One document matched: draft-arkko-pppext-eap-aka-10.txt
Differences from draft-arkko-pppext-eap-aka-09.txt
J. Arkko
Internet Draft Ericsson
Document: draft-arkko-pppext-eap-aka-10.txt H. Haverinen
Expires: December 2003 Nokia
June 2003
EAP AKA Authentication
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is subject to all provisions
of Section 10 of RFC2026.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
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The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
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Abstract
This document specifies an Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
mechanism for authentication and session key distribution using the
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Authentication and
Key Agreement (AKA) mechanism. UMTS AKA is based on symmetric keys,
and runs typically in a UMTS Subscriber Identity Module, a smart
card like device.
EAP AKA includes optional identity privacy support and an optional
re-authentication procedure.
Table of Contents
Status of this Memo................................................1
Abstract...........................................................1
1. Introduction and Motivation.....................................2
2. Terms and Conventions Used in This Document.....................4
3. Protocol Overview...............................................6
4. Identity Management............................................10
4.1. User Identity in EAP-Response/Identity.......................10
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4.2. Obtaining Subscriber Identity via EAP AKA Messages...........12
4.3. Identity Privacy Support.....................................15
5. Re-authentication..............................................21
6. Message Format.................................................26
7. Message Authentication and Encryption..........................27
7.1. AT_MAC Attribute.............................................27
7.2. AT_CHECKCODE Attribute.......................................28
7.3. AT_IV, AT_ENCR_DATA and AT_PADDING Attributes................30
8. Messages.......................................................31
8.1. EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge....................................31
8.2. EAP-Response/AKA-Challenge...................................35
8.3. EAP-Response/AKA-Authentication-Reject.......................36
8.4. EAP-Response/AKA-Synchronization-Failure.....................37
8.5. EAP-Request/AKA-Identity.....................................38
8.6. EAP-Response/AKA-Identity....................................39
8.7. EAP-Request/AKA-Reauthentication.............................41
8.8. EAP-Response/AKA-Reauthentication............................43
8.9. EAP/AKA Notifications........................................46
9. Error Cases and the Usage of EAP-Failure and EAP-Success.......49
9.1. Processing Erroneous Packets.................................49
9.2. EAP-Failure..................................................49
9.3. EAP-Success..................................................50
10. Key Derivation................................................50
11. IANA and Protocol Numbering Considerations....................52
12. Security Considerations.......................................53
12.1. Identity Protection.........................................53
12.2. Mutual Authentication.......................................53
12.3. Key Derivation..............................................53
12.4. Brute-Force and Dictionary Attacks..........................53
12.5. Integrity Protection, Replay Protection and Confidentiality.54
12.6. Negotiation Attacks.........................................54
12.7. Fast Reconnect..............................................55
12.8. Acknowledged Result Indications.............................55
12.9. Man-in-the-middle Attacks...................................55
12.10. Generating Random Numbers..................................55
13. Security Claims...............................................55
14. Intellectual Property Right Notices...........................56
Acknowledgements and Contributions................................56
Authors' Addresses................................................56
Annex A. Pseudo-Random Number Generator...........................57
1. Introduction and Motivation
This document specifies an Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
mechanism for authentication and session key distribution using the
UMTS AKA authentication mechanism [1]. UMTS is a global third
generation mobile network standard.
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AKA is based on challenge-response mechanisms and symmetric
cryptography. AKA typically runs in a UMTS Subscriber Identity
Module (USIM). Compared to the GSM mechanism, UMTS AKA provides
substantially longer key lengths and mutual authentication.
The introduction of AKA inside EAP allows several new applications.
These include the following:
- The use of the AKA also as a secure PPP authentication method in
devices that already contain an USIM.
- The use of the third generation mobile network authentication
infrastructure in the context of wireless LANs and IEEE 802.1x
technology through EAP over Wireless [2, 3].
- Relying on AKA and the existing infrastructure in a seamless way
with any other technology that can use EAP.
AKA works in the following manner:
- The USIM and the home environment have agreed on a secret key
beforehand.
- The actual authentication process starts by having the home
environment produce an authentication vector, based on the secret
key and a sequence number. The authentication vector contains a
random part RAND, an authenticator part AUTN used for
authenticating the network to the USIM, an expected result part
XRES, a session key for integrity check IK, and a session key for
encryption CK.
- The RAND and the AUTN are delivered to the USIM.
- The USIM verifies the AUTN, again based on the secret key and the
sequence number. If this process is successful (the AUTN is valid
and the sequence number used to generate AUTN is within the
correct range), the USIM produces an authentication result, RES
and sends this to the home environment.
- The home environment verifies the correct result from the USIM. If
the result is correct, IK and CK can be used to protect further
communications between the USIM and the home environment.
When verifying AUTN, the USIM may detect that the sequence number
the network uses is not within the correct range. In this case, the
USIM calculates a sequence number synchronization parameter AUTS and
sends it to the network. AKA authentication may then be retried with
a new authentication vector generated using the synchronized
sequence number.
For a specification of the AKA mechanisms and how the cryptographic
values AUTN, RES, IK, CK and AUTS are calculated, see reference [1].
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It is also possible that the home environment delegates the actual
authentication task to an intermediate node. In this case the
authentication vector or parts of it are delivered to the
intermediate node, enabling it to perform the comparison between RES
and XRES, and possibly also use CK and IK. Such delivery MUST be
done in a secure manner. In EAP AKA, the EAP server node is such an
intermediate node.
In the third generation mobile networks, AKA is used both for radio
network authentication and IP multimedia service authentication
purposes. Different user identities and formats are used for these;
the radio network uses the International Mobile Subscriber
Identifier (IMSI), whereas the IP multimedia service uses the
Network Access Identifier (NAI) [4].
2. Terms and Conventions Used in This Document
The following terms will be used through this document:
AAA protocol
Authentication, Authorization and Accounting protocol
AAA server
The AAA server is responsible for storing shared secrets and
other credential information necessary for the authentication of
users. Cf. EAP server
AKA
Authentication and Key Agreement
AuC
Authentication Centre. The mobile network element that can
authenticate subscribers either in GSM or in UMTS networks.
Authenticator
The entity that terminates the protocol carrying EAP used by the
client, such as a Network Access Server (NAS) terminating the PPP
link. The EAP server may be co-located in the Authenticator. In
this case, the Authenticator may actually authenticate the user
based on information received from the AAA server.
EAP
Extensible Authentication Protocol [5].
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EAP server
The network element that terminates the EAP protocol. Typically,
the EAP server functionality is implemented in a AAA server.
GSM
Global System for Mobile communications.
NAI
Network Access Identifier [4].
AUTN
Authentication value generated by the AuC which together with the
RAND authenticates the server to the client, 128 bits [1].
AUTS
A value generated by the client upon experiencing a
synchronization failure, 112 bits.
RAND
Random number generated by the AuC, 128 bits [1].
RES
Authentication result from the client, which together with the
RAND authenticates the client to the server, 128 bits [1].
SQN
Sequence number used in the authentication process, 48 bits [1].
SIM
Subscriber Identity Module. The SIM is an application
traditionally resident on smart cards distributed by GSM
operators.
SRES
The authentication result parameter in GSM, corresponds to the
RES parameter in UMTS aka, 32 bits.
USIM
UMTS Subscriber Identity Module. USIM is an application that is
resident e.g. on smart cards distributed by UMTS operators.
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The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in
this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [6]
3. Protocol Overview
In this document, the term EAP Server refers to the network element
that terminates the EAP protocol. Usually the EAP server is separate
from the authenticator device, which is the network element closest
to the client, such as a Network Access Server (NAS) or an IEEE
802.1X bridge. Alternatively, the EAP server functionality may be
co-located in the authenticator although typically, the EAP server
functionality is implemented on a separate AAA server with whom the
authenticator communicates using an AAA protocol. (The exact AAA
communications are outside the scope of this document, however.)
The message flow below shows the basic successful full
authentication case with the EAP AKA. The EAP AKA uses two
roundtrips to authorize the user and generate session keys. As in
other EAP schemes, first an identity request/response message pair
is exchanged. (As specified in [5], the initial identity request is
not required, and MAY be bypassed in cases where the authenticator
can presume the identity, such as when using leased lines, dedicated
dial-ups, etc. Please see also Section 4.2 for specification how to
obtain the identity via EAP AKA messages.)
Next, the EAP server starts the actual AKA protocol by sending an
EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge message. EAP AKA packets encapsulate
parameters in attributes, encoded in a Type, Length, Value format.
The packet format and the use of attributes are specified in Section
6. The EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge message contains a random number
(AT_RAND) and an authorization vector (AT_AUTN), and a message
authentication code AT_MAC. The EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge message
MAY optionally contain encrypted data, which is used for Identity
privacy support, as described in Section 4.3. The AT_MAC attribute
contains a message authentication code covering the EAP packet. The
encrypted data is not shown in the figures of this section.
The client runs the AKA algorithm (perhaps inside an USIM) and
verifies the AUTN. If this is successful, the client is talking to a
legitimate EAP server and proceeds to send the EAP-Response/AKA-
Challenge. This message contains a result parameter that allows the
EAP server in turn to authenticate the client, and the AT_MAC
attribute to integrity protect the EAP message.
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Client Authenticator
| |
| EAP-Request/Identity |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
| EAP-Response/Identity |
| (Includes user's NAI) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| +------------------------------+
| | Server runs UMTS algorithms, |
| | generates RAND and AUTN. |
| +------------------------------+
| |
| EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge |
| (AT_RAND, AT_AUTN, AT_MAC) |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
+-------------------------------------+ |
| Client runs UMTS algorithms on USIM,| |
| verifies AUTN and MAC, derives RES | |
| and session key | |
+-------------------------------------+ |
| |
| EAP-Response/AKA-Challenge |
| (AT_RES, AT_MAC) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| +--------------------------------+
| | Server checks the given RES, |
| | and MAC and finds them correct.|
| +--------------------------------+
| |
| EAP-Success |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
The second message flow shows how the EAP server rejects the Client
due to a failed authentication. The same flow is also used in the
GSM compatible mode, except that the AT_AUTN attribute and AT_MAC
attribute are not used in the messages.
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Client Authenticator
| |
| EAP-Request/Identity |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
| EAP-Response/Identity |
| (Includes user's NAI) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| +------------------------------+
| | Server runs UMTS algorithms, |
| | generates RAND and AUTN. |
| +------------------------------+
| |
| EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge |
| (AT_RAND, AT_AUTN, AT_MAC) |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
+-------------------------------------+ |
| Client runs UMTS algorithms on USIM,| |
| possibly verifies AUTN, and sends an| |
| invalid response | |
+-------------------------------------+ |
| |
| EAP-Response/AKA-Challenge |
| (AT_RES, AT_MAC) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| +------------------------------------------+
| | Server checks the given RES and the MAC, |
| | and finds one of them incorrct. |
| +------------------------------------------+
| |
| EAP-Failure |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
The next message flow shows the client rejecting the AUTN of the EAP
server.
