routers and configuring
any eligible interfaces, a router will attempt to detect an IPv4
uplink by broadcasting DHCP DISCOVER messages over those interfaces
through which there are no zOSPF adjacencies. Links with zOSPF
adjacencies are avoided because the designated router on each link
acts as a DHCP server. If a zOSPF router receives a response from a
DHCP server that is not another zOSPF speaker, it will request an IP
address and configure its uplink interface with that address. DHCP
responses should be filtered based on MAC address - the MAC addresses
of neighboring zOSPF routers will be known, and DHCP responses from
them should be ignored.
A zOSPF router can also attempt to discover a global IPv6 prefix
delegated by an ISP. There are currently several ways to do this,
including the methods described in - [8], [3], and [9].
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3.4.2 Injecting external routing information
A zOSPF area border router will inject prefix and global reachability
information into a zOSPF routing domain. AS-external LSAs will be
used to advertise a default route, and also a delegated IPv6 prefix.
The default route is advertised using AS-external LSAs as documented
in [2].
If a zOSPF area border router is allocated an IPv4 address via DHCP,
it will use this address to form a /48 6to4 prefix, and flood an AS-
external LSA throughout the area in order to advertise this prefix.
Similarly, if the site is delegated a global /48 prefix, the prefix
will be signaled to other routers within the area with an AS-external
LSA. This usage overloads the semantics of AS-external LSAs from the
point of view of OSPFv3, as (in this instance) they are not
advertising a route, but instead a prefix. The use of AS-external
LSAs to flood site-wide prefix data is distinguished from their use
in propagating routing information by defining a new bit in the
prefix options field. This new bit is the L bit, as shown below.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| | | | L| P|MC|LA|NU|
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
The zOSPF Prefix Options field
When the L bit is set to 1, the address prefix contained in an AS-
external LSA is to be interpreted as a site wide prefix that can be
used to create subnet addresses.
If the L bit is set to 0, the address prefix carried within the AS-
external LSA will be treated as an address reachable by the
originator of the LSA. The default route will always be advertised
with the L bit set to 0.
3.5 Processing AS-external LSAs
Section 3.4 discusses how an area border router injects AS-external
LSAs into the routing domain. This section discusses additional
processing that applies to AS-external LSAs carrying prefixes with
the 'L' bit set in the prefix options field (refer to section 3.4.2).
The purpose of AS-external LSAs within zOSPF is twofold:
(1) To advertise the reachability of external prefixes. In a
typical zOSPF deployment, only the default route will be
advertised using an AS-external LSA.
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(2) To advertise IPv6 prefixes that are valid within an area.
There may be multiple valid 'global' IPv6 prefixes within an area,
and the same router need not have originated them. An example would
be where one border router with an IPv4 uplink creates a 6to4 address
while another router has a native IPv6 uplink. In this case, each
router would flood a /48 IPv6 prefix and advertise a default route
for IPv6 traffic.
zOSPF routers use prefixes flooded within AS-external LSAs to
determine the set of area-wide prefixes to use when allocating subnet
addresses to attached links. The entries advertising area-wide
prefixes are distinguished by having the 'L' bit set in their prefix
options field. Prefixes having the 'L' bit set in their prefix
options field are only to be used for creating subnet addresses are
not to be used in SPF calculation.
3.6 Monitoring for subnet address collisions
Routers that have allocated subnet addresses to any of their directly
connected links will need to perform additional processing on Intra-
area prefix LSAs in order to detect and resolve prefix collisions.
Prefix collisions can occur if two routers simultaneously choose the
same prefix for allocation to distinct subnets, or when two networks
merge. All prefixes allocated by routers to their links will be
announced via Intra-area prefix LSAs. The additional processing
related to detecting prefix collisions is as follows:
o A router maintains a conceptual list of the prefixes it has
allocated to its links. This list includes both IPv4 and IPv6
prefixes, and may be an empty list
o When a router receives an Intra-area prefix LSA that it did not
originate, it compares the prefixes contained in the received LSA
with those that it itself has allocated. Any prefixes advertised
by another router that match a prefix claimed by this router are
involved in a collision.
A router that detects any of its subnet addresses to conflict with
addresses claimed by another zOSPF router will discontinue
advertising the contentious prefixes and choose a new subnet
addresses for the affected links. The LSA advertising the problematic
subnet address will be timed out immediately.
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October 2002
4. Layer 2 partitions and merges
One goal of zOSPF is that it is robust to layer 2 merges and splits.
OSPF's Hello protocol will ensure the reliable election of a
designated router and a backup designated router on a link in the
face of layer 2 partitions and merges. This is coupled with the
strategy that a router that has just taken over as a designated
router chooses a new set of prefixes for a link, rather than
continuing to use the old prefixes. This is because it cannot make
any assumptions about why it has become designated router (refer to
section 3.1).
5. Services to hosts
zOSPF routers will be required to provide a DHCP service, primarily
to allow hosts to configure an IPv4 address, netmask, and default
route. The only active DHCP server on a link will be co-located
within the designated router. A future version of this document will
discuss how hosts will be notified of the premature expiration of
their lease due to a subnet being renumbered. A potential approach
would be a broadcast (rather than unicast) DHCP FORCERENEW message.
[10] specifies the unicast DHCP FORCERENEW message. A broadcast
FORCERENEW message may be necessary when a router that is not aware
of existing leases assumed the role of the designated router and must
renumber the subnet.
6. Related Work
draft-chelius-router-autoconf-00.txt describes a scheme that utilized
OSPFv3 to configure IPv6-only routers.
Security Considerations
The send working group has been chartered to produce mechanisms for
securing IPv6 neighbor discovery. These mechanisms could potentially
fit into a zOSPF scheme in the sense that only those zOSPF routers
with the correct credentials will communicate with each other.
References
[1] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process", RFC2026, October
1996
[2] Coltun, R., Ferguson, D., Moy, J., RFC2740, "OSPF for IPv6",
December 1999
Dimitrelis [Page 15]
Router Autoconfiguration
October 2002
[3] Thomson, S., Narten, T., RFC2462, "IPv6 Stateless Address
Autoconfiguration", December 1998
[4] Hinden, R., Deering, S., RFC2373, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", July 1998
[5] Zinin, A., Friedman, B., Roy, A., Nguyen, L., Yeung, D., draft-
nguyen-ospf-lls-01, "OSPF Link-local Signalling" (work in
progress), September 2002
[6] Carpenter, B., Moore, K., RFC3056, "Connection of IPv6 Domains
via IPv4 Clouds", February 2001
[7] Moy, J., RFC2178, "OSPF Version 2", April 1998
[8] Troan, O., Droms, R., draft-troan-dhcpv6-opt-prefix-delegation-
01, "IPv6 Prefix Options for DHCPv6" (work in progress), May
2002
[9] Haberman, B., Martin, J., draft-haberman-ipngwg-auto-prefix-02,
"Automatic Prefix Delegation Protocol for Internet Protocol
Version 6" (work in progress), February 2002
[10] Y. T'Joens, C. Hublet, P. De Schrijver, RFC 3203, "DHCP
reconfigure extension", December 2001
Author's Addresses
Arthur Dimitrelis
Motorola Australia
Locked Bag 5028
Botany NSW 1455
Australia
Email: Arthur.Dimitrelis@Motorola.com
Aidan Williams
Motorola Australia
Locked Bag 5028
Botany NSW 1455
Australia
Email: Aidan.Williams@Motorola.com
Expires: April 2003
Dimitrelis [Page 16]
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