The client sends an explicit error message (EAP-Response/AKA-
Authentication-Reject) to the Authenticator, as usual in AKA when
AUTN is incorrect. This allows the EAP server to produce the same
error statistics as AKA in general produces in UMTS. Please note
that this behavior is different from other EAP/AKA error cases, such
as when encountering an incorrect AT_MAC attribute, the client
silently discards the EAP/AKA message.
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Client Authenticator
| |
| EAP-Request/Identity |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
| EAP-Response/Identity |
| (Includes user's NAI) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| +------------------------------+
| | Server runs UMTS algorithms, |
| | generates RAND and a bad AUTN|
| +------------------------------+
| |
| EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge |
| (AT_RAND, AT_AUTN, AT_MAC) |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
+-------------------------------------+ |
| Client runs UMTS algorithms on USIM | |
| and discovers AUTN that can not be | |
| verified | |
+-------------------------------------+ |
| |
| EAP-Response/AKA-Authentication-Reject |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| |
| EAP-Failure |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
The AKA uses shared secrets between the Client and the Client's home
operator together with a sequence number to actually perform an
authentication. In certain circumstances it is possible for the
sequence numbers to get out of sequence. Here's what happens then:
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Client Authenticator
| |
| EAP-Request/Identity |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
| EAP-Response/Identity |
| (Includes user's NAI) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| +------------------------------+
| | Server runs UMTS algorithms, |
| | generates RAND and AUTN. |
| +------------------------------+
| |
| EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge |
| (AT_RAND, AT_AUTN, AT_MAC) |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
+-------------------------------------+ |
| Client runs UMTS algorithms on USIM | |
| and discovers AUTN that contains an | |
| inappropriate sequence number | |
+-------------------------------------+ |
| |
| EAP-Response/AKA-Synchronization-Failure |
| (AT_AUTS) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| +---------------------------+
| | Perform resynchronization |
| | Using AUTS and |
| | the sent RAND |
| +---------------------------+
| |
After the resynchronization process has taken place in the server
and AAA side, the process continues by the server side sending a new
EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge message.
In addition to the full authentication scenarios described above,
EAP AKA includes a re-authentication procedure, which is specified
in Section 5.
4. Identity Management
This section specifies user identity management and identity privacy
support.
4.1. User Identity in EAP-Response/Identity
In the beginning of an EAP authentication, the Authenticator issues
the EAP-Request/Identity packet to the client. The client responds
with EAP-Response/Identity, which contains the user's identity. The
formats of these packets are specified in [5].
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UMTS subscribers are identified with the International Mobile
Subscriber Identity (IMSI) [7]. The IMSI is composed of a three
digit Mobile Country Code (MCC), a two or three digit Mobile Network
Code (MNC) and a not more than 10 digit Mobile Subscriber
Identification Number (MSIN). In other words, the IMSI is a string
of not more than 15 digits. MCC and MNC uniquely identify the
operator.
Internet AAA protocols identify users with the Network Access
Identifier (NAI) [4]. When used in a roaming environment, the NAI is
composed of a username and a realm, separated with "@"
(username@realm). The username portion identifies the subscriber
within the realm. The AAA nodes use the realm portion of the NAI to
route AAA requests to the correct AAA server. The realm name used in
this protocol MAY be chosen by the operator and it MAY be a
configurable parameter in the EAP/AKA client implementation. In this
case, the client is typically configured with the NAI realm of the
home operator. Operators MAY reserve a specific realm name for
EAP/AKA users. This convention makes it easy to recognize that the
NAI identifies a subscriber that uses EAP/AKA. Such a reserved NAI
realm may be a useful hint to the first authentication method to use
during method negotiation.
There are three types of NAI username portions in EAP/AKA: non-
pseudonym permanent usernames, pseudonym usernames and re-
authentication usernames. The first two are only used on full
authentication and the last one only on re-authentication. When the
optional identity privacy support is not used, the non-pseudonym
permanent username is used.
The non-pseudonym permanent username MAY be derived from the IMSI.
In this case, the permanent username MUST be of the format "0imsi".
In other words, the first character of the username is the digit
zero (ASCII value 0x30), followed by the IMSI. The IMSI is an ASCII
string that consists of not more than 15 decimal digits (ASCII
values between 0x30 and 0x39) as specified in [7]
The EAP server MAY use the leading "0" as a hint to try EAP/AKA as
the first authentication method during method negotiation. The
EAP/AKA server MAY propose EAP/AKA even if the leading character was
not "0".
Alternatively, an implementation may choose a permanent username
that is not based on the IMSI. In this case the selection of the
username, its format, and its processing is a local matter. In this
case, the client implementation MUST NOT prepend any leading
characters to the username.
When the optional identity privacy support is used on full
authentication, the client MAY use the pseudonym received upon the
previous full authentication sequence as the username portion of the
NAI, as specified in Section 4.3. The client MUST NOT modify the
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pseudonym received in AT_NEXT_PSEUDONYM. For example, the client
MUST NOT prepend any leading characters in the pseudonym.
On re-authentication, the client uses the re-authentication identity
received upon the previous authentication sequence as the NAI. A new
re-authentication identity may be delivered as part of both full
authentication and re-authentication. The client MUST NOT modify the
re-authentication identity received in AT_NEXT_REAUTH_ID but the
client must use the re-authentication identity as it is. For
example, the client MUST NOT prepend any leading characters in the
re-authentication identity.
If no configured realm name is available, the client MAY derive the
realm name from the MCC and MNC portions of the IMSI. A recommended
way to derive the realm from the IMSI will be specified in [8].
Alternatively, the realm name may be obtained by concatenating
"mnc", the MNC digits of IMSI, ".mcc", the MCC digits of IMSI and
".owlan.org". For example, if the IMSI is 123456789098765, and the
MNC is three digits long, then the derived realm name is
"mnc456.mcc123.owlan.org".
If the client is not able to determine whether the MNC is two or
three digits long, the client MAY use a 3-digit MNC. If the correct
length of the MNC is two, then the MNC used in the realm name will
include the first digit of MSIN. Hence, when configuring AAA
networks for operators that have 2-digit MNCs, the network SHOULD
also be prepared for realm names with incorrect 3-digit MNCs.
4.2. Obtaining Subscriber Identity via EAP AKA Messages
It may be useful to obtain the identity of the subscriber through
means other than EAP Request/Identity. This can eliminate the need
for an identity request when using EAP method negotiation. If this
was not possible then it might not be possible to negotiate EAP/AKA
as the second method since not all EAP implementations support
multiple EAP Identity requests.
EAP-Request/AKA-Identity and EAP-Response/AKA-Identity packets may
be used for obtaining the subscriber identity. The EAP-Request/AKA-
Challenge, EAP-Response/AKA-Challenge, or the packets used on re-
authentication may optionally include the AT_CHECKCODE attribute,
which enables the protocol peers to ensure the integrity of the AKA-
Identity packets. AT_CHECKCODE is specified in Section 7.2.
If the EAP server has not received any identity (permanent identity,
pseudonym or re-authentication identity) from the client when
sending the first EAP/AKA request, then the EAP server SHOULD issue
the EAP-Request/AKA-Identity packet and includes the AT_ANY_ID_REQ
attribute (specified in Section 8.5). This attribute does not
contain any data.
If the EAP server has received an EAP-Response/Identity packet but
the contents do not appear to be a valid permanent identity,
pseudonym or a re-authentication identity, the EAP server SHOULD
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issue an EAP-Request/AKA-Identity packet with the AT_ANY_ID_REQ
attribute.
In some environments the intermediate entities or software layers in
the client may modify the identity string in the EAP-
Response/Identity packet. For example, some EAP layer
implementations may cache the identity string from the first
authentication and do not obtain a new identity string from the EAP
method implementation on subsequent authentication exchanges.
Because the identity string is used in key derivation, such
modifications will result in failed authentication unless the EAP
server uses the AT_ANY_ID_REQ attribute to obtain an unmodified copy
of the identity string. Therefore, in cases when there is a
possibility that an intermediate element or software layer may
modify the EAP-Response/Identity packet, the EAP server SHOULD
always use the EAP-Request/AKA-Identity packet with the
AT_ANY_ID_REQ attribute, even if the identity received in EAP-
Response/Identity was valid.
The AT_ANY_ID_REQ attribute requests the client to include the
AT_IDENTITY attribute (specified in Section 8.6) in the EAP-
Response/AKA-Identity packet. The identity format in the AT_IDENTITY
attribute is the same as in the Type-Data field of the EAP-
Response/Identity packet. The AT_IDENTITY attribute contains a
permanent identity, a pseudonym identity or a re-authentication
identity. If the server does not support re-authentication, it uses
the AT_FULLAUTH_ID_REQ attribute instead of the AT_ANY_ID_REQ
attribute to directly request for a full authentication identity
(either the permanent identity or a pseudonym identity). If the
server uses the AT_FULLAUTH_ID_REQ attribute, the client MUST NOT
use a re-authentication identity in the AT_IDENTITY attribute.
The use of pseudonyms for anonymity is specified in Section 4.3. The
use of re-authentication identities is specified in Section 5.
The full authentication case is illustrated in the figure below. In
this case, AT_IDENTITY contains either the permanent identity or a
pseudonym identity. The same sequence is also used in case the
server uses the AT_FULLAUTH_ID_REQ in EAP-Request/AKA-Identity
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Client Authenticator
| |
| +------------------------------+
| | Server does not have any |
| | Subscriber identity available|
| | When starting EAP/AKA |
| +------------------------------+
| |
| EAP-Request/AKA-Identity |
| (AT_ANY_ID_REQ) |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
| |
| EAP-Response/AKA-Identity |
| (AT_IDENTITY) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
If the client wants to perform full authentication, it includes the
permanent identity or a pseudonym identity in the AT_IDENTITY
attribute. The client may use these identities in response to either
AT_ANY_ID_REQ or AT_FULLAUTH_ID_REQ. If the server uses the
AT_ANY_ID_REQ and the client wants to perform re-authentication,
then the client includes a re-authentication identity in the
AT_IDENTITY attribute.
If the client uses its full authentication identity and the
AT_IDENTITY attribute contains a valid permanent identity or a valid
pseudonym identity that the EAP server is able to decode to the
permanent identity, then the full authentication sequence proceeds
as usual with the EAP Server issuing the EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge
message.
On re-authentication, if the AT_IDENTITY attribute contains a valid
re-authentication identity and the server agrees on using re-
authentication, then the server proceeds with the re-authentication
sequence and issues the EAP-Request/AKA-Reauthentication packet, as
specified in Section 5. If the server does not recognize the re-
authentication identity, then it issues a second EAP-Request/AKA-
Identity message and includes the AT_FULLAUTH_ID_REQ attribute. In
this case, a second EAP/AKA-Identity round trip is required. The
messages used on the first roundtrip are ignored. (However all AKA-
Identity round trips are included in the calculation of the
AT_CHECKCODE attribute, as specified in Section 7.2). This is
illustrated below.
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Client Authenticator
| |
| +------------------------------+
| | Server does not have any |
| | Subscriber identity available|
| | When starting EAP/AKA |
| +------------------------------+
| |
| EAP-Request/AKA-Identity |
| (AT_ANY_ID_REQ) |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
| |
| EAP-Response/AKA-Identity |
| (AT_IDENTITY containing a re-authentication identity) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| +------------------------------+
| | Server does not recognize |
| | The re-authentication |
| | Identity |
| +------------------------------+
| |
| EAP-Request/AKA-Identity |
| (AT_FULLAUTH_ID_REQ) |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
| |
| EAP-Response/AKA-Identity |
| (AT_IDENTITY with a full-auth. Identity) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
If the server recognizes the re-authentication identity, but still
wants to fall back on full authentication, the server may issue the
EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge packet. In this case, the full
authentication procedure proceeds as usual.
An extra EAP/AKA-Identity round trip is also required in cases when
the AT_IDENTITY attribute contains a pseudonym identity that the EAP
server fails to decode. The operation in this case is specified in
Section 4.3.
4.3. Identity Privacy Support
EAP/AKA includes optional identity privacy (anonymity) support that
can be used to hide the cleartext permanent identity and to make the
subscriber's connections unlinkable to eavesdroppers. Identity
privacy is based on temporary identities, or pseudonyms, which are
equivalent to but separate from the Temporary Mobile Subscriber
Identities (TMSI) that are used on cellular networks. Please see
Section 12.1 for security considerations concerning identity
privacy.
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If identity privacy is not used or if the client does not have any
pseudonyms or re-authentication identities available, the client
transmits the permanent identity in the EAP-Response/Identity packet
or in the AT_IDENTITY attribute.
The EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge message MAY include an encrypted
pseudonym in the value field of the AT_ENCR_DATA attribute. The
AT_IV and AT_MAC attributes are also used to transport the pseudonym
to the client, as described in Section 8.1. Because the identity
privacy support is optional to implement, the client MAY ignore the
AT_IV and AT_ENCR_DATA attributes and always transmit the permanent
identity in the EAP-Response/Identity packet and in the AT_IDENTITY
attribute.
On receipt of the EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge, the client verifies the
AT_MAC attribute before looking at the AT_ENCR_DATA attribute. If
the AT_MAC is invalid, then the client MUST silently discard the EAP
packet. If the AT_MAC attribute is valid, then the client MAY
decrypt the encrypted data in AT_ENCR_DATA and use the obtained
pseudonym on the next full authentication.
If the client does not receive a new pseudonym in the EAP-
Request/AKA-Challenge message, the client MAY use an old pseudonym
instead of the permanent identity on next full authentication.
The EAP server produces pseudonyms in an implementation-dependent
manner. Only the EAP server needs to be able to map the pseudonym to
the permanent identity. Regardless of construction method, the
pseudonym MUST conform to the grammar specified for the username
portion of an NAI.
In any case, it is necessary that permanent usernames and pseudonyms
are separate and recognizable from each other. It is also desirable
that EAP SIM and EAP AKA usernames be recognizable from each other
as an aid for the server to which method to offer.
In general, it is the task of the EAP server and the policies of its
administrator to ensure sufficient separation in the usernames.
Pseudonyms, for instance, are both produced and used by the EAP
server. The EAP server MUST compose pseudonyms so that it can
recognize if a NAI username is an EAP AKA pseudonym. For instance,
when the usernames have been derived from the IMSI, the pseudonym
could begin with a leading "2" character.
The client MAY transmit the received pseudonym in the first EAP-
Response/Identity packet of the next full authentication with the
EAP server. The client concatenates the received pseudonym with the
"@" character and the NAI realm portion. The client selects the
realm name portion similarly as it select the realm name portion
when using the permanent identity. If the EAP server successfully
decodes the pseudonym received in the EAP-Response/Identity packet
to a known client permanent identity, the authentication proceeds
with the EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge message as usual.
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Because the client may fail to save a pseudonym sent to in an EAP-
Request/AKA-Challenge, for example due to malfunction, the EAP
server SHOULD maintain at least one old pseudonym in addition to the
most recent pseudonym.
If the EAP server requests the client to include its identity in the
EAP-Response/AKA-Identity packet, as specified in Section 4.2, the
client MAY transmit the received pseudonym in the AT_IDENTITY
attribute. If the EAP server successfully decodes the pseudonym to a
known identity, then the authentication proceeds with the EAP-
Request/AKA-Challenge packet as usual.
If the EAP server fails to decode the pseudonym to a known identity,
then the EAP server requests the permanent identity (non-pseudonym
identity) by including the AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ attribute (Section
8.5) in the EAP-Request/AKA-Identity message. Because another EAP
server may have generated the pseudonym using a different coding
scheme, the EAP server SHOULD use AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ also in cases
when it does not recognize the format of the client identity.
The EAP server issues the EAP-Request/AKA-Identity message also in
the case when it received the undecodable pseudonym in AT_IDENTITY
included in the EAP-Response/AKA-Identity packet. In this case, a
second EAP/AKA-Identity round trip is required.
A received AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ does not necessarily originate from
the valid network, but an active attacker may transmit an EAP-
Request/AKA-Identity packet with an AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ attribute to
the client, in an effort to find out the true identity of the user.
The client MAY silently discard any EAP-Request/AKA-Identity
messages that include AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ for a while in order to
wait for an EAP-Request/AKA-Identity packet without
AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ. If the valid network sent the message, the
message will be retransmitted, so the client can reconsider replying
to the message when it receives a retransmission.
Basically, there are two different policies that the client can
employ with regard to AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ. A "conservative" client
assumes that the network is able to maintain pseudonyms robustly.
Therefore, if a conservative client has a pseudonym, the client
silently ignores the EAP packet with AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ, because
the client believes that the valid network is able to decode the
pseudonym. (Alternatively, the conservative client may respond to
AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ in certain circumstances, for example if the
pseudonym was received a long time ago.) The benefit of this policy
is that it protects the client against active attacks on anonymity.
On the other hand, a "liberal" client always accepts the
AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ and responds with the permanent identity. The
benefit of this policy is that it works even if the valid network
sometimes loses pseudonyms and is not able to decode them to the
permanent identity.
The value field of the AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ does not contain any data
but the attribute is included to request the client to include the
AT_IDENTITY attribute (Section 8.6) with the permanent
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EAP AKA Authentication June 2003
authentication identity in the EAP-Response/AKA-Identity message. In
this case, the AT_IDENTITY attribute contains the client's permanent
identity in the clear.
Please note that the EAP/AKA client and the EAP/AKA server only
process the AT_IDENTITY attribute. Entities that only pass EAP
packets through do not process this attribute. Hence, if the EAP
server is not co-located in the authenticator, then the
authenticator and other intermediate AAA elements (such as possible
AAA proxy servers) will continue to refer to the client with the
original identity from the EAP-Response/Identity packet regardless
if the decoding fails in the EAP server.
The figure below illustrates the case when the EAP server fails to
decode the pseudonym included in the EAP-Response/Identity packet.
Client Authenticator
| |
| EAP-Request/Identity |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
| EAP-Response/Identity |
| (Includes a pseudonym) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| +------------------------------+
| | Server fails to decode the |
| | Pseudonym. |
| +------------------------------+
| |
| EAP-Request/AKA-Identity |
| (AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ) |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
| |
| EAP-Response/AKA-Identity |
| (AT_IDENTITY with permanent identity) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
If the server recognizes the permanent identity, then the
authentication sequence proceeds as usual with the EAP Server
issuing the EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge message.
If the server does not recognize the permanent identity, or if the
server is not able to continue the authentication exchange with the
client after receiving the permanent identity, then the server
issues the EAP Failure packet and the authentication exchange
terminates.
The figure below illustrates the case when the EAP server fails to
decode the pseudonym included in the AT_IDENTITY attribute.
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Client Authenticator
| |
| +------------------------------+
| | Server does not have any |
| | Subscriber identity available|
| | When starting EAP/AKA |
| +------------------------------+
| |
| EAP-Request/AKA-Identity |
| (AT_ANY_ID_REQ) |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
| |
|EAP-Response/AKA-Identity |
|(AT_IDENTITY with a pseudonym identity) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| |
| +------------------------------+
| | Server fails to decode the |
| | Pseudonym in AT_IDENTITY |
| +------------------------------+
| |
| EAP-Request/AKA-Identity |
| (AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ) |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
| |
| EAP-Response/AKA-Identity |
| (AT_IDENTITY with permanent identity) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
In the worst case, there are three EAP/AKA-Identity round trips
before the server has obtained an acceptable identity: on the first
round, the client sends its re-authentication identity in
AT_IDENTITY. The server fails to accept it and request a full
authentication identity with a second EAP-Request/AKA-Identity. The
client responds with a pseudonym identity in AT_IDENTITY. The server
fails to decode the pseudonym and has to issue a third EAP-
Request/AKA-Identity, including AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ. Finally, the
server accepts the client's EAP-Response/AKA-Identity with the
AT_IDENTITY attribute and proceeds with full authentication. This is
illustrated in the figure below.
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Client Authenticator
| |
| +------------------------------+
| | Server does not have any |
| | Subscriber identity available|
| | When starting EAP/AKA |
| +------------------------------+
| |
| EAP-Request/AKA-Identity |
| (AT_ANY_ID_REQ) |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
| EAP-Response/AKA-Identity |
| (AT_IDENTITY with re-authentication identity) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| +------------------------------+
| | Server does not accept |
| | The re-authentication |
| | Identity |
| +------------------------------+
| |
| EAP-Request/AKA-Identity |
| (AT_FULLAUTH_ID_REQ) |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
|EAP-Response/AKA-Identity |
|(AT_IDENTITY with a pseudonym identity) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| +------------------------------+
| | Server fails to decode the |
| | Pseudonym in AT_IDENTITY |
| +------------------------------+
| |
| EAP-Request/AKA-Identity |
| (AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ) |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
| |
| EAP-Response/AKA-Identity |
| (AT_IDENTITY with permanent identity) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
After the last EAP-Response/AKA-Identity message, the full
authentication sequence proceeds as usual. If the EAP Server
recognizes the permanent identity and is able to proceed, the server
issues the EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge message. If the server does not
recognize the permanent identity, or if the server is not able to
continue the authentication exchange with the client after receiving
the permanent identity, then the server issues the EAP Failure
packet and the authentication exchange terminates.
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5. Re-authentication
In some environments, EAP authentication may be performed
frequently. Because the EAP AKA full authentication procedure makes
use of the UMTS AKA algorithms, and it therefore requires fresh
authentication vectors from the Authentication Centre, the full
authentication procedure may result in many network operations when
used very frequently. Therefore, EAP AKA includes a more inexpensive
re-authentication procedure that does not make use of the UMTS AKA
algorithms and does not need new vectors from the Authentication
Centre.
Re-authentication is optional to implement for both the EAP AKA
server and client. On each EAP authentication, either one of the
entities may also fall back on full authentication if they do not
want to use re-authentication.
Re-authentication is based on the keys derived on the preceding full
authentication. The same K_aut and K_encr keys as in full
authentication are used to protect EAP AKA packets and attributes,
and the original Master Key from full authentication is used to
generate a fresh Master Session Key, as specified in Section 10.
On re-authentication, the client protects against replays with an
unsigned 16-bit counter, included in the AT_COUNTER attribute. On
full authentication, both the server and the client initialize the
counter to one. The counter value of at least one is used on the
first re-authentication. On subsequent re-authentications, the
counter MUST be greater than on any of the previous re-
authentications. For example, on the second re-authentication,
counter value is two or greater etc. The AT_COUNTER attribute is
encrypted.
The server includes an encrypted server nonce (AT_NONCE_S) in the
re-authentication request. The AT_MAC attribute in the client's
response is calculated over NONCE_S to provide a challenge/response
authentication scheme. The NONCE_S also contributes to the new
Master Session Key.
As discussed in Section 4.3, in some environments the client may
assume that the network can reliably store pseudonyms and therefore
the client may fail to respond to the AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ attribute.
The network SHOULD store pseudonyms on a reliable database. Because
one of the objectives of the re-authentication procedure is to
reduce load on the network, the re-authentication procedure does not
require the EAP server to contact a reliable database. Therefore,
the re-authentication procedure makes use of separate re-
authentication user identities. Pseudonyms and the permanent
identity are reserved for full authentication only. The network does
not need to store re-authentication identities as carefully as
pseudonyms. If a re-authentication identity is lost and the network
does not recognize it, the EAP server can fall back on full
authentication.
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If the EAP server supports re-authentication, it MAY include the
skippable AT_NEXT_REAUTH_ID attribute in the encrypted data of EAP-
Request/AKA-Challenge message. This attribute contains a new re-
authentication identity for the next re-authentication. The client
MAY ignore this attribute, in which case it will use full
authentication next time. If the client wants to use re-
authentication, it uses this re-authentication identity on next
authentication. Even if the client has a re-authentication identity,
the client MAY discard the re-authentication identity and use a
pseudonym or the permanent identity instead, in which case full
authentication will be performed.
The re-authentication identity received in AT_NEXT_REAUTH_ID
contains both the username portion and the realm portion of the
Network Access Identifier. The EAP Server can choose an appropriate
realm part in order to have the AAA infrastructure route subsequent
re-authentication related requests to the same AAA server. For
example, the realm part MAY include a portion that is specific to
the AAA server. Hence, it is sufficient to store the context
required for re-authentication in the AAA server that performed the
full authentication.
The client MAY use the re-authentication identity in the EAP-
Response/Identity packet or, in response to server's AT_ANY_ID_REQ
attribute, the client MAY use the re-authentication identity in the
AT_IDENTITY attribute of the EAP-Response/AKA-Identity packet.
Even if the client uses a re-authentication identity, the server may
want to fall back on full authentication, for example because the
server does not recognize the re-authentication identity or does not
want to use re-authentication. If the server was able to decode the
re-authentication identity to the permanent identity, the server
issues the EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge packet to initiate full
authentication. If the server was not able to recover the client's
identity from the re-authentication identity, the server starts the
full authentication procedure by issuing an EAP-Request/AKA-Identity
packet. This packet always starts a full authentication sequence if
it does not include the AT_ANY_ID_REQ attribute. (As specified in
Sections 4.2 and 4.3, the server MAY use AT_ANY_ID_REQ,
AT_FULLAUTH_ID_REQ or AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ attributes if it does not
know the client's identity.)
Both the client and the server SHOULD have an upper limit for the
number of subsequent re-authentications allowed before a full
authentication needs to be performed. Because a 16-bit counter is
used in re-authentication, the theoretical maximum number of re-
authentications is reached when the counter value reaches 0xFFFF.
In order to use re-authentication, the client and the server need to
store the following values: original Master Key, K_aut, K_encr,
latest counter value and the next re-authentication identity.
The following figure illustrates the re-authentication procedure.
Encrypted attributes are denoted with '*'. The client uses its re-
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EAP AKA Authentication June 2003
authentication identity in the EAP-Response/Identity packet. As
discussed above, an alternative way to communicate the re-
authentication identity to the server is for the client to use the
AT_IDENTITY attribute in the EAP-Response/AKA-Identity message. This
latter case is not illustrated in the figure below, and it is only
possible when the server requests the client to send its identity by
including the AT_ANY_ID_REQ attribute in the EAP-Request/AKA-
Identity packet.
If the server recognizes the re-authentication identity and agrees
on using re-authentication, then the server sends the EAP-
Request/AKA-Reauthentication packet to the client. This packet MUST
include the encrypted AT_COUNTER attribute, with a fresh counter
value, the encrypted AT_NONCE_S attribute that contains a random
number chosen by the server, the AT_ENCR_DATA and the AT_IV
attributes used for encryption, and the AT_MAC attribute that
contains a message authentication code over the packet. The packet
MAY also include an encrypted AT_NEXT_REAUTH_ID attribute that
contains the next re-authentication identity.
Re-authentication identities are one-time identities. If the client
does not receive a new re-authentication identity, it MUST use
either the permanent identity or a pseudonym identity on the next
authentication to initiate full authentication.
The client verifies that the counter value is fresh (greater than
any previously used value). The client also verifies that AT_MAC is
correct. The client MAY save the next re-authentication identity
from the encrypted AT_NEXT_REAUTH_ID for next time. If all checks
are successful, the client responds with the EAP-Response/AKA-
Reauthentication packet, including the AT_COUNTER attribute with the
same counter value and the AT_MAC attribute.
The server verifies the AT_MAC attribute and also verifies that the
counter value is the same that it used in the EAP-Request/AKA-
Reauthentication packet. If these checks are successful, the re-
authentication has succeeded and the server sends the EAP-Success
packet to the client.
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Client Authenticator
| |
| EAP-Request/Identity |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
| EAP-Response/Identity |
| (Includes a re-authentication identity) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| +--------------------------------+
| | Server recognizes the identity |
| | and agrees on using fast |
| | re-authentication |
| +--------------------------------+
| |
| EAP-Request/AKA-Reauthentication |
| (AT_IV, AT_ENCR_DATA, *AT_COUNTER, |
| *AT_NONCE_S, *AT_NEXT_REAUTH_ID, AT_MAC) |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
| |
+-----------------------------------------------+ |
| Client verifies AT_MAC and the freshness of | |
| the counter. Client MAY store the new re- | |
| authentication identity for next re-auth. | |
+-----------------------------------------------+ |
| |
| EAP-Response/AKA-Reauthentication |
| (AT_IV, AT_ENCR_DATA, *AT_COUNTER with same value, |
| AT_MAC) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| +--------------------------------+
| | Server verifies AT_MAC and |
| | the counter |
| +--------------------------------+
| |
| EAP-Success |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
If the client does not accept the counter value of EAP-Request/AKA-
Reauthentication, it indicates the counter synchronization problem
by including the encrypted AT_COUNTER_TOO_SMALL in EAP-Response/AKA-
Reauthentication. The server responds with EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge
to initiate a normal full authentication procedure. This is
illustrated in the following figure. Encrypted attributes are
denoted with '*'.
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Client Authenticator
| |
| EAP-Request/Identity |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
| EAP-Response/Identity |
| (Includes a re-authentication identity) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| EAP-Request/AKA-Reauthentication |
| (AT_IV, AT_ENCR_DATA, *AT_COUNTER, |
| *AT_NONCE_S, *AT_NEXT_REAUTH_ID, AT_MAC) |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
+-----------------------------------------------+ |
| AT_MAC is valid but the counter is not fresh. | |
+-----------------------------------------------+ |
| |
| EAP-Response/AKA-Reauthentication |
| (AT_IV, AT_ENCR_DATA, *AT_COUNTER_TOO_SMALL, |
| *AT_COUNTER, AT_MAC) |
|------------------------------------------------------>|
| |
| +----------------------------------------------+
| | Server verifies AT_MAC but detects |
| | That client has included AT_COUNTER_TOO_SMALL|
| +----------------------------------------------+
| |
| EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge |
|<------------------------------------------------------|
| |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Normal full authentication follows. |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
In the figure above, the first three messages are similar to the
basic re-authentication case. When the client detects that the
counter value is not fresh, it includes the AT_COUNTER_TOO_SMALL
attribute in EAP-Response/AKA-Reauthentication. This attribute
doesn't contain any data but it is a request for the server to
initiate full authentication. In this case, the client MUST ignore
the contents of the server's AT_NEXT_REAUTH_ID attribute.
On receipt of AT_COUNTER_TOO_SMALL, the server verifies AT_MAC and
verifies that AT_COUNTER contains the same as in the EAP-
Request/AKA-Reauthentication packet. If not, the server silently
discards the EAP-Response/AKA-Reauthentication packet. If all checks
on the packet are successful, the server transmits a EAP-
Request/AKA-Challenge packet and the full authentication procedure
is performed as usual. Since the server already knows the subscriber
identity, it MUST NOT use the EAP-Request/AKA-Identity packet to
request the identity.
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6. Message Format
The Type-Data of the EAP AKA packets begins with a 1-octet Subtype
field, which is followed by a 2-octet reserved field. The rest of
the Type-Data consists of attributes that are encoded in Type,
Length, Value format. The figure below shows the generic format of
an attribute.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Attribute Type | Length | Value...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Attribute Type
Indicates the particular type of attribute. The attribute type
values are listed in Section 11.
Length
Indicates the length of this attribute in multiples of 4 bytes.
The maximum length of an attribute is 1024 bytes. The length
includes the Attribute Type and Length bytes.
Value
The particular data associated with this attribute. This field is
always included and it is two or more bytes in length. The type
and length fields determine the format and length of the value
field.
When an attribute numbered within the range 0 through 127 is
encountered but not recognized, the EAP/AKA message containing that
attribute MUST be silently discarded. These attributes are called
non-skippable attributes.
When an attribute numbered in the range 128 through 255 is
encountered but not recognized that particular attribute is ignored,
but the rest of the attributes and message data MUST still be
processed. The Length field of the attribute is used to skip the
attribute value when searching for the next attribute. These
attributes are called skippable attributes.
EAP/AKA packets do not include a version field. However, should
there be a reason to revise this protocol in the future, new non-
skippable or skippable attributes could be specified in order to
implement revised EAP/AKA versions in a backward-compatible manner.
Unless otherwise specified, the order of the attributes in an EAP
AKA message is insignificant, and an EAP AKA implementation should
not assume a certain order to be used.
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Attributes can be encapsulated within other attributes. In other
words, the value field of an attribute type can be specified to
contain other attributes.
7. Message Authentication and Encryption
This section specifies EAP/AKA attributes for attribute encryption
and EAP/AKA message authentication.
Encryption and integrity protection are based on the AKA session
keys CK and IK. Because the CK and IK keys are derived from the RAND
challenge, these attributes can only be used in the EAP-Request/AKA-
Challenge message and any EAP/AKA messages sent after it. For
example, these attributes cannot be used in EAP-Request/AKA-
Identity, because the RAND challenge has not yet been transmitted at
that point. Integrity protection with AT_MAC MUST be used in all
messages when keys have been derived.
7.1. AT_MAC Attribute
The AT_MAC attribute can be used for EAP/AKA message integrity
protection. Whenever AT_ENCR_DATA (Section 7.3) is included in an
EAP message, it MUST be followed (not necessarily immediately) by an
AT_MAC attribute. Messages that do not meet this condition MUST be
silently discarded.
The value field of the AT_MAC attribute contains two reserved bytes
followed by a message authentication code (MAC). The MAC is
calculated over the whole EAP packet, concatenated with optional
message-specific data, with the exception that the value field of
the MAC attribute is set to zero when calculating the MAC. The
reserved bytes are set to zero when sending and ignored on
reception.
The contents of the message-specific data, if present, are specified
separately for each EAP/AKA message. The message-specific data is
included in order to protect data that is not transmitted with the
EAP packet.
The format of the AT_MAC attribute is shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_MAC | Length = 5 | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| MAC |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The MAC algorithm is HMAC-SHA1-128 [9] keyed hash value. (The HMAC-
SHA1-128 value is obtained from the 20-byte HMAC-SHA1 value by
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EAP AKA Authentication June 2003
truncating the output to 16 bytes. Hence, the length of the MAC is
16 bytes.) The message authentication key (K_aut) used in the
calculation of the MAC is derived from the AKA integrity key (IK)
and cipher key (CK), as specified in Section 10.
7.2. AT_CHECKCODE Attribute
The AT_MAC attribute is not used in the very first EAP/AKA messages,
because keying material has not been derived yet. The client and the
server may exchange one or more pairs of EAP/AKA messages of the
Subtype AKA-Identity before keys are derived and before the AT_MAC
attribute can be applied. The EAP/AKA-Identity messages may also be
used upon re-authentication.
The AT_CHECKCODE attribute MAY be used to protect the EAP/AKA-
Identity messages. AT_CHECKCODE is included in EAP-Request/AKA-
Challenge and/or EAP-Response/AKA-Challenge upon full
authentication. In re-authentication, AT_CHECKCODE can be included
in EAP-Request/AKA-Reauthentication and/or EAP-Response/AKA-
Reauthentication. Because the AT_MAC attribute is used in these
messages, AT_CHECKCODE will be integrity protected with AT_MAC.
The format of the AT_CHECKCODE attribute is shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_CHECKCODE | Length | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| Checkcode (0 or 20 bytes) |
| |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The value field of AT_CHECKCODE begins with two reserved bytes,
which may be followed by a 20-byte checkcode. If the checkcode is
not included in AT_CHECKCODE, then the attribute indicates that no
EAP/AKA-Identity messages were exchanged. This may occur in both
full authentication and re-authentication. The reserved bytes are
set to zero when sending and ignored on reception.
The checkcode is a hash value, calculated with SHA1 [10], over all
EAP-Request/AKA-Identity and EAP-Response/ AKA-Identity packets
exchanged in this authentication exchange. The packets are included
in the order that they were transmitted, that is, starting with the
first EAP-Request/ AKA-Identity message, followed by the
corresponding EAP-Response/ AKA-Identity, followed by the second
EAP-Request/ AKA-Identity (if used) etc.
EAP packets are included in the hash calculation "as-is", as they
were transmitted or received. All reserved bytes, padding bytes etc.
that are specified for various attributes are included as such, and
the receiver must not reset them to zero. No delimiter bytes,
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EAP AKA Authentication June 2003
padding or any other framing are included between the EAP packets
when calculating the checkcode.
Messages are included in request/response pairs; in other words only
full "round trips" are included. Packets that are silently discarded
are not included. The EAP server must only include an EAP-
Request/AKA-Identity in the calculation once it has received a
corresponding response, with the same Identifier value.
Retransmissions or requests to which the server does not receive
response are not included.
The client must include the EAP-Request/AKA-Identity and the
corresponding response in the calculation only if the client
receives a subsequent EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge, or a follow-up EAP-
Request/AKA-Identity with different attributes (attribute types)
than in the first EAP-Request/AKA-Identity. After sending EAP-
Response/AKA-Identity, if the client receives another EAP-
Request/AKA-Identity with the same attributes as in the previous
request, then the client's response to the first request must have
been lost. In this case the client must not include the first
request and its response in the calculation of the checkcode.
The AT_CHECKCODE attribute is optional to implement. It is specified
in order to allow protecting the EAP/ AKA-Identity messages and any
future extensions to them. The implementation of AT_CHECKCODE is
recommended.
If the receiver of AT_CHECKCODE implements this attribute, then the
receiver MUST check that the checkcode is correct. If the checkcode
is invalid, the receiver must terminate the authentication exchange.
If the EAP/AKA-Identity messages are extended with new attributes
then AT_CHECKCODE must be implemented and used. More specifically,
if the server includes any other attributes than
AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ, AT_FULLAUTH_ID_REQ or AT_ANY_ID_REQ in the EAP-
Request/AKA-Identity packet, then the server MUST include
AT_CHECKCODE in EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge or EAP-Request/AKA-
Reauthentication. If the client includes any other attributes than
AT_IDENTITY in the EAP-Response/AKA-Identity message, then the
client MUST include AT_CHECKCODE in EAP-Response/AKA-Challenge or
EAP-Response/AKA-Reauthentication.
If the server implements the processing of any other attribute than
AT_IDENTITY for the EAP-Response/AKA-Identity message, then the
server MUST implement AT_CHECKCODE. In this case, if the server
receives any other attribute than AT_IDENTITY in the EAP-
Response/AKA-Identity message, then the server MUST check that
AT_CHECKCODE is present in EAP-Response/AKA-Challenge or EAP-
Response/AKA-Reauthentication. If AT_CHECKCODE is not included, the
server must terminate the authentication exchange.
Similarly, if the client implements the processing of any other
attribute than AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ, AT_FULLAUTH_ID_REQ or
AT_ANY_ID_REQ for the EAP-Request/AKA-Identity packet, then the
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client MUST implement AT_CHECKCODE. In this case, if the client
receives any other attribute than AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ,
AT_FULLAUTH_ID_REQ or AT_ANY_ID_REQ in the EAP-Request/AKA-Identity
packet, then the client MUST check that AT_CHECKCODE is present in
EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge or EAP-Request/AKA-Reauthentication. If
the attribute was not included, the client must terminate the
authentication exchange.
7.3. AT_IV, AT_ENCR_DATA and AT_PADDING Attributes
AT_IV and AT_ENCR_DATA attributes can be optionally used to transmit
encrypted information between the EAP/AKA client and server.
The value field of AT_IV contains two reserved bytes followed by a
16-byte initialization vector required by the AT_ENCR_DATA
attribute. The reserved bytes are set to zero when sending and
ignored on reception. The AT_IV attribute MUST be included if and
only if the AT_ENCR_DATA is included. Messages that do not meet this
condition MUST be silently discarded.
The sender of the AT_IV attribute chooses the initialization vector
by random. The sender MUST NOT reuse the initialization vector value
from previous EAP AKA packets but the sender MUST choose it freshly
for each AT_IV attribute. The sends SHOULD use a good source of
randomness to generate the initialization vector. The format of
AT_IV is shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_IV | Length = 5 | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| Initialization Vector |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The value field of the AT_ENCR_DATA attribute consists of two
reserved bytes followed by bytes encrypted using the Advanced
Encryption Standard (AES) [11] in the Cipher Block Chaining (CBC)
mode of operation, using the initialization vector from the AT_IV
attribute. The reserved bytes are set to zero when sending and
ignored on reception. Please see [12] for a description of the CBC
mode. The format of the AT_ENCR_DATA attribute is shown below.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_ENCR_DATA | Length | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. Encrypted Data .
. .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The encryption key (K_encr) is derived is derived from the AKA
integrity key (IK) and cipher key (CK), as specified in Section10.
The plaintext consists of nested EAP/AKA attributes.
The encryption algorithm requires the length of the plaintext to be
a multiple of 16 bytes. The sender may need to include the
AT_PADDING attribute as the last attribute within AT_ENCR_DATA. The
AT_PADDING attribute is not included if the total length of other
nested attributes within the AT_ENCR_DATA attribute is a multiple of
16 bytes. As usual, the Length of the Padding attribute includes the
Attribute Type and Attribute Length fields. The Length of the
Padding attribute is 4, 8 or 12 bytes. It is chosen so that the
length of the value field of the AT_ENCR_DATA attribute becomes a
multiple of 16 bytes. The actual pad bytes in the value field are
set to zero (0x00) on sending. The recipient of the message MUST
verify that the pad bytes are set to zero, and silently drop the
message if this verification fails. The format of the AT_PADDING
attribute is shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_PADDING | Length | Padding... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
8. Messages
8.1. EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge
The format of the EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge packet is shown below.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Code | Identifier | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Subtype | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_RAND | Length = 5 | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| RAND |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_AUTN | Length = 5 | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| AUTN |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_IV | Length = 5 | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| Initialization Vector (optional) |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_ENCR_DATA | Length | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| Encrypted Data (optional) |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_CHECKCODE | Length | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| Checkcode (optional) |
| |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_MAC | Length = 5 | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| MAC |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The semantics of the fields is described below:
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Code
1 for Request
Identifier
See [5]
Length
The length of the EAP Request packet.
Type
23
Subtype
1 for AKA-Challenge
Reserved
Set to zero when sending, ignored on reception.
AT_RAND
The value field of this attribute contains two reserved bytes
followed by the AKA RAND parameter, 16 bytes (128 bits). The
reserved bytes are set to zero when sending and ignored on
reception. The AT_RAND attribute MUST be present in EAP-
Request/AKA-Challenge.
AT_AUTN
The value field of this attribute contains two reserved bytes
followed by the AKA AUTN parameter, 16 bytes (128 bits). The
reserved bytes are set to zero when sending and ignored on
reception. The AT_AUTN attribute MUST be included.
AT_IV
See Section 7.3.
AT_ENCR_DATA
See Section 7.3. The nested attributes that are included in the
plaintext of AT_ENCR_DATA are described below.
AT_CHECKCODE
The AT_CHECKCODE attribute is optional to include. See section
7.2
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AT_MAC
AT_MAC MUST be included. In EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge, there is
no message-specific data covered by the MAC. See Section 7.1.
In the EAP-Request/AKA-Challege message, the AT_IV, AT_ENCR_DATA and
AT_MAC attributes are used for Identity privacy and for
communicating the next re-authentication identity. The plaintext of
the AT_ENCR_DATA value field consists of nested attributes, which
are shown below. Later versions of this protocol MAY specify
additional attributes to be included within the encrypted data.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_NEXT_PS... | Length | Actual Pseudonym Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. Next Pseudonym .
. .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_NEXT_REAU..| Length | Actual Re-Auth Identity Length|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. Next Re-authentication Username .
. .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_PADDING | Length | Padding... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
AT_NEXT_PSEUDONYM
This attribute is optional. The value field of this attribute
begins with a 2-byte actual pseudonym length, which specifies the
length of the pseudonym in bytes. This field is followed by a
pseudonym user name, of the indicated actual length, that the
client can use in the next authentication, as described in
Section 4.3. The user name does not include any terminating null
characters. Because the length of the attribute must be a
multiple of 4 bytes, the sender pads the pseudonym with zero
bytes when necessary.
AT_NEXT_REAUTH_ID
The AT_NEXT_REAUTH_ID attribute is optional to include. The value
field of this attribute begins with a 2-byte actual re-
authentication identity length, which specifies the length of the
re-authentication identity in bytes. This field is followed by a
re-authentication identity, of the indicated actual length, that
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the client can use in the next re-authentication, as described in
Section 5. The re-authentication identity includes both a
username portion and a realm name portion. The re-authentication
identity does not include any terminating null characters.
Because the length of the attribute must be a multiple of 4
bytes, the sender pads the re-authentication identity with zero
bytes when necessary.
AT_PADDING
AT_PADDING is optional to include. See Section 7.3.
8.2. EAP-Response/AKA-Challenge
The format of the EAP-Response/AKA-Challenge packet is shown below.
Later versions of this protocol MAY make use of the AT_ENCR_DATA and
AT_IV attributes in this message to include encrypted (skippable)
attributes. AT_MAC, AT_ENCR_DATA and AT_IV attributes are not shown
in the figure below. If present, they are processed as in EAP-
Request/AKA-Challenge packet. The EAP server MUST process EAP-
Response/AKA-Challenge messages that include these attributes even
if the server did not implement these optional attributes.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Code | Identifier | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Subtype | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_RES | Length | RES Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-|
| |
| RES |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_CHECKCODE | Length | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| Checkcode (optional) |
| |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_MAC | Length = 5 | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| MAC |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
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The semantics of the fields is described below:
Code
2 for Response
Identifier
See [5]
Length
The length of the EAP Response packet.
Type
23
Subtype
1 for AKA-Challenge
Reserved
Set to zero when sending, ignored on reception.
AT_RES
This attribute MUST be included in EAP-Response/AKA-Challenge.
The value field of this attribute begins with the 2-byte RES
Length, which is identifies the exact length of the RES in bits.
The RES length is followed by the UMTS AKA RES parameter.
According to the specification [13] the length of the AKA RES can
vary between 32 and 128 bits. Because the length of the AT_RES
attribute must be a multiple of 4 bytes, the sender pads the RES
with zero bits where necessary.
AT_CHECKCODE
The AT_CHECKCODE attribute is optional to include. See section
7.2
AT_MAC
AT_MAC MUST be included. In EAP-Response/AKA-Challenge, there is
no message-specific data covered by the MAC. See Section 7.1.
8.3. EAP-Response/AKA-Authentication-Reject
The format of the EAP-Response/AKA-Authentication-Reject packet is
shown below.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Code | Identifier | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Subtype | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The semantics of the fields is described below:
Code
2 for Response
Identifier
See [5]
Length
The length of the EAP Response packet.
Type
23
Subtype
2 for AKA-Authentication-Reject
Reserved
Set to zero on sending, ignored on reception.
8.4. EAP-Response/AKA-Synchronization-Failure
The format of the EAP-Response/AKA-Synchronization-Failure packet is
shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Code | Identifier | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Subtype | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+|
| AT_AUTS | Length = 4 | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| |
| AUTS |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
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The semantics of the fields is described below:
Code
2 for Response
Identifier
See [5]
Length
The length of the EAP Response packet, 20.
Type
23
Subtype
4 for AKA-Synchronization-Failure
AT_AUTS
This attribute MUST be included in EAP-Response/AKA-
Synchronization-Failure. The value field of this attribute
contains the AKA AUTS parameter, 112 bits (14 bytes).
8.5. EAP-Request/AKA-Identity
The format of the EAP-Request/AKA-Identity packet is shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Code | Identifier | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Subtype | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|AT_PERM..._REQ | Length = 1 | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|AT_FULL..._REQ | Length = 1 | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|AT_ANY_ID_REQ | Length = 1 | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The semantics of the fields is described below:
Code
1 for Request
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Identifier
See [5]
Length
The length of the EAP Request packet.
Type
23
Subtype
5 for AKA-Identity
Reserved
Set to zero on sending, ignored on reception.
AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ
The AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ attribute is optional to include and it
is included in the cases defined in Section 4.3. It MUST NOT be
included if AT_ANY_ID_REQ or AT_FULLAUTH_ID_REQ is included. The
value field only contains two reserved bytes, which are set to
zero on sending and ignored on reception.
AT_FULLAUTH_ID_REQ
The AT_FULLAUTH_ID_REQ attribute is optional to include and it is
included in the cases defined in Section 4.2. It MUST NOT be
included if AT_ANY_ID_REQ or AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ is included. The
value field only contains two reserved bytes, which are set to
zero on sending and ignored on reception.
AT_ANY_ID_REQ
The AT_ANY_ID_REQ attribute is optional and it is included in the
cases defined in Section 4.2. It MUST NOT be included if
AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ or AT_FULLAUTH_ID_REQ is included. The value
field only contains two reserved bytes, which are set to zero on
sending and ignored on reception.
8.6. EAP-Response/AKA-Identity
The format of the EAP-Response/AKA-Identity packet is shown below.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Code | Identifier | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Subtype | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_IDENTITY | Length | Actual Identity Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. Current Identity .
. .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The semantics of the fields is described below:
Code
2 for Response
Identifier
See [5]
Length
The length of the EAP Response packet.
Type
23
Subtype
5 for AKA-Identity
Reserved
Set to zero on sending, ignored on reception.
AT_IDENTITY
The AT_IDENTITY attribute is optional to include and it is
included in cases defined in Section 4.2 and 4.3. The value field
of this attribute begins with 2-byte actual identity length,
which specifies the length of the identity in bytes. This field
is followed by the subscriber identity of the indicated actual
length, in the same Network Access Identifier format that is used
in EAP-Response/Identity, i.e. including the NAI realm portion.
The identity is the permanent identity, a pseudonym identity or a
re-authentication identity. The identity format is specified in
Section 4.1. The identity does not include any terminating null
characters. Because the length of the attribute must be a
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multiple of 4 bytes, the sender pads the identity with zero bytes
when necessary.
8.7. EAP-Request/AKA-Reauthentication
The format of the EAP-Request/AKA-Reauthentication packet is shown
below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Code | Identifier | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Subtype | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_IV | Length = 5 | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| Initialization Vector |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_ENCR_DATA | Length | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. Encrypted Data .
. .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_CHECKCODE | Length | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| Checkcode (optional) |
| |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_MAC | Length = 5 | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| |
| MAC |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Code
1 for Request
Identifier
See [5].
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Length
The length of the EAP packet.
Type
23
Subtype
13
Reserved
Set to zero when sending, ignored on reception.
AT_IV
The AT_IV attribute is MUST be included. See Section 7.3.
AT_ENCR_DATA
The AT_ENCR_DATA attribute MUST be included. See Section 7.3. The
plaintext consists of nested attributes as described below.
AT_CHECKCODE
The AT_CHECKCODE attribute is optional to include. See section
7.2
AT_MAC
AT_MAC MUST be included. No message-specific data is included in
the MAC calculation. See Section 7.1.
The AT_IV and AT_ENCR_DATA attributes are used for communicating
encrypted attributes. The plaintext of the AT_ENCR_DATA value field
consists of nested attributes, which are shown below.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_COUNTER | Length = 1 | Counter |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_NONCE_S | Length = 5 | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| |
| NONCE_S |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_NEXT_REAU..| Length | Actual Re-Auth Identity Length|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. Next Re-authentication Username .
. .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_PADDING | Length | Padding... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
AT_COUNTER
The AT_COUNTER attribute MUST be included. The value field
consists of a 16-bit unsigned integer counter value, represented
in network byte order.
AT_NONCE_S
The AT_NONCE_S attribute MUST be included. The value field
contains two reserved bytes followed by a random number generated
by the server (16 bytes) freshly for this EAP/AKA re-
authentication. The random number is used as challenge for the
client and also a seed value for the new keying material. The
reserved bytes are set to zero upon sending and ignored upon
reception.
AT_NEXT_REAUTH_ID
The AT_NEXT_REAUTH_ID attribute is optional to include. The
attribute is described in Section 8.1.
AT_PADDING
The AT_PADDING attribute is optional to include. See section 7.3
8.8. EAP-Response/AKA-Reauthentication
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The format of the EAP-Response/AKA-Reauthentication packet is shown
below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Code | Identifier | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Subtype | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_IV | Length = 5 | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| Initialization Vector |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_ENCR_DATA | Length | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. Encrypted Data .
. .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_CHECKCODE | Length | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| Checkcode (optional) |
| |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_MAC | Length = 5 | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| |
| MAC |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Code
2 for Response
Identifier
See [5].
Length
The length of the EAP packet.
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Type
23
Subtype
13
Reserved
Set to zero when sending, ignored on reception.
AT_IV
The AT_IV attribute is MUST be included. See Section 7.3.
AT_ENCR_DATA
The AT_ENCR_DATA attribute MUST be included. See Section 7.3. The
plaintext consists of nested attributes as described below.
AT_CHECKCODE
The AT_CHECKCODE attribute is optional to include. See section
7.2
AT_MAC
For EAP-Response/AKA-Reauthentication, the MAC code is calculated
over the following data:
EAP packet| NONCE_S
The EAP packet is represented as specified in Section 7.1. It is
followed by the 16-byte NONCE_S value from the server's
AT_NONCE_S attribute.
The AT_IV and AT_ENCR_DATA attributes are used for communicating
encrypted attributes. The plaintext of the AT_ENCR_DATA value field
consists of nested attributes, which are shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_COUNTER | Length = 1 | Counter |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_COUNTER...| Length = 1 | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_PADDING | Length | Padding... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
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AT_COUNTER
The AT_COUNTER attribute MUST be included. The format of this
attribute is specified in Section 8.7.
AT_COUNTER_TOO_SMALL
The AT_COUNTER_TOO_SMALL attribute is optional to include, and it
is included in cases specified in Section 5.
AT_PADDING
The AT_PADDING attribute is optional to include. See section 7.3
8.9. EAP/AKA Notifications
The EAP-Request/Notification, specified in [5], can be used to
convey a displayable message from the authenticator to the client.
Because these messages are textual messages, it may be hard for the
client to present them in the user's preferred language. Therefore,
EAP/AKA uses a separate EAP/AKA message subtype to transmit
localizable notification codes instead of the EAP-
Request/Notification packet.
The EAP server MAY issue an EAP-Request/AKA-Notification packet to
the client. The client MAY show a notification message to the user
and the client MUST respond to the EAP server with an EAP-
Response/AKA-Notification packet, even if the client did not
recognize the notification code.
The notification code is a 16-bit number. The most significant bit
is called the Failure bit (F bit). The F bit specifies whether the
notification implies failure. The code values with the F bit set to
zero (code values 0...32767) are used on unsuccessful cases. The
receipt of a notification code from this range implies failed
authentication, so the client can use the notification as a failure
indication. After receiving the EAP-Response/AKA-Notification for
these notification codes, the server MUST send the EAP-Failure
packet.
The receipt of a notification code with the F bit set to one (values
32768...65536) does not imply failure, so the client MUST NOT change
its state when it receives such a notification.
The second most significant bit of the notification code is called
the Phase bit (P bit). It specifies at which phase of the EAP/AKA
exchange the notification can be used. If the P bit is set to zero,
the notification can only be used after the EAP/AKA-Challenge round
in full authentication or the EAP/AKA-Reauthentication round in re-
autentication. For these notifications, the AT_MAC attribute MUST be
included in both EAP-Request/AKA-Notification and EAP-Response/AKA-
Notification.
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If the P bit of the notification code is set to one, the
notification can only by used before the EAP/AKA-Challenge round in
full authentication or the EAP/AKA-Reauthentication round in
reauthentication. For these notifications, the AT_MAC attribute MUST
NOT be included in either EAP-Request/AKA-Notification or EAP-
Response/AKA-Notification.
Some of the notification codes are authorization related and hence
not usually considered as part of the responsibility of an EAP
method. However, they are included as part of EAP/AKA because there
are currently no other ways to convey this information to the user
in a localizable way, and the information is potentially useful for
the user. An EAP/AKA server implementation may decide never to send
these EAP/AKA notifications.
The format of the EAP-Request/AKA-Notification packet is shown
below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Code | Identifier | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Subtype | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|AT_NOTIFICATION| Length = 1 |F|P| Notification Code |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_MAC | Length = 5 | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| |
| MAC |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Code
1 for Request
Identifier
See [5].
Length
The length of the EAP packet.
Type
23
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Subtype
12
Reserved
Set to zero when sending, ignored on reception.
AT_NOTIFICATION
The AT_NOTIFICATION attribute MUST be included. The value field
of this attribute contains a two-byte notification code. The
first and second bit (F and P) of the notification code are
interpreted as described above.
The following code values have been reserved. The descriptions
below illustrate the semantics of the notifications. The client
implementation MAY use different wordings when presenting the
notifications to the user. The "requested service" depends on the
environment where EAP/AKA is applied.
1026 - User has been temporarily denied access to the requested
service (Implies failure, used after the challenge round)
1031 - User has not subscribed to the requested service (Implies
failure, used after the challenge round)
AT_MAC
AT_MAC is included in cases described above. No message-specific
data is included in the MAC calculation. See Section 7.1.
The format of the EAP-Response/AKA-Notification packet is shown
below. Because this packet is only an acknowledgement of EAP-
Request/AKA-Notification, it does not contain any mandatory
attributes.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Code | Identifier | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Subtype | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT_MAC | Length = 5 | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| |
| MAC |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
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Code
2 for Response
Identifier
See [5].
Length
The length of the EAP packet.
Type
23
Subtype
12
Reserved
Set to zero when sending, ignored on reception.
AT_MAC
AT_MAC is included in cases described above. No message-specific
data is included in the MAC calculation. See Section 7.1.
9. Error Cases and the Usage of EAP-Failure and EAP-Success
9.1. Processing Erroneous Packets
In general, if an EAP/AKA client or server implementation detects an
error in a received EAP/AKA packet, the EAP/AKA implementation
silently ignores the EAP packet, does not change its state and does
not send any EAP messages to its peer. Examples of such errors,
specified in detail elsewhere in this document, are an invalid
AT_MAC value, a mandatory attribute is missing, illegal attributes
included and an unrecognized non-skippable attribute. If no valid
packets are received, the authentication exchange will eventually
time out.
If the EAP/AKA client receives an EAP/AKA Request of an unrecognized
subtype, the EAP/AKA client MUST silently discard the EAP request.
9.2. EAP-Failure
As normally in EAP, the EAP server sends the EAP-Failure packet to
the client when the authentication procedure fails on the EAP
Server. In EAP/AKA, this may occur for example if the EAP server
does not recognize the user identity, or if the EAP server is not
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able to obtain authentication vectors for the subscriber or the
authentication exchange times out.
The server can send EAP-Failure at any time in the EAP exchange. The
client MUST process EAP-Failure.
9.3. EAP-Success
On full authentication, the server can only send EAP-Success after
the EAP/AKA-Challenge round. The client MUST silently discard any
EAP-Success packets if they are received before the client has
successfully authenticated the server and sent the EAP-Response/AKA-
Challenge packet.
On re-authentication, EAP-Success can only be sent after the
EAP/AKA-Reauthentication round. The client MUST silently discard any
EAP-Success packets if they are received before the client has
successfully authenticated the server and sent the EAP-Response/AKA-
Reauthentication packet.
If the client receives an EAP/AKA notification (section 8.9) that
indicates failure, then the client MUST no longer accept the EAP-
Success packet even if the server authentication was successfully
completed.
10. Key Derivation
This section specifies how EAP AKA keying material is derived.
On EAP AKA full authentication, a Master Key (MK) is derived from
the underlying UMTS AKA values (IK and CK keys) and the Identity as
follows.
MK = SHA1(Identity|IK|CK)
The hash function SHA1 is specified in [10]. In the formula above,
the "|" character denotes concatenation. Identity denotes the user
identity string without any terminating null characters. It is the
identity from the AT_IDENTITY attribute from the last EAP-
Response/AKA-Identity packet, or, if AT_IDENTITY was not used, the
identity from the EAP-Response/Identity packet.
The Master Key is fed into a Pseudo-Random number Function (PRF),
which generates separate Transient EAP Keys (TEKs) for protecting
EAP AKA packets, as well as a Master Session Key (MSK) for link
layer security and an Extended Master Session Key (EMSK) for other
purposes. On re-authentication, the same TEKs will be used for
protecting EAP packets, but a new MSK and a new EMSK will be derived
from the original MK and new values exchanged in the re-
authentication.
EAP AKA requires two TEKs for its own purposes, a message
authentication key K_aut and an encryption key K_encr, to be used
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with the AT_MAC and AT_ENCR_DATA attributes. The same K_aut and
K_encr keys are used in full authentication and subsequent re-
authentications.
Key derivation is based on the pseudo-random number generator
specified in NIST Federal Information Processing Standards
Publication 186-2 [14]. The pseudo-random number generator is
specified in the change notice 1 (2001 October 5)of [14] (Algorithm
1). As specified in the change notice (page 74), when Algorithm 1 is
used as a general-purpose random number generator, the "mod q" term
in step 3.2 is omitted. The function G used in the algorithm is
constructed via Secure Hash Standard as specified in Appendix 3.3 of
the standard. For convenience, the pseudo-random number algorithm
with the correct modification is cited in Annex A.
160-bit XKEY and XVAL values are used, so b = 160. On full
authentication, the Master Key is used as the initial secret seed
value XKEY
The optional user input values (XSEED_j) in Step 3.1 are set to
zero.
The resulting 320-bit random numbers x_0, x_1, ..., x_m-1 are
concatenated and partitioned into suitable-sized chunks and used as
keys in the following order: K_encr (128 bits), K_aut (128 bits),
Master Session Key (64 bytes), Extended Master Session Key (64
bytes).
On re-authentication, the same pseudo-random number generator can be
used to generate a new Master Session Key and a new Extended Master
Session Key. The seed value XKEY' is calculated as follows:
XKEY' = SHA1(Identity|counter|NONCE_S|MK)
In the formula above, the Identity denotes the re-authentication
user identity, without any terminating null characters, from the
AT_IDENTITY attribute of the EAP-Response/AKA-Identity packet, or,
if EAP-Response/AKA-Identity was not used on re-authentication, the
identity string from the EAP-Response/Identity packet. The counter
denotes the counter value from AT_COUNTER attribute used in the EAP-
Response/AKA-Reauthentication packet. The counter is used in network
byte order. NONCE_S denotes the 16-byte NONCE_S value from the
AT_NONCE_S attribute used in the EAP-Request/AKA-Reauthentication
packet. The MK is the Master Key from the preceding full
authentication. The pseudo-random number generator is run with the
new seed value XKEY', and the resulting 320-bit random numbers x_0,
x_1, ..., x_m-1 are concatenated and partitioned into 64-byte chunks
and used as the new Master Session Key and the new Extended Master
Session Key.
The first 32 bytes of the MSK can be used as the Pairwise Master Key
(PMK) for IEEE 802.11i.
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When the RADIUS attributes specified in [16] are used to transport
keying material, then the first 32 bytes of the MSK correspond to
MS-MPPE-RECV-KEY and the second 32 bytes to MS-MPPE-SEND-KEY. In
this case, only 64 bytes of keying material are used.
11. IANA and Protocol Numbering Considerations
The realm name "owlan.org" has been reserved for NAI realm names
generated from the IMSI.
IANA has assigned the number 23 for EAP AKA authentication.
EAP AKA messages include a Subtype field. The following Subtypes are
specified:
AKA-Challenge...................................1
AKA-Authentication-Reject.......................2
AKA-Synchronization-Failure.....................4
AKA-Identity....................................5
AKA-Notification...............................12
AKA-Reauthentication...........................13
The Subtype-specific data is composed of attributes, which have
attribute type numbers. The following attribute types are specified:
AT_RAND.........................................1
AT_AUTN.........................................2
AT_RES..........................................3
AT_AUTS.........................................4
AT_PADDING......................................6
AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ............................10
AT_MAC.........................................11
AT_ANY_ID_REQ..................................13
AT_IDENTITY....................................14
AT_FULLAUTH_ID_REQ.............................17
AT_COUNTER.....................................19
AT_COUNTER_TOO_SMALL...........................20
AT_NONCE_S.....................................21
AT_IV.........................................129
AT_ENCR_DATA..................................130
AT_NEXT_PSEUDONYM.............................132
AT_NEXT_REAUTH_ID.............................133
AT_CHECKCODE..................................134
All requests for value assignment from the various number spaces
described in this document require proper documentation, according
to the "Specification Required" policy described in [17]. Requests
must be specified in sufficient detail so that interoperability
between independent implementations is possible. Possible forms of
documentation include, but are not limited to, RFCs, the products of
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another standards body (e.g. 3GPP), or permanently and readily
available vendor design notes.
12. Security Considerations
The revised EAP base protocol [18] highlights several attacks that
are possible against the EAP protocol. This section discusses the
claimed security properties of EAP AKA as well as vulnerabilities
and security recommendations.
12.1. Identity Protection
EAP/AKA includes optional Identity privacy support that protects the
privacy of the subscriber identity against passive eavesdropping.
The mechanism cannot be used on the first connection with a given
server, when the IMSI will have to be sent in the clear. The
terminal SHOULD store the pseudonym in a non-volatile memory so that
it can be maintained across reboots. An active attacker that
impersonates the network may use the AT_PERMANENT_ID_REQ attribute
(Section 4.3) to learn the subscriber's IMSI. However, as discussed
in Section 4.3, the terminal can refuse to send the cleartext IMSI
if it believes that the network should be able to recognize the
pseudonym.
If the client and server cannot guarantee that the pseudonym will be
maintained reliably and Identity privacy is required then additional
protection from an external security mechanism such as Protected
Extensible Authentication Protocol (PEAP) [19] may be used. The
benefits and the security considerations of using an external
security mechanism with EAP/AKA are beyond the scope of this
document.
12.2. Mutual Authentication
EAP/AKA provides mutual authentication via the UMTS AKA mechanisms.
12.3. Key Derivation
EAP/AKA supports key derivation with 128-bit effective key strength.
The key hierarchy is specified in Section 10.
The Transient EAP Keys used to protect EAP AKA packets (K_encr,
K_aut) and the Master Session Keys are cryptographically separate.
An attacker cannot derive any non-trivial information from K_encr or
K_aut based on the Master Session Key or vice versa. An attacker
also cannot calculate the pre-shared secret from the UMTS AKA IK,
UMTS AKA CK, EAP AKA K_encr, EAP AKA K_aut or from the Master
Session Key.
12.4. Brute-Force and Dictionary Attacks
The effective strength of EAP/AKA values is 128 bits, and there are
no known computationally feasible brute-force attacks. Because UMTS
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AKA is not a password protocol (the pre-shared secret must not be a
weak password), EAP/AKA is not vulnerable to dictionary attacks.
12.5. Integrity Protection, Replay Protection and Confidentiality
AT_MAC, AT_IV and AT_ENCR_DATA attributes are used to provide
integrity, replay and confidentiality protection for EAP/AKA
Requests and Responses. Integrity protection includes the EAP
header. Integrity protection (AT_MAC) is based on a keyed message
authentication code. Confidentiality (AT_ENCR_DATA and AT_IV) is
based on a block cipher.
Because keys are not available in the beginning of the EAP methods,
the AT_MAC attribute cannot be used for protecting EAP/AKA-Identity
messages. However, the AT_CHECKCODE attribute can optionally be used
to protect the integrity of the EAP/AKA-Identity roundtrip.
On full authentication, replay protection is provided by the
underlying UMTS AKA scheme, which makes use of the RAND and AUTN
values. On re-authentication, a counter and a server nonce is used
to provide replay protection.
The contents of the EAP-Response/Identity packet are implicitly
integrity protected by including them in key derivation.
Because EAP/AKA is not a tunneling method, EAP Notification, EAP
Success or EAP Failure packets are not confidential, integrity
protected or replay protected. On physically insecure networks, this
may enable an attacker to mount denial of service attacks by sending
false EAP Notification, EAP Success or EAP Failure packets. However,
the attacker cannot force the peers to believe successful
authentication has occurred when mutual authentication failed or has
not happened yet.
An eavesdropper will see the EAP Notification, EAP Success and EAP
Failure packets sent in the clear. With EAP AKA, confidential
information MUST NOT be transmitted in EAP Notification packets.
12.6. Negotiation Attacks
EAP/AKA does not protect the EAP-Response/Nak packet. Because
EAP/AKA does not protect the EAP method negotiation, EAP method
downgrading attacks may be possible, especially if the user uses the
same identity with EAP/AKA and other EAP methods.
As described in Section 6, EAP/AKA allows the protocol to be
extended by defining new attribute types. When defining such
attributes, it should be noted that any extra attributes included in
EAP-Request/AKA-Identity or EAP-Response/AKA-Identity packets are
not included in the MACs later on, and thus some other precautions
must be taken to avoid modifications to them.
EAP/AKA does not support ciphersuite negotiation or EAP/AKA protocol
version negotiation.
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12.7. Fast Reconnect
EAP/AKA includes an optional re-authentication ("fast reconnect")
procedure, as recommended in [18] for EAP types that are intended
for physically insecure networks.
12.8. Acknowledged Result Indications
EAP/AKA does not provide acknowledged or integrity protected Success
or Failure indications.
If an EAP Success or an EAP Failure packet is lost when using
EAP/AKA over an unreliable medium, and if the protocol over which
EAP/AKA is transported does not address the possible loss of Success
or Failure, then the peer and authenticator may end up having a
different interpretation of the state of the authentication
conversation.
On physically insecure networks, an attacker may mount denial of
service attacks by sending false EAP Success or EAP Failure
indications. However, the attacker cannot force the client or the
authenticator to believe successful authentication has occurred when
mutual authentication failed or has not happened yet.
12.9. Man-in-the-middle Attacks
In order to avoid man-in-the-middle attacks and session hijacking,
user data SHOULD be integrity protected on physically insecure
networks. The EAP/AKA Master Session Key or keys derived from it MAY
be used as the integrity protection keys, or, if an external
security mechanism such as PEAP is used, then the link integrity
protection keys MAY be derived by the external security mechanism.
There are man-in-the-middle attacks associated with the use of any
EAP method within a tunneled protocol such as PEAP, or within a
sequence of EAP methods followed by each other. This specification
does not address these attacks. If EAP/AKA is used with a tunneling
protocol or as part of a sequence of methods, there should be
cryptographic binding provided between the protocols and EAP/AKA to
prevent man-in-the-middle attacks through rogue authenticators being
able to setup one-way authenticated tunnels. EAP/AKA Master Session
Key MAY be used to provide the cryptographic binding. However the
mechanism how the binding is provided depends on the tunneling or
sequencing protocol, and it is beyond the scope of this document.
12.10. Generating Random Numbers
An EAP/AKA implementation SHOULD use a good source of randomness to
generate the random numbers required in the protocol. Please see
[20] for more information on generating random numbers for security
applications.
13. Security Claims
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This section provides the security claims required by [18].
[a] Intended use. EAP AKA is intended for use over both physically
insecure networks and physically or otherwise secure networks.
Applicable media include but are not limited to PPP, IEEE 802 wired
networks and IEEE 802.11.
[b] Mechanism. EAP AKA is based on the UMTS AKA mechanism, which is
an authentication and key agreement mechanism based on a symmetric
128-bit pre-shared secret.
[c] Security claims. The security properties of the method are
discussed in Section 12.
[d] Key strength. EAP/AKA supports key derivation with 128-bit
effective key strength.
[e] Description of key hierarchy. Please see Section 10.
[f] Indication of vulnerabilities. Vulnerabilities are discussed in
Section 12.
14. Intellectual Property Right Notices
On IPR related issues, Nokia and Ericsson refer to the their
respective statements on patent licensing. Please see
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/IPR/NOKIA and
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/IPR/ERICSSON-General
Acknowledgements and Contributions
The authors wish to thank Rolf Blom of Ericsson, Bernard Aboba of
Microsoft, Arne Norefors of Ericsson, N.Asokan of Nokia, Valtteri
Niemi of Nokia, Kaisa Nyberg of Nokia, Jukka-Pekka Honkanen of
Nokia, Pasi Eronen of Nokia, Olivier Paridaens of Alcatel and Ilkka
Uusitalo of Ericsson for interesting discussions in this problem
space.
The attribute format is based on the extension format of Mobile IPv4
[21].
Authors' Addresses
Jari Arkko
Ericsson
02420 Jorvas Phone: +358 40 5079256
Finland Email: jari.arkko@ericsson.com
Henry Haverinen
Nokia Mobile Phones
P.O. Box 88
33721 Tampere Phone: +358 50 594 4899
Finland E-mail: henry.haverinen@nokia.com
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Annex A. Pseudo-Random Number Generator
The "|" character denotes concatenation, and "^" denotes involution.
Step 1: Choose a new, secret value for the seed-key, XKEY
Step 2: In hexadecimal notation let
t = 67452301 EFCDAB89 98BADCFE 10325476 C3D2E1F0
This is the initial value for H0|H1|H2|H3|H4
in the FIPS SHS [10]
Step 3: For j = 0 to m - 1 do
3.1 XSEED_j = optional user input
3.2 For i = 0 to 1 do
a. XVAL = (XKEY + XSEED_j) mod 2^b
b. w_i = G(t, XVAL)
c. XKEY = (1 + XKEY + w_i) mod 2^b
3.3 x_j = w_0|w_1
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References
[1] 3GPP Technical Specification 3GPP TS 33.102 V5.1.0: "Technical
Specification Group Services and System Aspects; 3G Security;
Security Architecture (Release 5)", 3rd Generation Partnership
Project, December 2002. (NORMATIVE)
[2] IEEE P802.1X/D11, "Standards for Local Area and Metropolitan
Area Networks: Standard for Port Based Network Access
Control", March 2001. (INFORMATIVE)
[3] IEEE Draft 802.11eS/D1, "Draft Supplement to STANDARD FOR
Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems -
LAN/MAN Specific Requirements - Part 11: Wireless Medium
Access Control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications:
Specification for Enhanced Security", March 2001.
(INFORMATIVE)
[4] Aboba, B. and M. Beadles, "The Network Access Identifier", RFC
2486, January 1999. (NORMATIVE)
[5] L. Blunk, J. Vollbrecht, "PPP Extensible Authentication
Protocol (EAP)", RFC 2284, March 1998. (NORMATIVE)
[6] S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to indicate Requirement
Levels", RFC 2119, March 1997. (NORMATIVE)
[7] 3GPP Technical Specification 3GPP TS 23.003 V5.5.1: "3rd
Generation Parnership Project; Technical Specification Group
Core Network; Numbering, addressing and identification
(Release 5)", 3rd Generation Parnership Project, January 2003
(NORMATIVE)
[8] Draft 3GPP Technical Specification 3GPP TS 23.234 V 1.4.0:
"Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects;
3GPP system to Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
Interworking; System Description", 3rd Generation Partnership
Project, work in progress, January 2003. (INFORMATIVE)
[9] H. Krawczyk, M. Bellare, R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for
Message Authentication", RFC2104, February 1997. (NORMATIVE)
[10] Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) Publication
180-1, "Secure Hash Standard," National Institute of Standards
and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, April 17, 1995.
(NORMATIVE)
[11] Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) draft standard,
"Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)",
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http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/dfips-AES.pdf,
September 2001. (NORMATIVE)
[12] US National Bureau of Standards, "DES Modes of Operation",
Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) Publication 81,
December 1980. (NORMATIVE)
[13] 3GPP Technical Specification 3GPP TS 33.105 4.1.0: "Technical
Specification Group Services and System Aspects; 3G Security;
Cryptographic Algorithm Requirements (Release 4)", 3rd
Generation Partnership Project, June 2001 (NORMATIVE)
[14] Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) Publication
186-2 (with change notice), "Digital Signature Standard
(DSS)", National Institute of Standards and Technology,
January 27, 2000, (NORMATIVE)
Available on-line at:
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips186-2/
fips186-2-change1.pdf
[15] B. Aboba, D. Simon, "PPP EAP TLS Authentication Protocol", RFC
2716, October 1999 (INFORMATIVE)
[16] G. Zorn, "Microsoft Vendor-specific RADIUS Attributes", RFC
2548, March 1999 (INFORMATIVE)
[17] T. Narten, H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA
Considerations Section in RFCs", RFC 2434, October 1998.
(NORMATIVE)
[18] L. Blunk, J. Vollbrecht, B. Aboba, "Extensible Authentication
Protocol (EAP)", draft-ietf-pppext-rfc2284bis-07.txt, work-in-
progress, October 2002. (NORMATIVE)
[19] H. Andersson, S. Josefsson, G. Zorn, D. Simon, A. Palekar,
"Protected EAP Protocol (PEAP)", draft-josefsson-pppext-eap-
tls-eap-05.txt, work-in-progress, September 2002.
(IMFORMATIVE)
[20] D. Eastlake, 3rd, S. Crocker, J. Schiller, "Randomness
Recommendations for Security", RFC 1750 (Informational),
December 1994. (INFORMATIVE)
[21] C. Perkins (editor), "IP Mobility Support", RFC 3344, August
2002. (INFORMATIVE)
Arkko and Haverinen Expires in six months [Page 59]
| PAFTECH AB 2003-2026 | 2026-04-20 22:06:59 |